Private Development Research Articles

AFFORDABLE STUDENT ACCOMMODATION: A PERSPECTIVE OF TERTIARY STUDENTS

The cost of accommodation is becoming a challenge to many tertiary students, leading to the student's demonstration in institutions. The study's primary purpose is to establish students' views regarding the affordability of their accommodation. A quantitative approach was adopted for the study by using closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires to collect data from 98 tertiary students from the University of the Free State. Statistical analysis in Excel was used to analyse the data collected. The findings reveal that students generally perceive their rental values to be affordable. There is no perception variance of accommodation affordability for employed and unemployed off-campus students. What students pay currently for their accommodation seems to match the affordable amount. Again, off-campus students also perceive their accommodation's affordable monthly rental value between R2000 – R3999. The government and university authorities should consider what students consider affordable when partnering with private developers to prevent them from charging students exorbitant rent for the available space, hindering less privileged students' ability to afford it. The survey was applied to only the University of the Free State students in Bloemfontein; however, the results may apply to other universities in South Africa. This study gives the government and tertiary institution management bodies insight into negotiating with private developers to ensure rental values are within the affordable amount. The study also revealed the rental amount considered affordable by the students, which may guide private developers in future developments cost of the student's accommodation to make their businesses more sustainable.

Empirical Assessment for the Domestic Worker Housing: A Case Study of Lahore

A house is considered a basic human need. It provides identity, security, belonging, and privacy. Regrettably, Pakistan is facing a housing backlog of almost 10 million units. This research aims to diagnose the problems related to accommodation that domestic workers are facing and to assess the pragmatic options for housing the labor class groups. Data for this research was collected from the residents, domestic workers, and relevant authorities through a structured questionnaire survey in selected case study areas. The dependent variable in the study is the provision of accommodation to the domestic workers, which needs to be calculated. The predictors or independent variables are affordability of domestic workers’ residence, salary, housing provision, financial status, and role of government. The results reveal that when “provision of housing allowance” to the domestic workers will help in overcoming the problem of housing available to the workers Its value goes up by 1, “provision of residence to domestic workers at nearby places” increases by 0.518 Similarly, “provision of nearby residence increases the work efficiency” goes up to 1, “provision of residence to domestic workers at nearby places” goes up by the value 0.118. Analysis revealed that workers’ work efficiency depends upon, Government and financial support from the people. The findings of the study/research analysis revealed that most domestic workers are being deprived of livable housing and have to bear significant travel expenses to reach their workplaces. There is a dire need to form a government-based strong association for the domestic worker which would work for the betterment of domestic workers to improve their quality of life. The government and private developers should increase the supply of low-income housing in the form of vertical growth development. It can be pertinent to propose that housing opportunities have to be placed close to the vicinity of workplaces to reduce the travel cost bear by domestic workers.

Introduction to the Hungarian Cartel Regulation in the Interwar Period

WWI significantly influenced the development of private and trade law. The regulation of economic law institutions came up as a necessity. To protect the consumers’interests, the state interfered with private law affairs and regulated sharking procedures, unfair competition and cartel law. By taking European regulation results into account, cartel regulation organisations were introduced by the Cartel Act; the most important of them was the Cartel Court. This paper shows the most important steps of the antitrust regulation in Hungary’s special attention to the relevant European cartel regulations.

Sustainable Development of Underutilized Pedestrian Underpass in Seoul

Since the Korean War, Seoul has applied a growth-oriented approach to urban development, resulting in insufficient amount of public spaces. Such lack of public spaces has been addressed partially through private development, which has exacerbated the lack of public domain for the socially disadvantaged groups. Accordingly, local governments have increasingly sought to solve this problem by developing underutilized underpasses. This study analyzes the development of Social Care Type (SCT) underpasses in Seoul and how they meet the characteristics of sustainable development. The study findings reveal that the Seoul Metropolitan Government’s approach to the development of underpasses forms a virtuous cycle where the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) constituting sustainability—social, economic, and environmental factors—forms a feedback-loop relationship. Based on this systemic review of nine case studies of underpass development in Seoul, this article suggests a new paradigm for underpass space development that could be applied in the future by Seoul and other modern cities.

