Development Of Public Space Research Articles

“Conflict” or “Cooperation”: A Study on The Spontaneous Order of Urban Public Space Development from The Perspective of Stakeholders

Urban public space nourishes social relations, at the same time, the evolution and development of public space are also influenced by social relations. As an important factor affecting the development of public space, the interest relation of citizens presents the characteristics of conflict or cooperation in the occupation of public spaces and finally presents itself in the space form. Based on the point, this paper attempts to explain the evolution and development of urban public space from the perspective of stakeholders, and on this basis investigates the generation mechanism of spontaneous order in the development of urban public space. To meet the research aims, this paper first clarified the inherent meaning that space reflects and shapes social relations, and then selected a certain urban area of Jinan in northern China for the case study. Through the data collected from Google earth history images, interviews, and published reports, the evolution of the major public spaces in this case from 2003 to 2020 was objectively presented. On this basis, the author analysed the social relations, appeals, and actions of various stakeholder groups (such as local people and non-local traders) in different periods in this case, as well as the staged outcomes of their effects on the public space. Finally, a game model of stakeholders was established. The results indicated that the development of a city is a process that mitigates the conflict between social and public space resources. In the occupation of public space resources, the relationship between the stakeholders is dynamic: when the cost is high and the return is low, the stakeholders show a trend of “conflict”; when costs are low and returns are high, the tendency to “conflict” diminishes.; When costs and benefits reach some kind of equilibrium, “cooperation” tends to rise and gradually leads to spontaneous order. Although this spontaneous order has its limitations due to the limited rationality of its participants, it still can play a positive role in the development of urban public space. In the concluding section, the paper proposes an optimization strategy of interest integration and coordination for urban space development, which may be of reference value for architects and government management to actively guide this spontaneous order in urban planning and urban governance.

Possibilities of Transformation of Public Space in Multi-Family Housing Estates in Polish Conditions – Case of the Bajka Estate in Bydgoszcz-Fordon

Multi-family housing estates created in the above mentioned over a period of time they were characterized by very modest use of public space and underdevelopment of basic equipment with parking spaces and social, cultural and recreational infrastructure. The main activity of investors was the construction of apartments, and the development of housing estates was considered as secondary. It should be noted that in their housing estates residents spend a significant part of their lives and public spaces in housing estates should be friendly to residents and meet the needs of all residents. The methodology for developing the concept consisted of analyzing the current state of knowledge, collected source materials and documents related to the area. Analysis of the existing state was carried out in the field of: public space development, transport service and infrastructure, road safety, types of property, greenery and spatial composition, which indicated the spatial and program conditions and possibilities of transformation. To find out the residents’ needs, a survey was conducted, the results of which were guidelines for the assumptions of the proposed project. The results of survey showed that the public space of the Bajka (Fairly) Housing Estate needs a variety of activities that would increase its functional and aesthetic value, and improve the living environment, taking into account the needs and mobility of all ages groups residents. Respondents consider it necessary to supplement the development of public space with elements of small architecture. Existing undeveloped areas in the housing estate were used to transform the public space of the estate. and was divided into 3 areas: a. In Area A, which was envisaged as an area with a dominant recreational, sports and social function, The Socio-Cultural Pavilion as a year-round place for meetings and integration of residents as well as the development of technical and social facilities of existing tennis courts, as well as a playground and an outdoor exercise area. b. In Area B, new development was designed in the form of a housing estate square and a water reservoir that would serve the rest of the residents. c. Area C, which connects Areas A and B, creates Fairytale Trail - a pedestrian path along which the brass figurines of Polish fairy tale heroes were designed. In the aspect of the spatial composition, this pedestrian route is at the same time a compression element for Areas A and B. In the transportation service aspect, a traffic calming zone was developed by implementing technical solutions limiting speed and the possibilities of converting existing surface parking lots and garages into cubature solutions located outside the housing estate are shown. Presented case showed the possibilities of implementing various outdoor and cubature development, which can significantly improve the living environment, as well as the aesthetics and quality of public space.

