Root Development Research Articles

Investigating the Synergistic Effects of Nano CeO2 and Pr2O3 Rare Earth Element Oxides as Fertilizers on the Growth of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge

AbstractThe study aims to synthesize nano CeO2 and Pr2O3 materials to use as fertilizer for cultivation of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which is also known as Danshen, an important medicinal plant in many Asian countries. The extraction experiments were also conducted to determine tanshinone IIA contents in the Danshen root to acutely explore effects of the nano‐materials on accumulation of valuable medicine in the plant. The obtained results indicated that nano CeO2 and Pr2O3 applications significantly induced both growth and tanshinone IIA contents of the Danshen. Firstly, the CeO2 application greatly induced side branch and root development of the Danshen rather than the height of the plant, while the Pr2O3 application greatly induced plant height and root growth of the Danshen rather than side branch development. In comparison, the CeO2 effectively induced root growth and tanshinone IIA content in the Danshen rather than the Pr2O3 did. Finally, simultaneous applications of nano Pr2O3 and CeO2 revealed synergic effects to greatly promote the growth of the Danshen. The tanshinone IIA content extracted from the roots of the mixture Pr2O3 and CeO2 exposed Danshen was approximately 0.4318 %, which was higher than those of single CeO2 and Pr2O3 exposed plants.

Biological Control of Anthracnose in Capsicum annuum Using Inoculants in Hydroponics: A Mechanistic Review

The Colletotrichum species that causes anthracnose poses a significant threat to the growth of Capsicum annuum, or ringer pepper, resulting in significant yield losses. Conventional produced control systems can give rise to ecological and economic difficulties, necessitating the need for alternative, workable solutions. This study explores the feasibility and parts of natural inoculants in controlling anthracnose ailment in Capsicum annuum filled in chipped away at hydroponics structures. As organic inoculants, we utilized a wide variety of useful microorganisms, such as Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, and mycorrhizal parasites. At various stages of the Capsicum annuum plant's development, these inoculants were incorporated into the supplement arrangements for tank farming. Anthracnose was observed and compared to untreated controls and synthetically treated plants in terms of its severity. Plants treated with natural inoculants show a significant reduction in sickness rate and severity, as shown by our findings. In fact, Trichoderma harzianum outperformed Bacillus subtilis and mycorrhizal parasites in terms of biocontrol productivity. Through a series of biochemical and sub-atomic tests, the fundamental instruments were examined. Natural inoculants, according to important discoveries, increase the plant's intrinsic safe reaction by causing fundamental obstruction. This is affirmed by the upregulation of pathogenesis-related (PR) characteristics and extended activity of shield impetuses like peroxidase (Unit), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenylalanine antacid lyase (Amigo). In addition, the inoculants improved root development and supplement absorption, enhancing overall establish health and resistance to microorganisms. This study demonstrates that natural inoculants can be a reasonable and effective method for controlling anthracnose in Capsicum annuum grown in improved tank farms. In accordance with the goals of a potential agribusiness, incorporating these biocontrol specialists into aquafarming frameworks can increase crop productivity and reduce the use of compound pesticides.

Systematic expression analysis of cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 protein (CAP) superfamily in Arabidopsis.

The Cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPS), Antigen 5 (Ag5), and Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) protein (CAP) superfamily members are found in multiple eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts, animals, and plants. Although one of the plant CAP family genes, PR-1 is known to respond to pathogen infection in plants, the functions of other CAP family genes in Arabidopsis remain largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the similarities, loci, and expression patterns of 22 Arabidopsis CAP genes/proteins, providing a clue to elucidate their molecular functions. According to the promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis, members of the Arabidopsis CAP family were expressed in various young tissues or organs, such as root and shoot meristems, reproductive tissues, and particularly at the lateral root initiation site before the formation of the lateral root primordium, with distinct expression specificity. In particular, CAP51, CAP52, and CAP53 were specifically expressed in the cortical cells at the lateral root developing regions, suggesting that these genes may function in lateral root development. Thus, the expression patterns of Arabidopsis CAP family genes suggest that CAP family proteins may have certain function in the expressed organs or tissues in Arabidopsis plant.