Analysis of domestic hot water in residential buildings in Spain

Energy analysis in residential buildings considers three main areas of consumption: heating, air conditioning and domestic hot water. Traditionally, the former, heating, has been the most significant area of consumption in Spain but, due to modern technological advances and both the national and European regulations in force, this is no longer the case. The objective of this research is to define some strong, verified consumption patterns which make it possible to compare systems with one another and evaluate their influence on the energy efficiency of new and existing buildings, thereby, making progress toward improving generation systems. Real domestic hot water consumption measurements were collected over a one-year period for more than 500 Spanish properties in five different buildings located in both public and private residential developments. Moreover, a comparative study of the indicators set out in Spanish and other European regulations was carried out, evaluating their impact on energy performance certification. Finally, the suitability of the current indicators, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, was evaluated, concluding that the unit of measurement used in the Spanish regulations is not the most appropriate, and confirming that both seasonal impact and residential development type must be considered due to their influence on domestic hot water consumption.

Lean-offsite-simulation nexus for housing construction: a state-of-the-art review of the existing knowledge

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to present an overview of the existing knowledge on the combined application of lean, off-site and simulation (LOS) in housing delivery.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review approach was adopted. Based on a comprehensive search using Scopus, Web of Science and the International Group for Lean Construction databases, 66 relevant journal articles were identified and analysed.FindingsThis study found that the most significant impacts of the combined application of LOS in housing delivery are the capacity to visualise the production processes as a whole in real time, exposure and removal of non-value-adding activities from the production and faster delivery. However, the combined application of LOS is low compared to a single application of each technique in housing delivery.Practical implicationsThe results provide relevant stakeholders and actors in the housing sector (private and public housing developers, off-site housing manufacturers and constructors, housing associations and government housing agencies, among others) with the information needed to improve the outcomes of housing delivery through the application of LOS.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the ongoing debate on addressing the global housing shortage by presenting an integrated overview of the existing knowledge on the impact of the nexus of LOS and providing compelling evidence for its usage in housing delivery. It also demonstrates how the combined application of LOS supports the achievement of the flow and value view in the transformation flow value model, which was not previously reported.

Public Policy and Incentives for Socially Responsible New Business Models in Market-Driven Real Estate to Build Green Projects

The construction industry and the built environment accounts for 38% of global greenhouse gases. Significant efforts are being implemented across stakeholder categories to provide supportive guidelines and ways to address the negative impact; however, market developers need to be engaged to create the scale of impact due to large portfolios. Unfortunately, the short-term interests of private developers in real estate are to maximize profits and not to invest in long-term climate mitigation strategies. This paper will address the barriers and opportunities to incentivize, regulate real estate developers, and account for the market to adopt the lens of the B-Corp movement’s triple bottom line business practices, using business to address social and environmental challenges. Academically, accepted theories addressed through a literature review will be analyzed by a socially-oriented developer in Montreal and demonstrated through an eco-district case study. This study will identify the key stakeholders and address the life cycle thinking process to tackle the carbon impacts in the building development sector through the lens of real estate developers. This literature review will be complemented by the empirical study of one of the authors being a private developer, to link academic best practices with the market realities of real estate development. The findings of the process will outline possible solutions to real estate development that suggest cities have the opportunity to play the role of an educator, mediator, regulator, and incentivizing body to private real estate developers. Generally, critical factors of collaboration and capacity building through business modelling lists of barriers and opportunities could promote positive adoption opportunities for large-scale green development projects with a high impact on climate mitigation strategies, which could transform how the construction industry adapts to building green and socially inclusive communities.

Public Value Capture, Climate Change, and the ‘Infrastructure Gap’ in Coastal Development: Examining Evidence from France and Greece

This paper examines the role that two Public Value Capture (PVC) mechanisms could play in providing a source of funding for urban infrastructure in the case of two coastal areas in France and Greece. High development pressures in those areas have been exacerbated in recent times by the growing ‘informality of desire’. Therefore, in a context of climate change the two case study areas face the dual challenge of an increasing ‘investment gap’ and increasing vulnerability. Although the estimated costs are still based on approximate calculations, they are substantive. Using primary and secondary data, as well as analysis of the legal and policy framework, the paper shows that ‘informality of desire’ is not only tolerated but actually incentivised in both countries. This leads to substantial short-term financial benefits for private developers and property owners but also some gains for local authorities and central governments. However, the value captured via the legalisation fees and property taxation is not adequately ringfenced and in any case it is not enough to cover the infrastructure gap and the potential compensation in case of natural disasters.