Mobility in Public Spaces of Small Towns in the Czech Republic

The aim of this paper is to provide information about Mobility in public spaces of small towns in the Czech Republic. This text will not describe the history of the development of public space either on a global scale or on the scale of the Czech Republic or the scale of the small towns. There are several reasons. The first two areas have been described many times by world and domestic experts. Therefore, it would be impossible to bring new knowledge to them in a short time, which is defined. Their summation would also be very comprehensive, or conversely, so concise that it would not be an asset. In the third area – the history of public space in small towns of the Czech Republic, we come across another barrier. This is the fragmentation of development trends of inclusion in regions and the location of the seat in the region, the morphology of the terrain, the historical development of the region and many other factors. An emphasis will be placed on small municipalities of 7,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, which are large enough in terms of having to overcome greater distances, but too small to allow their population to be the commercial operation of local public transport, and with a small budget of the city, to be able to subsidize and maintain this public transport. There will be a meeting with the users of the public space and the transport used by them and their choice of transport around the city or through the city. In conclusion, the findings on mobility in the public space will be summarized based on the current situation of a lifestyle, such as the demands of rapid mobility.

Water bodies as the basis by open public spaces planning and an instrument of urban transformation

Recently, construction in cities has been proceeding at a high rate. Increasingly, urban abandoned and flooded depressive spaces near water bodies (often rivers) that were previously used as industrial facilities or temporarily used are becoming the sphere of architectural and landscape transformations. In the article the role of water bodies in the ecological system of the city, as well as in its structure as a whole is discussed and the principles of space transformation aimed at forming a holistic image of the city are considered, as well as the impact of such spatial placement of urban and water bodies on the safety and quality of the urban environment are revealed. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of public urban space, determine the patterns of its development, and identify criteria that reflect the nature, scale, and features of the impact of urbanization on a water body. Some principles of revitalization of coastal areas are considered, as well as the creation of a system of publicly accessible, compositionally expressive spaces. Modern approaches to the development of public urban spaces based on the formation of a unified architectural environment that ensures the relationship of urban development with water bodies and adjacent territories are discussed. In conclusion, water bodies are not only an important part of the natural and ecological framework, but also are the basis of the framework of urban natural and man-made systems as a whole. And the creation of a «unified urban planning» is impossible without the organization of a shore line development, ensuring the compositional, functional and communication interconnection of open urban and water spaces, which is actively being implemented today in architectural and continuous urban planning practice, is noted.

Türkiye’deki Kamusal Yeşil Alanların Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Yeni “Millet Bahçeleri”

Focusing on contemporary Turkey’s “nation gardens” and the state and governmental policies to build them, this study investigated the development processes and design features of these public green spaces with respect to those from past eras of Turkey (extending to Ottoman and pre-Ottoman history) and the development of public green spaces as the state’s symbolic and spatial tools. The study relied on secondary sources about public green spaces from past eras of Turkey and also on the review of online news about “nation gardens” initiated after President Erdoğan’s announcement in May 2018. Our findings suggested that public green spaces in Turkey have played an important role in displaying the state’s power nationally and internationally as well as to transfer the state’s ideologies to people and thus, to build new identities of ‘citizens.’ Interestingly, in sharing these intentions of past policies for public green spaces, the recent introduction of nation gardens differs from those in the 19th and 20th century. Without any emphasis on modernization goals in the western-style, recent official talks described nation gardens as a way to raise Turkey and the government’s reputation both nationally and internationally, while also referring to past eras but with other characteristics as the source of “traditions” extending to today.