Pennisetum glaucum in reducing ecotoxicity in soil with tebuthiuron, thiamethoxam and vinasse

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects on soils containing associations of the herbicide tebuthiuron (TBT), the insecticide thiamethoxam (TMX), vinasse (VIN), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cultivation. We conducted the experiment under greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with five replications. Treatments consisted in soil application of tebuthiuron (1000 g ha-1 a. i), thiamethoxam (330 g ha-1 a. i), vinasse (113 m3 ha-1) with or without P. glaucum cultivation. The monitoring extended to 50 days after sowing (DAS) and evaluated the ecotoxicological potential from Lactuca sativa seeds as test-organism. Seed germination and root development determined the germination index (GI) concerning the negative control, which was prepared with water. Thus, P. glaucum highlighted a beneficial influence on soil health, thereby mitigating the ecotoxicological effects of TBT and TMX. Results emphasized the importance of the timing in soil sample collection, where early collections after plant seeding result in higher germination rates and rapid soil health improvements. Furthermore, vinasse reduced the ecotoxicological impact of pesticides and TBT presence presented harmful effects to test-organism. The interaction between P. glaucum growth period and soil sampling had a profound impact on ecotoxicity bioassays, which highlighted the importance of early intervention. Therefore, P. glaucum and vinasse can be valuable components in effective phytoremediation strategies, pointing towards future research and enhancement of approaches for sustainable treatment strategies of agricultural soils with pesticides.

Unirrigated Extensive Green Roofs in Humid Subtropics – Plant Selection and Substrate Design for Low Maintenance and Climate Resilience

Low-maintenance extensive green roofs hold the potential for adapting to climate change, but there is a limited understanding of their effective design in humid subtropical regions. In this study, we aimed to investigate low-maintenance green roof ecosystems capable of thriving under heat stress. Plant growth performance was evaluated in the second year of an experimental green roof in southwest China. This green roof was unirrigated and involved two plant communities (forbs and grasses) cultivated in four substrate types. Metrics of growth performance, including plant survival, green coverage, visual appearance, leaf stomatal conductance, and substrate volumetric water content were used to analyze the impact of substrate on plant growth. ESP substrate, comprising 30%v (percent of volume) expanded shale, 25%v perlite, 25%v vermiculite, and 20%v compost, featured the highest porosity and optimal growth of forbs, achieving an average green coverage of 66.76% and average visual appearance value of 3.56 throughout the monitoring period. The high total porosity of this substrate could be critical in facilitating root development and drainage. Moreover, during the summer’s heat and drought, while substrate water content is not a limiting factor for the survival of some established forbs, it remains crucial for the growth of grasses. Additionally, the same substrate impacts different plant communities variably. Four particularly well-performing forb species, namely Lycoris chinensis, Tradescantia pallida, Liriope muscari, and Salvia farinacea, demonstrated survival rates closed to 100% and an average visual appearance value exceeding 3 was noted, and thus, they are recommended as plant candidates for unirrigated green roofs. The distinguished performance of these species is attributable to their adaptation to heat and drought through specific physiological traits. Our findings provide insights into vegetation selection and substrate optimization for the successful establishment of extensive green roofs that can be feasibly developed without irrigation in the humid subtropical regions.

Morpho-physiological response to micronutrient deficiencies and nickel addition of passion fruit plants

Ultrastructural changes and visual symptoms resulting from nutritional disorders involving boron, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and nickel depend on the species of the plant, and are unknown in passion fruit plants (Passiflora edulis Sims). A hydroponic experiment evaluated the symptoms of nickel addition and micronutrient deficiency in passion fruit seedlings “BRS Gigante Amarelo” and determined the micronutrient contents in leaf and root tissue, root development, ultrastructural changes (leaf tissue deformations) and dry matter accumulation when visual symptoms were observed. Results showed that the order of manifestation of deficiencies was Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Mo > B. Nickel toxicity appeared 40 days after the experiment was started, presenting chlorosis in the new leaves followed by general yellowing and some white parts. Boron omission of resulted in deformations in the leaf limbus and loss of apical dominance, showing deformation of the growth points. Mn omission caused reduction of growth and generalized chlorosis of young leaves with a thick reticulum. Iron omission of resulted in internerval chlorosis with a fine lattice appearance. Omission of zinc and copper resulted in deformation and elongation of the leaves, reducing height and root development. Molybdenum omission caused chlorosis in the older leaves, which was observed to spread over time. Iron was the nutrient that most reflected symptoms of deficiency by the formation of root hairs. The findings of this research suggest that the knowledgement of plant micronutrients status permits an understanding of the physiological responses of passion fruit plants to crop fertilization.