AFFORDABLE STUDENT ACCOMMODATION: A PERSPECTIVE OF TERTIARY STUDENTS

The cost of accommodation is becoming a challenge to many tertiary students, leading to the student's demonstration in institutions. The study's primary purpose is to establish students' views regarding the affordability of their accommodation. A quantitative approach was adopted for the study by using closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires to collect data from 98 tertiary students from the University of the Free State. Statistical analysis in Excel was used to analyse the data collected. The findings reveal that students generally perceive their rental values to be affordable. There is no perception variance of accommodation affordability for employed and unemployed off-campus students. What students pay currently for their accommodation seems to match the affordable amount. Again, off-campus students also perceive their accommodation's affordable monthly rental value between R2000 – R3999. The government and university authorities should consider what students consider affordable when partnering with private developers to prevent them from charging students exorbitant rent for the available space, hindering less privileged students' ability to afford it. The survey was applied to only the University of the Free State students in Bloemfontein; however, the results may apply to other universities in South Africa. This study gives the government and tertiary institution management bodies insight into negotiating with private developers to ensure rental values are within the affordable amount. The study also revealed the rental amount considered affordable by the students, which may guide private developers in future developments cost of the student's accommodation to make their businesses more sustainable.

Соціальний капітал вінничан у формуванні приватного житлового фонду Вінниці доби непу

Мета роботи. На основі загальної характеристики приватного житлового фонду Вінниці доби непу дати відповідь на питання: «Що відбувалося із соціальним капіталом вінницької громади в нових радянських суспільно-політичних умовах?». Методологія. Теоретичною основою статті є погляди Дж. Коулмена на соціальний капітал як результат вільної та раціональної діяльності індивідів для досягнення власної вигоди. Наукова новизна. Охарактеризовано приватний житловий фонд Вінниці доби непу, що складався з денаціоналізованої та новозбудованої частин. Розглянуто ступінь оприявнення соціального капіталу вінницької громади на прикладі формування приватного житлового фонду міста. Висновки. За доби непу вінницькі практики вирішення житлової кризи підтвердили активність соціального капіталу міської громади, попри зміни суспільно-політичного ладу. Необхідність вирішувати життєво важливу проблему всіх пересічних вінничан привела до консенсусу між владою та громадою. У місті досить швидко та раціонально пройшла денаціоналізація житлового фонду, влада виділила значну кількість земельних ділянок для приватного будівництва, а забудовники емпірично визначили критично можливу межу розмірів індивідуальної забудови, щоб уникнути 10 % натурального житлового податку. Приблизно 80 % міських житлових приміщень доби непу можна прив’язати до приватних ініціатив (разом із приблизно десятком кооперативних будинків). На відміну від лівобережних та південних промислових міст України, де розвивалося активне державне та відомче будівництво, вінничани могли розраховувати лише на себе. Вони продовжували підтримувати міцні горизонтальні соціальні зв’язки, що підтверджується числом успішних рішень про денаціоналізацію житла, практиками виживання «колишніх» і «позбавленців», які ніби розчинялися в приватному секторі від пильності влади, а також будівництвом за допомогою толоки.

Definitions and accounting of climate finance: between divergence and constructive ambiguity

ABSTRACT The Paris Agreement reaffirmed the commitment to provide USD 100 billion in international climate finance to developing countries by 2020, while COP26 agreed to set a new target by the end of 2024. However, in the absence of a clear, internationally accepted definition of climate finance, the estimates of the progress towards this objective wildly differ. This article provides an overview of different issues related to diverging definitions of climate finance, its main dimensions and proposes to distinguish between counting methods (e.g. Rio markers) and accounting frameworks of climate finance (e.g. by the OECD). We start by reviewing the existing definitions of climate finance both under the UNFCCC and beyond, followed by a discussion of the key dimensions of climate finance that affect definitions, as well as the main climate finance accounting approaches. In the context of the Paris Agreement, attaining a consensus among Parties on the definition of climate finance is crucial, but may result in watering down the level of ambition, for example, by including finance to activities that may not be in line with the latest climate science. Such convergence would require resolving all controversial dimensions of climate finance discussed in this article – notably, provider versus recipient side perspectives, eligible activities, inclusion of controversial sectors and technologies, public versus private finance, climate versus development finance, accounting for negative climate finance and so on. As most likely not all issues can be resolved through a consensual multilateral process, some level of ‘constructive ambiguity’ may be required in defining and accounting for international climate finance. Key policy insights There is no commonly accepted definition of international climate finance today, making it difficult to track progress. Climate finance accounting approaches differ depending on the interpretation of different dimensions of climate finance. A commonly accepted definition of climate finance should take into account the latest science on 1.5°C and net-zero scenarios. Climate clubs or coalitions may take up the issue of ‘muddled’ counting methods and accounting frameworks of international climate finance in ‘side deals’ of official negotiations. The Standing Committee on Finance is best positioned to authoritatively perform regular accounting for finance flows eligible under international climate commitments.

Delivering together: A framework for sustainable ownership of early warning and health emergency surveillance technologies in low-and middle-income countries.