Stages of industrial heritage socialization in Moscow

Abstract
 Introduction. The actual tendency of creation of public architectural and spatial environments using industrial objects as foundation, which in this article is defined by the term “socialization”, is considered. The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterize the stages of socialization of Moscow’s industrial heritage (the process began in the mid-1990s). The systematization of accumulated experience in this field allows for the formulation of perspective integration models for territories of historical industrial development into urban surroundings.
 Materials and methods. 14 typical examples of renovation of historical industrial territories in Moscow were selected to be analyzed. Materials on the history of transfiguration of these areas have been systematized. Socioeconomic analysis of separate investigated objects and graph-analytical analysis of manifesting clustering of public spaces in historical industrial areas were conducted.
 Results. Three stages of socialization were identified on the basis of 14 examples: initial stage, focused stage and systematic stage. The stages correspond to the key dates of appearance of public spaces on the foundation of industrial heritage territorial formations. Dynamics of appearance of the public environment on industrial territories, from natural social develop-ment to the focused stage in which the principles of openness and public availability are set by a project, is noted. The third, systematic stage, which is focused on the preservation of historical industrial territories as a complex and involving the creation of a system of public spaces on the basis of conserving the historical industrial developments, is a promising direction for the creation of a unique urban environment.
 Conclusions. The defining role of the creation of public spaces in the process of industrial heritage renovation has been identified. The regular patterns of the location of the converted historical industrial areas relative to the center of Moscow are given, and the development areas, as well as real estate value within the boundaries of the areas under consideration (office rent and housing purchase) and on the adjacent territories are compared. The conclusion about social accessibility of territories is made, and the prospects of development of public spaces on the foundation of industrial heritage are outlined.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT OF LARGE CITIES

The article analyzes the formation of modern residential architecture in the historical ensemble of large cities, it is necessary to adhere to certain principles of the combination of architecture in historical buildings. The purpose of the study is to invent and streamline the features of the formation of housing with a small building area in the historical environment, to formulate methods and guidelines for architectural design, mandatory for construction in the centers of large cities. Control over the number of storeys during design, environmental friendliness, the combination of architecture of facades of various styles, the preservation and development of public space in the city center are the main methods of a wise combination of architecture of different centuries. This study should be the basis for monitoring the development of new architecture in the city center.The purpose and objectives of the study is to formulate a clear mechanism and criteria for the correct and harmonious combination of modern architecture in the historical environment, which will be the basis for guidelines to be built in the historic center of large cities. In modern conditions, new neighborhoods and entire residential areas are being designed and built en masse, rapidly and somewhat spontaneously. These formations should be created as systems of various spatially interconnected architectural ensembles that take into account the environment that has developed historically and largely determines the uniqueness of the appearance of old cities.The formation of the basic principles of harmonious combination of new architecture in historic buildings aims to complete the formation of a holistic historical ensemble without gaps and strong contrasts.When designing modern architecture, with a small building area, you need to follow certain clear rules for a better combination of historic buildings with a new building.Important features of the symbiosis of old and new is the selection of individual elements or groups of elements, the dimensions of which must be repeated on buildings. This gives a sense of harmonization in the building and does not radically separate the different styles of architecture.

Development of Social Communities and Public Space of the City and Urbanistic Discourse

The article deals with a number of problems related to establishment of public space of a municipality and the role of urbanistic discourse in its development. The pre-requisites of these phenomena are the accelerating urbanization and the consequent changes (both common and specific for countries and cities) in urban environment for residents. Resulting from automobilization, urbanization and ghettoization of districts, the city center is losing its status of the city core. Streets, squares and parks are also becoming less socially important. What may help restore their importance is the emergence of a new type of social communities based on the trends of the new urban planning that solves the problem of residents’ social isolation and turns residents into citizens. In this context, a social community that features public activities is called «public space» Introduction of digital communications into urban milieu enables creating a new form of public space. Via modern communications and the mass media, urban residents satisfy their need for socializing, and act not only as consumers of cultural and social opportunities of the city, but also as its active reorganizers. The authors infer that urbanistic discourse reflects interests of residents, urban communities, municipal authorities and groups of urbanization experts in urban environment development. Thus, topicality of urbanistic discourse is explained by the new trends in urban transformation, formation of social communities, and the diversity of modern means of communication.