The role of zeolite and mineral fertilizers in enhancing Table Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity in dark chestnut soils of Southeast Kazakhstan

This study evaluated the effectiveness of zeolite, both alone and in combination with mineral fertilizers, in improving the yield and quality of table beets (Beta vulgaris L.) grown in dark chestnut soils of southeast Kazakhstan. The research was conducted at the Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture during the 2022-2023 growing seasons using a randomized complete block design with six treatments: control (no fertilizers), zeolite 2 t/ha, N45P45K45 (single dose of mineral fertilizers), N90P90K90 (double dose of mineral fertilizers), zeolite 2 t/ha + N45P45K45, and zeolite 2 t/ha + N90P90K90, replicated three times. The application of zeolite significantly improved soil physical properties, such as water permeability and soil density, enhancing root development and water retention. Nutrient availability, particularly nitrate nitrogen and mobile phosphorus, increased significantly in zeolite-treated plots. The combination of zeolite and mineral fertilizers resulted in the highest improvements, with nitrate nitrogen content reaching 40.5 mg/kg and mobile phosphorus 89.2 mg/kg. Moreover, zeolite reduced heavy metal concentrations, particularly cadmium, by 50% compared to the control. Table beet yield significantly increased with zeolite application, with the highest yield of 62.7 t/ha achieved with 2 t/ha zeolite combined with double dose N90P90K90 fertilizers, compared to 42.8 t/ha in the control. Marketable yield also improved, indicating better crop quality. Nutrient composition of the beets improved, with increased dry matter content (21.9%) and reduced nitrate content (240 mg/kg) in zeolite-treated variants. In conclusion, zeolite, especially when combined with mineral fertilizers, effectively enhances soil health, nutrient availability, and table beet yield and quality.

Radiographic identification of symptomless mandibular third molars without clinical pericoronitis

ObjectivesThe aim was to identify radiographic characteristics of mandibular third molars in young adults without symptoms or clinical signs of pericoronal infection.Materials and methodsAn existing cross-sectional material, including records from clinical oral examination and panoramic radiographs (PANs) of university students, was submitted to retrospective analysis. The outcome variable was a symptomless and clinically pericoronitis-free mandibular third molar. Predictor variables for the third molar were clinical eruption level, pathological signs in the follicle, marginal bone level, radiographic depth in bone, inclination, stage of root development, and available space for eruption. Statistics included χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests.ResultsAnalysis included 345 mandibular third molars in 189 participants (20% men, 80% women; mean age 20.7 years; SD ± 0.6). Symptomless and clinically pericoronitis-free mandibular third molars were characterized as follows: clinically unerupted in 78% of teeth, associated with reduced marginal bone level in 70%, located deeper in the bone in 87%, mesially inclined in 73%, and stage of root development incomplete in 68% (p ≤ 0.001 for all).ConclusionsRadiographic characteristics of symptomless mandibular third molars without clinical pericoronitis in young adults can be assessed from a PAN with 68–87% certainty.Clinical relevanceThese findings may prove useful when trying to exclude non-pathological mandibular third molars from diseased teeth.

Biopriming using microbial consortia and biostimulants as a technique to increase seed quality of Solanum melongena L. by modifications in morphological and metabolic constituents

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is a widely cultivated vegetable in tropical and subtropical regions. High-quality seeds are crucial for successful crop production, necessitating rapid and uniform field emergence. In the new wave of the Green Revolution, organic wastes were replaced by agrochemicals. This study was conducted from January to March 2024 to standardize biopriming techniques for brinjal using various organic inputs and microbial cultures to improve seed quality. Brinjal seeds cv. PLR 2 were treated with organic inputs (Panchagavya, Egg fermented extract, Fish fermented extract and effective microorganism solution) and liquid microbial cultures (Azospirillum and Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotroph). The bioprimed seeds were assessed for their physiological attributes and anatomical and biochemical changes. Compared with the control, biopriming with 2% Fish fermented extract significantly improved the germination rate (19.4%), germination energy (40.9%), root length (44.4%), shoot length (24.4%) and seedling vigour index (68.1%). This increase was attributed to the nutritional and bioactive compounds in the fish by-products, which promoted root development and nutrient absorption. The biochemical parameters revealed increased ?-amylase activity, protein, and amino acid content in the bioprimed seeds. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed beneficial root volatile compounds in the roots of treated seeds. An evaluation of the plant growth-promoting activities of the biopriming agents revealed the superiority of fish-fermented extract over other bioagents. Therefore, this method promotes sustainable agriculture and improved crop productivity, providing a scientific basis for biopriming as a viable alternative to conventional seed treatments.