Previous health and natural disasters have all had a significant impact on human life. However, there is a consensus that the technological advances of our time would have allowed us to better understand and respond to these situations in a more holistic manner. Early Warning and Health Emergency Surveillance technologies are therefore more than essential for improved proactivity. While in developed countries, their implementation is facilitated by the existence of proven mechanisms, this is not often the case in low and middle-income countries. Our practical experience in deploying Early Warning and Health Emergency Surveillance systems in resource-constrained environments led us to develop and propose an approach that is intended to be effective in the execution of such interventions. When implemented in low and middle-income countries, our approach, which promotes the Bottom-to- Top concept, has succeeded in federating and strengthening all the forces in the public, private and international development sectors around the implementation of these crucial technologies for better emergency management, especially in health. Engaging all stakeholders, developing an inclusive modus operandi, promoting a sustainable strategy, and effectively empowering recipients in a coordinated manner is the recipe for the successful implementation of such technologies in low and middle-income countries.

Impact of Government Policies on Research and Development (R&D) Investment, Innovation, and Productivity: Evidence from Pesticide Firms in China

China’s pesticide industry has played an important role in the growth of agricultural productivity in both China and worldwide, but its development is hampered by production inefficiency and the lack of innovation of active ingredients. To improve innovation and the productivity of the pesticide industry, the Chinese government has implemented a series of policies to stimulate private research and development (R&D) and firm innovation. Using the firm-level panel data of the Annual Survey of Industrial Firms (ASIF) collected by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2001–2007, this study examines the linkages between R&D investment, innovation, and productivity with a focus on the role of government policies. The results show that pesticide firms with a higher intensity of R&D investment were associated with a higher patent intensity, and more innovated firms were associated with a higher productivity. Public research, intellectual property enforcement, production subsidy, foreign direct investment (FDI), and being export oriented were positively associated with the innovation and productivity of pesticide firms.

The Fourth Generation: Urban renewal policies in the service of private developers

Urban planning, like any other public policy, is inseparable from the political, economic, and social climate. This study periodizes urban renewal policies on the basis of changes over time in the political-economy regime. The research findings indicate that shifts in the political-economy have had a significant impact on planning and housing policy design and outcomes. Furthermore, the findings show that in the new millennium, following re-centralization processes, a fourth generation of urban renewal policies has emerged. The study discusses the relationship between the four generations and points to potential ramifications of the current policies for various urban groups, especially the most disadvantaged.

A SHADOWY ‘CITY OF LIGHT’: Private Urbanism, Large‐Scale Land Acquisition and Dispossession in Ghana

AbstractThe rapid expansion of African cities has created both housing deficits and a pluralization of urban orders, including the growth of slum settlements. With an ever‐increasing middle class, urban sub‐Saharan Africa is now also characterized by large‐scale land acquisition processes linked to the construction of wholly private and increasingly enclaved cities. This article maps the impacts of the Appolonia City of Light project—a privately built enclaved city catering to the housing needs of a rapidly growing middle class in Ghana. Building on field research and exploring various dimensions of the development marketed as ‘The City of Light’, we highlight how the project has dramatically altered social relations and resulted in dispossession rippling through nearby local communities. We therefore argue that, instead of merely focusing on the actual physical spaces of private developments or turning attention to often phantasmagoric and utopic visions of the future, research should be directed at changes in the immediate surroundings of urban developments. We highlight the problematic land acquisition inherent to such enclaved developments and demonstrate how these intrinsically constitute assemblages of livelihoods and exemplify dynamics of appropriation, dispossession and commodification.

Vague and unworkable: The fuzziness of the archipelago as a concept and its unsuitability as model for a 21st century Palestinian nation

While it is frequently invoked, the archipelago is such a vague concept that its deployment in fields such as island studies is only productive when the contingency of its use is specified. In this article, we examine the concept itself and then consider the use of the archipelago as a metaphor and/or model for a future Palestinian state. The creation of the modern nation-state of Israel in Palestine in 1948, various Israeli military actions, and (often related) public and private developments of former Palestinian lands has resulted in a substantial proportion of Palestinians fleeing to neighbouring countries (chiefly Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria). Those Palestinians who have remained have largely been confined to territorial isolates within the Jewish state. These isolates have frequently been understood and analogised as ‘islands’ within Israel, and the aggregation of these isolates has been variously referred to and/or represented as an archipelago. This article examines the development of this metaphoric interpretation of the Palestinian community within Israel in Anglophone, Arabic, and Francophone discourse, and characterises the contortions necessary to imagine Palestinian territories as archipelagic. The conclusion returns to consideration of the notion of the archipelago itself and of its usefulness in island studies and other contexts.