Comparative analysis of best practices in e-Government implementation and use of this experience by developing countries

A comparative analysis of the practice of implementing e-government in different countries gives an opportunity to identify the advantages and disadvantages of existing information systems, find ways to optimize and improve the efficiency of public administration. The purpose of this study was to identify the leading countries in e-Government development for comparison with Ukraine, and to apply their positive experience in implementing e-portals, creating the necessary regulatory framework, disseminating the Internet, and attracting citizens to participate in the processes of forming the information society. The article explores the dynamics of E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and E-Participation Index (EPI), analyzes the achievements of developed countries in e-government, and identifies leading countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain whose experience is useful for its application in Ukraine. The qualitative analysis of the achievements of different countries was based on the UN e-Government knowledgebase and the United Nations E-Government Survey from 2003 to 2018, information from e-Governance research articles, government website data, newsletters, and research findings. The study of e-government practice in leading countries and in Ukraine shows that the development of public information space has many similarities and the process of e-government formation in developing countries in many spheres follows the path of developed countries, preserving their own national features. The authors of the article have identified the main common components of this process, outlined aspects of improving the practice of e-government in the direction of building an effective system of public administration.

Temporary migrants and public space: a case study of Dongguan, China

ABSTRACT The development of the labour-intensive manufacturing sector in Dongguan, China, stimulated significant inflows of temporary migrants. However, their temporary status limits migrants’ mobility and restrains their access to public resources available in the city. The community square in proximity to factories provides space for temporary migrant workers and their families to congregate, socialise and exercise during after-work hours. Grounded in theoretical discussions of the precarity of temporary migration and the intersection of migrants and urban space, this study uses participant observations and semi-structured interviews to examine the following questions: (1) What are the spatial and temporal patterns of temporary migrants’ use of the community square? (2) How do temporary migrants’ use of the community square indicate social inclusion or exclusion from the destination society? (3) How do temporary migrants experience precarity in spatial and temporal dimensions? The research findings suggest that the temporary status of migrants and fast-paced work schedules of manufacturing factories limit migrants’ options for after-work leisure activities both spatially and temporally. The research has broad implications for the integration of temporary migrants in Chinese cities and the development of public space to enhance social belonging among underserved migrant populations.

Unity of Natural and Architectural Space in Landscape Design of Komsomolsk-on-Amur

The problem of nature and architecture interaction is examined in the article. The possibilities of using natural forms as constructive and aesthetic solutions in the design of urban realm are considered. One of the ways to link the architectural and natural environment into one whole and continuous space, while preserving nature and organizing the optimal space for human survival is the architectural and landscape bionics. The article discusses the similar foreign techniques as exemplified by. The article presents the student experience of the department “Design of the architectural environment” of Komsomolsk-on-Amur State University used in term papers and degree theses. Elements of architectural bionics and geoplastics are used in the student work in the landscape development of public space in the landscaping project of the “Enthusiasts” public garden, in the “New Lenin” building estate.The project developed hard landscaping, which flowing silhouettes were borrowed from natural objects. Piece of natural are used to design the paving pattern. These techniques allow us to change the rigid, geometric structure of a typical development consisting of panel building and make it more flexible and comfortable. The article concluded that the organization of public urban spaces and spaces courtyards of residential apartment buildings, their comprehensive improvement can solve not only the architectural and landscape issues, but also to create a comfortable place for the rest of the townspeople.

Perilaku Masyarakat di Ruang Terbuka Publik Alun-Alun Kabupaten Blora

The existence of public open spaces in the city center can be used to improve the quality of the environment and social relations of the community. Community social relations can be seen from the interaction between individuals in using space that shapes behavior patterns. Thus, the development of public space can be seen from the behavior of the people around. Blora District Square is one of the public open spaces in the center of Blora Regency, which has an important role as a provider of socio-cultural space to accommodate various kinds of community activities. To determine the effect of providing space on visitor behavior, it is necessary to conduct research on community behavior in Blora District Square. This study aims to identify community behavior in using Blora District Square as a public open space. The analysis in this study consisted of visitor characteristics, activity characteristics, movement patterns, and behavior analysis. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative and qualitative methods with descriptive statistical and Behavior Setting analysis techniques. Behavior Setting analysis is used to determine the movement pattern with place-centered mapping and person-centered mapping techniques. The subject of this study is the user of Blora Regency square. The sampling technique used is Probability Sampling. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations related to the improvement of the quality of space in Blora Regency square in order to form better behavior patterns.

