Development Of Protective Layer Research Articles

МОДЕЛИ МЕХАНИЗМА ДЕГАЗАЦИИ ПЛАСТА Б СМЕШАННОГО СОСТАВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ВЕРХНЕКАМСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ КАЛИЙНЫХ СОЛЕЙ

On the basis of the functional system of replacing carnallite with variegated syl-vinite, the laws of distribution of gases in the rocks of layer B of mixed composition are explained. Various variants of sylvinitization process of layer B carnallite during the movement of aggressive aqueous solutions are considered. It is shown that the decrease in the volume of reservoir B as a result of sylvinitization can be compared with the development of protective layers in the suite, which is used, among other things, for degassing rocks.

Next-Generation Li-ion Batteries Made with Spatial Atomic Layer Deposition as an Enabling Technology

Today, Li-ion batteries are key devices in energy storage, with a wide set of applications ranging from mW to kW, such as portable electronics devices, electric vehicles and grid-storage. Typically, high energy density anodes such as Si or Li, combined with Ni- or Li-rich cathodes 1,2 are necessary to obtain the targeted gravimetric energy density (>350 Wh/kg). However, several high-potential redox-chemistries can lead to serious safety and degradation issues during charge-discharge cycling due to oxidative and reductive instabilities 3, that often occur at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces 4. Therefore, for every Li-ion battery chemistry the optimization of these interfaces with chemo-mechanically stable and Li-ion conductive passivation layers is essential in mitigating the non-compatibility of the individual cell components. These interface stabilizing layers can be incorporated either in-situ by using electrolyte additives or ex-situ by chemical and physical methods.One popular option here is offered by atomic layer deposition (ALD) which is today’s technology of choice to achieve films with superior quality and 3D-conformality with atomic-scale thickness precision. However, conventional vacuum-based temporal ALD is not compatible with industrial high-throughput roll-to-roll battery electrode production. Here, the technique of large-area atmospheric-pressure spatial-ALD (s-ALD) as pioneered by TNO-Holst Centre over a decade ago can offer prime solutions for various applications including thin-film batteries 5. This technique opens up a wide range of cost-effective applications based on materials like metal oxides, nitrides, sulfides, oxysulfides as well as hybrid organic-inorganic material combinations.In this presentation, we will discuss the growth of several s-ALD films made from Al2O3, TiO2, and ZnO which have been specifically optimized for dendritic Li-growth suppression, interface stabilization, and cathode degradation protection. Next, we will discuss some recent results on the up-scalable s-ALD growth of thin LiPON electrolyte films with a high Li-ion conductivity of >10-7 S/cm, low electronic conductivity of <10-12 S/cm, and high stability against anodic Li-metal during cycling. This electrolyte is also essential in the development of protective layers in liquid and polymer electrolyte-based Li-ion batteries, and in thin-film solid-state batteries with ultra-thin electrolyte layers and planar and 3D topologies. REFERENCES S. Myung et al., ACS Energy Lett. 2, 196–223 (2017).G. Assat and J. M. Tarascon, Nat Energy 3, 373–386 (2018).H. Ryu et al., Chem. Mater. 3 (30), 1155-1163 (2018).D. Aurbach et al., Solid State Ionics 148, 405–416 (2002).P. Poodt et al., J. Vac. Sci. and Technol. A 30, 010802 (2012).

Luminous efficiency and secondary electron emission characteristics of alternating current plasma display panels with MgO–SrO–CaO protective layers

Development of protective layers with a higher secondary electron emission yield than that of the conventional MgO is necessary to attain both a lower driving voltage and a higher luminous efficiency in alternating current plasma display panels. Alkaline earth metal oxides, such as SrO and CaO were added to the pure MgO in order to improve the electrical characteristics of the conventional MgO protective layer. With addition of SrO and CaO to MgO, the intensity of the (111) peak remained unchanged but the (311) peak newly appeared in the x-ray diffraction results. The secondary electron emission yield of Mg1−x−ySrxCayO films was found to be larger than that of the MgO film and in particular, the Mg0.7Sr0.2Ca0.1O films showed the largest secondary electron emission yield among the prepared films of the Mg–Sr–Ca–O system in this work. The luminous efficiency of the panel with the Mg0.7Sr0.2Ca0.1O protective layer was also much higher than that of the panel with the MgO protective layer probably due to its lower discharging voltage. The increase in the luminous efficiency and the decrease in the driving voltage were in good agreement with the results of the secondary electron emission yield as expected.