Regulatory mechanisms of miR171d-SCL6 module in the rooting process of Acer rubrum L.

MiR171d and SCL6 are induced by the plant hormone auxin. MiR171d negatively regulates the expression of SCL6, thereby regulating the growth and development of plant adventitious roots. Under natural conditions, it is difficult to induce rooting in the process of propagating Acer rubrum L. via branches, which seriously limits its wide application in landscaping construction. In this study, the expression of Ar-miR171d was downregulated and the expression of ArSCL6 was upregulated after 300mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment. The transient interaction of Ar-miR171d and ArSCL6 in tobacco cells further confirmed their cleavage activity. Transgenic function verification confirmed that OE-Ar-miR171d inhibited adventitious root (AR) development, while OE-ArSCL6 promoted AR development. Tissue-specific expression verification of the ArSCL6 promoter demonstrated that it was specifically expressed in the plant root and leaf organs. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays revealed that both ArSCL6 and ArbHLH089 were located in the nucleus and exhibited transcriptional activation activity. The interaction between the two was verified by bimolecular fluorescence complementarity (BIFC) experiments. These results help elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of the Ar-miR171d-ArSCL6 module during the propagation of A. rubrum and provide a molecular basis for the rooting of branches.

BcWRKY25-BcWRKY33A-BcLRP1/BcCOW1 module promotes root development for improved salt tolerance in Bok choy

BcWRKY25-BcWRKY33A-BcLRP1/BcCOW1 module promotes root development for improved salt tolerance in Bok choy

Growth, Physiology, and Root Development in Seedlings of Woody Species Treated with a Seaweed Extract

Growth, Physiology, and Root Development in Seedlings of Woody Species Treated with a Seaweed Extract

Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Root Tissue in Drought-Tolerant and Drought-Susceptible Wheat Genotypes in Response to Water Stress.

Wheat is the most widely grown crop in the world; its production is severely disrupted by increasing water deficit. Plant roots play a crucial role in the uptake of water and perception and transduction of water deficit signals. In the past decade, the mechanisms of drought tolerance have been frequently reported; however, the transcriptome and metabolome regulatory network of root responses to water stress has not been fully understood in wheat. In this study, the global transcriptomic and metabolomics profiles were employed to investigate the mechanisms of roots responding to water stresses using the drought-tolerant (DT) and drought-susceptible (DS) wheat genotypes. The results showed that compared with the control group, wheat roots exposed to polyethylene glycol (PEG) had 25941 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and more upregulated genes were found in DT (8610) than DS (7141). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs of the drought-tolerant genotype were preferably enriched in the flavonoid biosynthetic process, anthocyanin biosynthesis and suberin biosynthesis. The integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome showed that in DT, the KEGG pathways, including flavonoid biosynthesis and arginine and proline metabolism, were shared by differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and DEGs at 6 h after treatment (HAT) and pathways including alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism and carbon metabolism were shared at 48 HAT, while in DS, the KEGG pathways shared by DAMs and DEGs only included arginine and proline metabolism at 6 HAT and the biosynthesis of amino acids at 48 HAT. Our results suggest that the drought-tolerant genotype may relieve the drought stress by producing more ROS scavengers, osmoprotectants, energy and larger roots. Interestingly, hormone signaling plays an important role in promoting the development of larger roots and a higher capability to absorb and transport water in drought-tolerant genotypes.

