Development Of Regional Water Resources Research Articles

Sustainable Water‐Resources Allocation Through a Trading‐Oriented Mechanism Under Uncertainty in an Arid Region

In this study, a dual‐interval two‐stage stochastic programming (DTSP) approach is developed for planning water resources through a market‐trading‐oriented mechanism under uncertainty. The DTSP method is used for policy analysis of water trading in the Kaidu‐kongque River Basin with the efficient and sustainable manners to relieve the pressures of economic development and population growth in northwestern China. The obtained results reveals that a market‐trading‐oriented mechanism under the adjustment/regulation by water managers would be a sustainable/effective manner to allocate water resources against the market failure. Meanwhile, the trade‐off between governmental regulation and market behavior has generated a more efficient trading mode with overall consideration of factors such as food safety, drinking safety, environmental protection, and regional development in a watershed system, which could bring about a number of beneficial impacts on regional water resources development. Moreover, the DTSP method is also appropriate for discriminating varied cases associated with various levels of economic influences since the penalties could be exercised with the recourses actions against any infeasibility.

КРЫМ: ВОДНЫЙ КРИЗИС И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

<p align="justify">В статье рассматриваются первоочередные меры по преодолению искусственно созданного дефицита водных ресурсов в Крыму. Анализируются программы развития региона, предусматривающие мероприятия по решению водохозяйственных проблем. Показываются условия водообеспечения социально-экономического развития в новой реальности, а также возможности увеличения водных ресурсов. Дается характеристика экологических проблем, связанных как с водным фактором, так и новым строительством, в рамках программ регионального развития. </font>

The virtual Water flow of crops between intraregional and interregional in mainland China

Agriculture is the main consumer of freshwater in the world. The paper described the process of virtual water content and flow in crops. Differences in climatic conditions of different regions in China result in large differences in water consumption during crop growth. The virtual water trade in crops connects water flows within and between regions, linking the actual water consumption with the invisible water trade as a whole. The objective of the paper was supplying the agricultural products virtual water trade evaluation system, determining quantitatively the virtual water flow within the region & regional. Using meteorological and agricultural data from 2003 to 2010, a comprehensive analysis of China's domestic & international virtual water trade of agricultural products has been undertaken. The virtual water for the three primary crops and virtual water trade are discussed. The virtual water content of grain crops in northern & southern China was 1293 m3/t & 942 m3/t, respectively; the national average value was 1117 m3/t; and the regional differences in virtual water content for each crop were significant. China's inter-regional agricultural products virtual water trade was not consistent with water resource endowment expectations. The transfer of crops from northern to southern regions would have a significant impact on the sustainable utilization of water resources and would exacerbate water resources shortages in northern regions. China had a trade surplus in global virtual water trade of agricultural products. The exported agricultural products virtual water amounted to 31.5 billion m3/yr., and the imported amount was 145 billion m3/yr. The net import of virtual water embedded in agricultural products increased from 44 billion m3/yr. in 2003 to 178 billion m3/yr. in 2010. It is further concluded that the trend for agricultural products total virtual water, green water, and blue water is that China is increasing its imports year on year. A large increase in imports of agricultural products has led to a decline in the rate of self-sufficiency in domestic agricultural production. The paper provided the basis for the comprehensive evaluation of crop planting structure adjustment, grain import & export, and the potential of regional water resources development and utilization.

基于非线性拟合投影寻踪模型和加速遗传算法通过logistic回归分析一个地区供水能力

本文围绕“水资源短缺及地区供水能力”问题，运用主成分分析法选取指标。建立一次线性函数规划模型和投影寻踪模型，计算得到供水能力，并用二级模糊综合评价模型Delphi法评定权重。利用logistic模型得到了地区的水状况，并且描述了这种状况对该地区公民生活的影响。本文以研究水资源供需指标体系为主线,通过对模型的精确求解,得出研究地区提供洁净水能力的等级水平、还研究了是否缺水，提出了解决缺水问题的具体措施。最后,将这个数学模型推广应用到全球，为解决全球缺水做出贡献。 This paper studies the problem of the sustainable development of regional water resources, the evaluation of the regional water supply ability; we used principal component analysis (PCA) to affect the physical and economic indicators of water filter, using a function model of calculating water supply capacity and projection pursuit model, the secondary fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to assess the weights. This paper uses the logistic model to obtain water conditions in the region, and describes the impact that this situation has on the civic life in the region. This paper studies the index system of supply and demand of water resources as the main line, through the precise solution of the model; the region's ability of providing clean water levels was concluded, it also studied the water shortage, put forward the specific intervention plans to solve the problem of water shortage.