G20 in Catalyzing Private Development Finance: Potentials and Prospects

This study explores the possibilities and prospects of the G20’s involvement in igniting private development financing, which is crucial for fostering economic growth and development in underdeveloped nations. The G20 has acknowledged the essential role that private development finance plays in attaining global development objectives. It also assesses the G20’s policies and programs for promoting private development financing, citing examples like the Global Infrastructure Connectivity Alliance and the Compact with Africa. The evaluation also takes into account India’s views on G20 initiatives like the G20 Innovation Partnership for Inclusive Development and the present situation. The findings from the study show that the G20 has made a substantial effort to spur private development financing, although there are still gaps and difficulties in their work. Challenges that must be overcome include, for example, the lack of coordination among G20 countries and the requirement for stronger risk-sharing systems. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers, private sector corporations, and other stakeholders involved in promoting economic growth and development in developing nations. This also highlights India’s G20 Presidency and its initiatives to encourage private investment. The suggestions made in this article are intended to fill in the gaps and overcome the obstacles facing the G20’s initiatives to spur private development financing, which may help achieve the world development goals, particularly from the Indian perspective.

Understanding variation in municipal land policy strategies: An empirical typology

Land use and development has a pivotal role in building sustainable future societies. Municipalities contribute to this effort by applying a set of land policy instruments to advance their selected policy objectives. The way in which a municipality chooses to activate these instruments is called a land policy strategy. The literature recognizes the diversity of land policy strategies within a single-country context, but as yet there has been no systematic and comprehensive examination of land policy practices to find out to what extent and how the municipalities' approaches to land policy differ from each other. To address this gap, this study examines the diversity of land policy strategies in Finnish municipalities by constructing an empirically grounded typology of municipalities' current strategies. Drawing on an extensive set of data on land policy practices in the 30 most populated Finnish municipalities, we identify five strategy types: land banking based active land policy, growth-oriented active land policy, regional vitality driven land policy, housing policy-oriented land policy and private development focused land policy. The strategy types are characterized by differences along six dimensions, namely land policy objectives, public land acquisition, public-private cooperation, public land allocations, economic incentives, and information steering and facilitation. The typology contributes to a deeper understanding of the variation and commonality in land policy strategies of local government authorities. Our findings support the view that current definitions of land policy strategies are too vague and ambiguous to portray the differences in strategies when the analytical focus is on municipality-level strategies.

To what extent patents for Covid-19 mRNA vaccines are based on public research and taxpayers’ funding? A case study on the privatization of knowledge

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has forced us to reconsider the relationship between public and private research and development (R&D). The policy issue is whether, over the next years, governments’ only negotiating position on vaccines and biomedical technologies will be to sign one purchase contract after another and transfer value from taxpayers to investors in pharmaceutical companies. Knowledge and technologies that are crucial to Covid-19 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine development and production were created with the R&D and financial contribution of governments. Patents filed by pharma companies do not protect the public interest arising from such earlier research. The paper offers a case study on the privatization of knowledge created in the first place by R&D in the public sector or supported by public funds and eventually being appropriated by pharmaceutical corporations. The privatization of knowledge is a more general mechanism, relevant in all industries where patents protect corporate R&D which in turn is supported by government direct or indirect subsidies.

An analysis of land and property development models, and stakeholders: A case of National Capital Region, India

With urbanization, successful land development has become critical for the growth of the cities. Land administration plays an important role in the outcome of land and property development models. Land and property development requires close coordination between public and private sectors and has impact on various stakeholders including public authority, private developers, landowners, home-buyers and society. In addition to land development, which has it's characteristic and price mechanism separate from property development, this paper looks at property development to provide a holistic approach to urban development. We examine three cases of land and property development models across different cities within a single regional planning area called the National Capital Region (NCR) in India. Firstly, we look at the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Delhi) that has for years adopted public sector model of land development, however, with limited success. Delhi has recently experimented with land pooling to unlock large peri-urban areas in the fringe. Secondly, Gurugram (Haryana) hailed as ‘Millennium City’ has been able to achieve high decadal real estate growth with Public-Private land development, but there is a cost to this fast growth to the society that results in severe planning and infrastructure bottlenecks. Lastly, we look at the Public land development model of Noida (Uttar Pradesh), which is distinct from Delhi and Gurugram, and has been able to provide one of the best infrastructures in NCR. But due to its pro-developer land allotment policy, it has created a city with several stalled projects that have resulted in the loss of home equity for home-buyers. These contrasting land development models when studied with property development models within the same geographical region provide key insights for policymakers, planners, city governments and academic fraternity.