A gain-of-function mutation in BnaIAA13 disrupts vascular tissue and lateral root development in Brassica napus.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is an important oilseed crop worldwide. Plant vascular tissues are responsible for long-distance transport of water and nutrients and for providing mechanical support. The lateral roots absorb water and nutrients. The genetic basis of vascular tissue and lateral root development in rapeseed remains unknown. This study characterized an ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized rapeseed mutant, T16, which showed dwarf stature, reduced lateral roots, and leaf wilting. SEM observations showed that the internode cells were shortened. Observations of tissue sections revealed defects in vascular bundle development in the stems and petioles. Genetic analysis revealed that the phenotypes of T16 were controlled by a single semi-dominant nuclear gene. Map-based cloning and genetic complementarity identified BnaA03.IAA13 as the functional gene; a G-to-A mutation in the second exon changed glycine at position 79 to glutamic acid, disrupting the conserved degron motif VGWPP. Transcriptome analysis in roots and stems showed that auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways were disordered in T16. Evolutionary analysis showed that AUXIN/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID is conserved during plant evolution. The heterozygote of T16 showed significantly reduced plant height while maintaining other agronomic traits. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of vascular tissue and lateral root development, and offer a new germplasm resource for rapeseed breeding.

Carbon Stock and Chemical Fractionation of Organic Matter in Different Soil Management Systems in the Bahian Cerrado

ABSTRACT Determining total organic carbon and its stock and quantifying the chemical fractions of soil organic matter can be used as indicators of the quality of the soil management used in a cropping area. This study aimed to quantify soil organic matter’s carbon stock and chemical fractions in different soil management systems used in the western Bahian Cerrado, Brazil, and compare them to a native Cerrado area. Ten microregions (Alto Horizonte, Anel da Soja, Bela Vista, Cascudeiro, Coaceral, Novo Paraná, Panambi, Placas, Roda Velha, Roda Velha de Baixo), three soil management systems [tillage system (TS), no-tillage systems (nTS), native Cerrado (NC)], and two soil layers (0–0.1 and 0.1–0.2 m) were studied. Soil bulk density (Sd), soil organic matter (SOM), total organic carbon (TOC), SOM quantification (qSOM), equivalent carbon stock (EqCs), humin (HF), humic acid (HAF) and fulvic acid (FAF) fractions from SOM were evaluated. The results indicated that Sd in all evaluated microregions was below the critical upper limit that would restrict plant root development. SOM, TOC, EqCs, and qSOM revealed increasing results following the TS, nTS, and NC order. The NC area presented the highest soil organic fraction contents (HF, HAF, and FAF). The microregions with better soil quality for all evaluated parameters were Coaceral and Cascudeiro; the lowest soil quality was observed in Alto Horizonte. The present study indicates that conservation agricultural management, such as the no-tillage system, improves the structure and composition of SOM parameters over time.

JAZ2 Negatively Regulates Drought Tolerance in Barley by Modulating PLT2 Expression.

Drought is an important abiotic factor constricting crop production globally. Although the roles of JAZ proteins in regulating jasmonic acid signalling and plant responses to environmental stress are well documented, their specific functions and underlying mechanisms remain little known. In this study, JAZ proteins in barley were thoroughly analyzed, revealing a total of 11 members classified into three phylogenetic subgroups. HvJAZ2, based on its distinct expression patterns, is considered a key candidate gene for regulating drought tolerance in barley. Using the HvJAZ2 knockout mutants, we revealed that the gene negatively regulates drought tolerance by inhibiting barley root growth. Notably, the jaz2 mutants upregulated the expression of root development genes, including SHR1, PLT1, PLT2 and PLT6. plt2 and plt1/plt2 mutants exhibited suppressed root development and reduced drought tolerance. Analysis of interactions between HvJAZ2 and other proteins showed that HvJAZ2 does not directly interact with HvPLT1/2/6, but interacts with some other proteins. BIFC and LCA assays further confirmed the nuclear interaction between HvJAZ2 and HvMYC2. Y1H and Dual-Luciferase experiments demonstrated that HvMYC2 can bind to and activate the HvPLT2 promoter. In summary, HvJAZ2 negatively regulates root development and drought tolerance in barley by suppressing HvPLT2 expression through interacting with HvMYC2.