A Spaceborne Multisensory, Multitemporal Approach to Monitor Water Level and Storage Variations of Lakes

Lake Urmia, the second largest saline Lake on earth and a highly endangered ecosystem, is on the brink of a serious environmental disaster similar to the catastrophic death of the Aral Sea. Progressive drying has been observed during the last decade, causing dramatic changes to Lake Urmia’s surface and its regional water supplies. The present study aims to improve monitoring of spatiotemporal changes of Lake Urmia in the period 1975–2015 using the multi-temporal satellite altimetry and Landsat (5-TM, 7-ETM+ and 8-OLI) images. In order to demonstrate the impacts of climate change and human pressure on the variations in surface extent and water level, Lake Sevan and Van Lake with different characteristics were studied along with the Urmia Lake. Normalized Difference Water Index-Principal Components Index (NDWI-PCs), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified NDWI (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Water Ratio Index (WRI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI), and MultiLayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP NNs) classifier were investigated for the extraction of surface water from Landsat data. The presented results revealed that MLP NNs has a better performance in the cases where the other models generate poor accuracy. The results show that the area of Lake Sevan and Van Lake have increased while the area of Lake Urmia has decreased by ~65.23% in the past decades, far more than previously reported (~25% to 50%). Urmia Lake’s shoreline has been receding severely between 2010 and 2015 with no sign of recovery, which has been partly blamed on prolonged droughts, aggressive regional water resources development plans, intensive agricultural activities, and anthropogenic changes to the system. The results also indicated that (among the proposed factors) changes in inflows due to overuse of surface water resources and constructing dams (mostly during 1995–2005) are the main reasons for Urmia Lake’s shoreline receding. The model presented in this manuscript can be used by managers as a decision support system to find the effects of building new dams or other infrastructures.

Aral Sea syndrome desiccates Lake Urmia: Call for action

Lake Urmia, one of the largest saltwater lakes on earth and a highly endangered ecosystem, is on the brink of a major environmental disaster similar to the catastrophic death of the Aral Sea. With a new composite of multi-spectral high resolution satellite observations, we show that the area of this Iranian lake has decreased by around 88% in the past decades, far more than previously reported (~25% to 50%). The lake's shoreline has been receding severely with no sign of recovery, which has been partly blamed on prolonged droughts. We use the lake basin's satellite-based gauge-adjusted climate record of the Standardized Precipitation Index data to demonstrate that the on-going shoreline retreat is not solely an artifact of prolonged droughts alone. Drastic changes to lake health are primarily consequences of aggressive regional water resources development plans, intensive agricultural activities, anthropogenic changes to the system, and upstream competition over water. This commentary is a call for action to both develop sustainable restoration ideas and to put new visions and strategies into practice before Lake Urmia falls victim to the Aral Sea syndrome.

Joint Regulation and Storage of Surface Water and Groundwater in Rushan River Basin

Based on the regulating principles, the modes of joint regulation and storage of surface water and groundwater in Rushan River Basin are simulated using multi-objective programming method. The study suggests two modes as “two dry years and one normal year” and “four dry years and one wet year”. The results indicate the guarantee rates of water supply are improved, with increasing the exploitation quantity in dry years and the recharge in wet years. The study provides a strong guarantee for water resources regulation and promotes the sustainable development of regional water resources.