Methodological Approaches to the Development of Public Spaces in Accordance with the Concept of Sustainable Development

The issue of urban area efficient use is one of the top-priority issues in planning public space development projects. The current trend is that public spaces and parks play an important role in increasing the attractiveness of cities as a whole and, in particular, individual city blocks and directly affect the quality of human life. Within the framework of Russian Federation priority national project “Formation of a comfortable urban environment” it is planned to carry out measures to improve municipal unit territories of the corresponding functional purpose (squares, embankments, streets, pedestrian areas, garden squares, parks, other territories). To implement this project, it is important to create a mechanism to increase the investment attractiveness of projects for the development of public spaces, as well as identify criteria for the selection of such projects. Within the framework of this article an attempt is made to classify the criteria that must be taken into account when developing public space development projects based on the concept of sustainable development. An algorithm for evaluating the criteria and parameters that would allow assessing the attractiveness of the territory for the implementation of the project for public space development is also given. The article also formulates the main areas of scientific research that would provide a more competent approach to the processes of urban planning and would help to formulate mechanisms for attracting investments in public space development projects, since these are not only of city-planning significance, but can also ensure social integration and support intercultural communication.

The (No-)Public Space. Reviewing the Transformation of Al-Qaed Ibrahim's Urban Image

Public spaces are defined as places that should be accessible to all inhabitants without restrictions. They are spaces not only for gathering, socializing and celebrating but also for initiating discussions, protesting and demonstrating. Thus, public spaces are intangible expressions of democracy—a topic that the paper tackles its viability within the context of Alexandria, case study Al-Qaed Ibrahim square. On the one hand, Al-Qaed Ibrahim square which is named after Al-Qaed Ibrahim mosque is a sacred element in the urban fabric; whereas on the other it represents a non-religious revolutionary symbol in the Alexandrian urban public sphere. This contradiction necessitates finding an approach to study the characteristic of this square/mosque within the Alexandrian context—that is to realize the impact of the socio-political events on the image of Al-Qaed Ibrahim square, and how it has transformed into a revolutionary urban symbol and yet into a no-public space. The research revolves around the hypothesis that the political events taking place in Egypt after January 25th, 2011, have directly affected the development of urban public spaces, especially in Alexandria. Therefore methodologically, the paper reviews the development of Al-Qaed Ibrahim square throughout the Egyptian socio-political changes, with a focus on the square’s urban and emotional contextual transformations. For this reason, the study adheres to two theories: the "city elements" by Kevin Lynch and "emotionalizing the urban" by Frank Eckardt. The aim is not only to study the mentioned public space but also to figure out the changes in people’s societal behaviour and emotion toward it. Through empowering public spaces, the paper calls the different Egyptian political and civic powers to recognize each other, regardless of their religious, ethnical or political affiliations. It is a step towards replacing the ongoing political conflicts, polarization, and suppression with societal reconciliation, coexistence, and democracy.

The Primacy of Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in a Walkability Study in the Tropics: A Review

One of the urgent environmental issues that are encountered by densely populated cities today is climate change and Urban Heat Island (UHI) which are increasing significantly. In the development of outdoor spaces or urban public spaces, there are environmental issues that affect the comfort of human activities. Meteorological, physiological, and psychological parameters affect the thermal comfort of humans doing their activities outdoors. Walking as one of the outdoor activities, in terms of urban design, there is not much mention of climate factors in identifying the success of outdoor space design. Walkability, the comfort level of walking is one of the parameters that many researchers discuss in the context of activity studies related to outdoor activities. This study aims to further review the development of literature relating to the urban microclimate, thermal comfort to walkability, especially in high-density tropical cities.

Development of public spaces as a factor of urban competitiveness in the new media reality

Development of public spaces as a factor of urban competitiveness in the new media reality