In vitro and in silico assessment of cytotoxicity of dinitramine via calcium dysregulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in bovine mammary glands

The herbicide market is expanding rapidly due to the global increase in herbicide usage. Dairy cows are susceptible to herbicide exposure through the ingestion of contaminated plants, which can adversely affect the mammary gland health and reduce milk production. Dinitramine, a synthetic herbicide in the dinitroaniline family, is typically used to control weeds by inhibiting their sprouting and root development. While previous studies have demonstrated the cytotoxicity of dinitramine in aquatic organisms, research on its toxicity in cattle is limited. In this study, bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) were used to verify the detrimental effects on dairy cows, especially on the mammary glands. First, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of dinitramine on MAC-T cells and examined various cellular responses to dinitramine treatment, including alterations in apoptotic cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and calcium dysregulation. Moreover, the expression levels of AKT and MAPK signaling proteins were confirmed in response to dinitramine treatment. Alterations in the mRNA levels of genes related to milk production and inflammatory response following dinitramine exposure were evaluated using quantitative PCR. Finally, we assessed the binding affinity between dinitramine and the target proteins using in silico molecular docking analysis. Overall, the cumulative evidence of the various toxic effects of dinitramine on MAC-T cells suggests its potential to reduce both milk yield and quality.

Comparative genomics and transcriptomics analysis of the bHLH gene family indicate their roles in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis in Sophora flavescens.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors play crucial roles in various processes, such as plant development, secondary metabolism, and response to biotic/abiotic stresses. Sophora flavescens is a widely used traditional herbal medicine in clinical practice, known for its abundant flavonoids as the main active compounds. However, there has been no comprehensive analysis of S. flavescens bHLH (SfbHLH) gene family reported currently. In this study, we identified 167 SfbHLH genes and classified them into 23 subfamilies based on comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, widespread duplications significantly contributed to the expansion of SfbHLH family. Notably, SfbHLH042 was found to occupy a central position in the bHLH protein-protein interaction network. Transcriptome analysis of four tissues (leaf, stem, root and flower) revealed that most SfbHLH genes exhibited high expression levels exclusively in specific tissues of S. flavescens. The integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics during pod development stages revealed that SfbHLH042 may play a central role in connecting SfbHLH genes, flavonoids, and key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway. Moreover, we also checked the expression of 8 SfbHLH genes using RT-qPCR analysis to realize the expression profiles of these genes among various tissues at different cultivated periods and root development. Our study would aid to understand the phylogeny and expression profile of SfbHLH family genes, and provide a promising candidate gene, SfbHLH042, for regulating the biosynthesis of flavonoids in S. flavescens.

INDETERMINATE DOMAIN Transcription Factors in Crops: Plant Architecture, Disease Resistance, Stress Response, Flowering, and More

INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) genes encode plant-specific transcription factors containing a conserved IDD domain with four zinc finger motifs. Previous studies on Arabidopsis IDDs (AtIDDs) have demonstrated that these genes play roles in diverse physiological and developmental processes, including plant architecture, seed and root development, flowering, stress responses, and hormone signaling. Recent studies have revealed important functions of IDDs from rice and maize, especially in regulating leaf differentiation, which is related to the evolution of C4 leaves from C3 leaves. Moreover, IDDs in crops are involved in the regulation of agriculturally important traits, including disease and stress resistance, seed development, and flowering. Thus, IDDs are valuable targets for breeding manipulation. This review explores the role of IDDs in plant development, environmental responses, and evolution, which provides idea for agricultural application.

Auxin-Mediated Lateral Root Development in Root Galls of Cucumber under Meloidogyne incognita Stress.

Root-knot nematodes induce the formation of feeding sites within the host roots and the relocation of auxin into galls results in abnormal lateral root growth. Here, we analyzed the changes in cucumber root architecture under Meloidogyne incognita stress and the distribution of auxin in these morphological and molecular root changes. The number of root tips significantly decreased, and regression analysis showed a positive relationship between the size of root galls and the numbers of nematodes in galls compared with the lateral roots on galls, emphasizing the effect of nematode parasitism on root development. Data generated via a promoter-reporter system using the transgenic hairy root system first characterized the auxin distribution during nematode parasitism in cucumber. Using DR5:GUS staining of root galls, we further detected the expression of CsPIN1 and CsAUX1, which regulate polar auxin transport. The results showed that both CsPIN1 and CsAUX1 were induced in galls, and the relative expression of the two genes significantly increased at 21 DAI. The TIBA treatment, which can disrupt polar auxin transport inhibited the numbers of cucumber root tips and total length following increasing concentration gradients. Moreover, the numbers of galls were significantly affected by TIBA treatment, which showed the vital role of auxin during nematode parasitism. Our findings suggest that the transportation of auxin plays an important role during gall formation and induces cucumber lateral root development within nematode feeding sites.