Mode Identification of Water Resources Sustainable Utilization in Dianchi Basin

The multi-objective decision methodology is employed to identify the water resources sustainable utilization (WRSU) mode in Dianchi basin, Kunming. The regional water resources development and utilization is treated as a continuous process for a long-term span. a multi-objective decision model of WRSU is established, which pursues the main objectives including economic growth, environmental improvement and social development and subjects them to the carrying capacity of water resources and the dependant relation of economic, environmental and social development on water resources. The time-varying dynamic evolution characteristics of the trade-off rate between the objectives are analyzed according to decision-makers’ different preference structures during the process of water resources utilization. In the light of Dianchi basin reality, the preferred program of WRSU in the basin is obtained and the coordination between the objectives of WRSU is revealed. A feasible and valid approach is proposed for the sustainability identification and appraisal of water resources utilization.

Analysis of Characteristics of Hydrology and Water Resources of the Heilong (Amur) River Basin

As the most remote river in the North of China, Heilong (Amur) River have an abundant precipitation in the basin and a rich runoff. Due to the special transnational spanned geographic location, Heilong (Amur) basin 's borders, water rights, regional water resources development are a big concern. Due to lack of multinational management and information, analysis of characteristic of Heilong (Amur) watershed's hydrology and water resources are not enough. In order to serve the water resources development and water security, and to better understand the state of hydrology and water resources in Heilong River, this article make a reference to the Heilong River Hydrographic and the research of hydrologic data about Heilong River, detailed analyzed the characteristics of hydrology and water resources. For reference to scientists of geography, water conservancy and hydropower who are interested in Heilong River's hydrographic.

黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域水文地质区划分析与探讨

黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域是中国重要的流域板块，跨国跨区的特殊地理位置使得黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域的国界、水权、区域水资源开发问题备受关注。早年就有许多专家学者对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域的水文水资源、水文地理等进行研究，但由于流域地跨四国，资料收集困难，并且各国的研究程度不等，侧重方向不同，认知方面存在差异，侧重点不同，关于黑龙江流域的地下水特征分析较少。本文在综合分析了亚洲水文地质分区图和中国、蒙古、俄罗斯三国地形图和行政地理图的基础上，吸取前人在编制相关图件的经验，总结出了适合黑龙江流域水文地质分区图的编制原则与方法，并将黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域划分出9个水文地质区。根据此划分结果可对黑龙江(阿穆尔河)流域进行水文地质分区图的绘制。流域水文地质分区图可集中反应不同地区地下水赋存状态和含水层内外部特征和空间分布规律，为今后更加深入的开展水文地质条件的分析和专门问题的研究提供依据和开拓道路。 Heilong River Basin is an important plate in China, it transnational spanned special geographical situation make Heilong River’s national boundaries, water rights, regional water resources development is-sues receives much concern. There are many experts and scholars conduct a study on the Heilong River Basin hydrology and water resources and hydro-geological. Very few groundwater characteristics analysis on this basin is available due to the difficulties of data collection etc. This article based on the comprehensive analy-sis of hydrogeological maps of Asia and topographic maps and the geographic map of China, Mongolia, and Russia. Gain from others’ experiences in the preparation of the relevant map, the Heilong River Basin hydro-geology regionalization map is given. Hydrological geological response in the partition map can be set in different parts of occurrence of groundwater and aquifers within the external characteristics and spatial dis-tribution, for more in-depth analysis on hydrogeological conditions in the future and to provide a basis for research on expertise and open up the roads.

Experimental investigation of apertures of mining-induced horizontal fractures

The coal mine underground reservoir (CMUR) technology effectively solves the problem of “rich coal, poor water and weak ecology” in the mining areas of northwest China. This technology not only makes full use of underground space formed by coal mining, but also protects regional water resources. Water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) is an important indicator for characterizing the sustainable development of regional water resources and ecosystem. With the concept and technical core of " conductivity, storage and use" of CMUR as the entry point, this paper defines the concept of WRCC in the mining area. Based on the fuzzy comprehensive discrimination method, Focusing on stability and sustainability of the ecosystem in the mining area and fully considering geological factors, mining factors, water resource factors, this study constructs an evaluation system for the WRCC of the mining area under the influence of the coal mine underground reservoir based on fuzzy comprehensive discriminant method. Moreover, the evaluation criteria are formulated, and the membership functions and weights of 16 impact factors are derived. The transformation characteristics of WRCC with and without underground reservoir in Shendong mining area from 2009 to 2021 are evaluated CMUR, and the results show that CMUR improves the WRCC of the mining area, and supports the benign development of the regional ecosystem. The results of this study are of reference value and academic significance for the evaluation of WRCC in mining areas and the protection of water resources in ecologically fragile mining areas.