Secretion of vascular coating components by xylem parenchyma cells of tomatoes infected withVerticillium albo-atrum

Massive infusion of conidia ofVerticillium albo-atrum into the xylem of tomato induces a cell wall coating response in resistant and susceptible near-isolines. In the early stages two types of coating material develop in the xylem vessels. The first, designated type A, is formed in association with xylem parenchyma cells that lack secondary walls; the localized accumulation of type A coating in the in the adjacent intercellular spaces, primary walls (i.e., pit membranes) and vessels occurs in conjunction with localized development of apposition wall layers within the parenchyma cells. Type B coating is initially formed in association with xylem parenchyma cells with secondary walls; the localized accumulation of typeB coating in the adjacent intercellular spaces, primary walls (i.e., pit membranes) and vessels occurs in conjunction with development of protective layers within the parenchyma cells. Most vessels are surrounded by a number of parenchyma cells including both cell types; therefore, in most vessels the coatings are mixed in later stages of development (i.e.,> 48 hours). The formation of both types of coating is stopped by the application of L-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionate, a specific inhibitor of phenylpropanoid synthesis. Histochemically, type A coating resembles lignin and type B, suberin. The data suggest that the coating response is due, wholly or in part to hypersecretion and/or chemical modification of normal cell wall components, induced by the pathogen.

Development of protective layers on high-temperature alloys against hydrogen permeation

For TEXTOR a multiple pellet injector system is in preparation which consists of a) nine freezing cells for the pellet formation accommodated in a common cryostat and nine gas guns being built at CEA, Service des Basses Temperatures in Grenoble, b) a system for the propellant-gas handling together with the pellet diagnostics being built at KFA Julich. The pellets have a cylindrical shape with a size of 1.3 mm in diameter and a length of 1.5 mm. The guns are operated with a propellant gas pressure of up to 200 bar and the pellets are accelerated up to velocities of 1.4 km/s. The propellant gas valve of each gun is optimized to release as little gas as possible; nevertheless the gas release amounts to 0.3 bar·l. This amount of gas (typically hydrogen) has a mass more than a factor of hundred larger than that of one pellet, but only an amount of one percent of the pellet mass can be tolerated. The conventional way of handling the propellant gas is either to feed the pellets through a capillary guiding tube or by using two or three differential pumping chambers. The first scheme may cause pellet ruptures at velocities higher than 1 km/s and the second one requires large expansion volumes and strong pumping. In the TEXTOR pellet injector we are using a combination of a muzzle brake, three small expansion volumes and two fast closing valves for each gun. The muzzle brake diffuses the stream of the propellant gas immediately after the end of the barrel. Most of the gas is directed into two expansion chambers which have volumes of only 0.5 l each. Within 1 ms after the passage of the pellet, a newly developed valve closes the first two expansion volumes from TEXTOR, thus reducing the residual propellant gas to less than 0.5 mbar·l. A second combination of an expansion volume of 1 l and a fast valve reduces the propellant gas further down to about 10−2 mbar·l, which is less than 1 % of the pellet mass (typically 4 mbar·l). Three IR-light barriers are integrated in each pellet path; their photodiodes provide signals for the pellet speed determination and trigger signals for the fast closing valves. They also give the open/closed status of the valves. The mass of the individual pellet is measured by a microwave system consisting of a μW-cavity, a wave guide, a gunnplexer oscillator and a detection circuit operating at a frequency of 10.3 GHz.