Urban water bodies as the basis for functioning of public spaces

Recently, housing construction in cities has been carried out at a high rate. Increasingly, urban abandoned and flooded depressive spaces near water bodies (often rivers), which were previously used as industrial facilities or temporarily used, are becoming the sphere of architectural and landscape transformations. The restoration of such territories helps to improve the quality of urban space and improve its ecological properties. Correct development of territories near rivers and various water bodies has a great health-improving effect on the urban environment, improves its natural and climatic conditions. In addition, social and economic factors play an important role in this process, since such transformed territories and territories adjacent to them significantly increase investment attractiveness. This paper examines modern approaches to the development of urban public spaces, based on the formation of architectural environments that ensure the relationship of urban development with water bodies and adjacent territories. The paper notes that water bodies are not only an important component of the natural-ecological framework, but are also the basis for the framework of urban-planning natural-technogenic systems as a whole. And the creation of a continuous urban fabric is impossible without the organization of a ‘water’ line of development, provision of compositional, functional and communication interconnection of open urban and water spaces, which is actively being introduced today in architectural and urban planning practice. The paper examines the role of water bodies in the ecological system of the city, as well as in its structure as a whole. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the formation of a public urban space, to determine the patterns of its development, to identify criteria that reflect the nature, scale and features of the impact of urbanization on a water body. Some principles of revitalization of coastal areas, as well as the creation of a system of publicly accessible, compositionally expressive spaces are considered. The principles of space transformation aimed at the formation of a holistic image of the city, as well as the impact of such a spatial arrangement of urban and water bodies on the safety and quality of the urban environment are considered.

SETTLEMENT UPRAVLENCHESKY: HISTORY AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL

The potential of the territories of the northern settlements of the city of Samara, located along the Volga River in the Krasnoglinsky district, is analyzed from the standpoint of the development of public and recreational spaces in this part of the city. Specifically, the territory of the Upravlenchesky settlement is examined, their role in the system of public recreational spaces (PIU) of the city is revealed, and their functioning at the city level is studied. The analysis of the value of these territories not only for local residents, but also for the city as a whole is carried out, the nature and specificity of their use by the townspeople historically and at the present time is studied. The factors that hinder the harmonious development of recreational spaces in the region of the northern remote periphery of Samara are revealed. On the basis of the data of the conducted research, recommendations are given for the further development of recreational spaces in order to increase the demand for territories by citizens and enhance their tourist attractiveness.

Tiptoeing along the red lines

In 2016, one of the largest Chinese Muslim websites was shut down. The death of such a website raises questions regarding the censorious agency exercised by ordinary Chinese Muslims and the development of digital Islam in contemporary China. This narrative follows a Muslim online moderator, Yahyaa, and recounts his experience of self-censorship through ethnographic engagements. It asks: in China’s highly regulated yet porous digital landscape, what are the unique risks and challenges an ordinary Muslim may be facing? What is silenced and what gets heard? By tracing Yahyaa’s life story, this narrative pays close attention to the specific tactics and ethical choices in managing a digital Islamic space. It also highlights how Muslim online moderators creatively interpret the red lines (hongxian) of state regulations through their principle of management (guanli). Yahyaa’s story shows how, as a Muslim moderator, his censorious agency is both constrained and empowering. This multifaceted agency has significant implications for understanding the censored digital landscape in China, particularly in relation to the cyberspace created and navigated by faith-based minorities such as the Chinese Muslims. Such censorious agency holds promise for the development of public spaces and civic societies in contemporary China, no matter how constraining the current censorship that has been imposed upon its citizens.

Degree Level of Publicness Through Meaning of Public Sphere In Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia

Bandung city public area at this time is experiencing a rapid growth due to economic growth and the influence of globalization. The development of public spaces that tend to be limited to the people who live in them, makes it difficult for the public to enter the area of its public sphere. Public sphere are formed based on the economic, political, cultural, developmental, and changes that occur in the area of today’s public sphere, making it limited and inaccessible to the public at large. This is caused by the hierarchy of public space formed by the changes of the functions, forms, and meanings. This study focused on the relationship between form, function, and meaning of public sphere to the degree level of public spaces of the city of Bandung.The purpose of this study is to reveal all the relationships that exist between the concepts of public space and its influence on the degree level of publicness in the space of the city of Bandung in the context of its change.This research is descriptive-analytical and interpretive based on structuralist approach and empirical evidence obtained from study cases. This approach is used to read public sphere in Bandung’s urban spaces to get a reference to the interpretation of relationships from an empirical condition. The degree level and its meaning in Alun-alun Bandung Square with surrounding buildings has been changed and has blocked the accessibility to some buildings and their facades.