Integrated Assessment of Water Resources Potential in the North China Region

Potential assessment of water resources development (PAWRD) is very important for regional water management, water allocation, water transfer, and economic planning, especially for today's China, which is under a rapid economic growth, a continued expansion of population, and an increasingly deteriorating eco-environment. In this work, the southern part of Hathe River (SPHR) is selected as the representative area of the North China Region for a case study based on considerations such as available data, geographic characteristics, administrative boundaries, and the state of water shortage. A growth pattern of regional water resources development is presented. A fuzzy assessment model is established and applied to determine the growth stage, an indicator for water resources development potential. Seven assessment factors, selected based on the conditions of supply, demand, and use efficiency of water subjected to the regional physical, social, and economic settings, include irrigation rate of arable land, exploitation rate of water resources, the water-saving level, a water supply and demand modulus, the water supply per capita, and the ratio of eco-environmental water use. These factors are integrated into the fuzzy assessment model, which is shown to be capable and effective for potential assessment. The assessment results demonstrate the potential of water resources development is little in SPHR and are substantiated by the necessity of the middle route of the South-North Water Transfer (SNWT) in the long run. It is also suggested at present that promoting water saving and strengthening water demand controls would be the most feasible and effective solution to mitigate water shortage stress of SPHR before the SNWT scheme is implemented. PAWRD provides a scientific tool for water-demand management and water-saving improvement, as well as a necessary basis for decision-making for economy planning and water transfer design.

EVALUATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN AN URBANIZED AREA BY HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE ANALYSIS

With the development of urbanization since the 1960's, infiltration and recharge of rainwater into the aquifer systems decreased drastically. Increase in the population also created a difficult situation for supplying sufficient water resources to the urbanized area. Therefore, effective utilization of water resources and development of unused water in the regional scale should be studied. A conventional hydrological cycle model combining the rain water recharge tanks with the quasi-three dimensional groundwater flow model was developed taking account of the land use and geological conditions.The development of regional water resources was discussed by using the present model. Various hydrological components of the water balance estimation in the study area were clarified. It was concluded from the present study that the proposed conventional model is useful and applicable for making a plan of water management.

Generating alternative designs for interjurisdictional natural resource development schemes in the Greater Ganges River basin

Planning for the development of regional water resources is often complicated by severe disputes. For example, in the Greater Ganges River basin, there are disagreements between India and Bangladesh over sharing the low river flows during the dry season and over controlling the potentially destructive large river flows during the monsoon. This paper illustrates an approach for providing the two riparian nations with distinct water resources plans to help solve their regional water conflicts. More specifically, a linear programming (LP) model representing a multipurpose river basin system is presented. The concept of near optimality is employed to generate a variety of solutions, in contrast to searching only for a global optimum. These solutions are grouped into similar project designs by applying a cluster analysis, which is a multivariate technique. Several project designs are graphically displayed, and their implications for national and international agreements are discussed. The range of regional alternatives available to India and Bangladesh could aid in their negotiations.

A SCREENING MODEL FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Techniques of optimization and simulation are merged to select the most efficient arrangement of components for regional water resources development and management. Application is made to the Elkhorn River Basin in Nebraska. The Basin extends over 7,000 square miles and includes 184 proposed reservoirs. Structure sizes, locations and operating policies are selected for optimal plans based on economic efficiency and regional development. Results indicate that substantial savings in time and costs over conventional planning techniques are effected. Agreement between model output and agency design values was noted.