Development Of Postural Control Research Articles

Assessing Postural Control From Birth to Adulthood Among Individuals Born Preterm: A Systematic Review.

Premature life exposure, meaning an immature central nervous system, presents a significant challenge for the development of postural control and, in turn, overall motor development. Preventing motor delay thus requires identifying, characterizing, and quantifying deficit in postural control as early as possible. In our study, we reviewed the procedures used in past studies to assess postural control among individuals born preterm, specifically the characterization of participants, the instruments and motor tasks involved, the types of data collected and analyzed, and the outcomes. To that end, we performed a literature search on PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, and Scopus using Boolean logic and assessed the quality of the studies with a standardized assessment based on the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Of 35 potential studies, 24 were included; all evaluated infants born preterm, but six did not include a control group of full-term infants. Although the heterogeneity of measurements, variability of instruments, and divergence in motor tasks examined limit definitive conclusions based on quantitative synthesis and the generalization of the results, most studies revealed dysfunctional postural control among individuals born preterm.

Impact of professional dance training on characteristics of postural sway.

The stability of human upright posture determines the range and dynamics of movements performed. Consequently, the repertoire and quality of the movements performed by a dancer are mainly determined by the efficiency of postural control. This is of particular importance in professional dance training that should focus on shaping optimal movement‑posture interaction. To get a deeper insight into this problem, the impact of the training on postural sway characteristics during quiet stance was analyzed in 16 female students in the seventh grade of a ballet school and compared with the size‑ and age‑matched group of secondary school students. Center of pressure trajectories were recorded for 25.6 s while standing quiet with eyes open (EO) and then with eyes closed (EC). The assessment of postural control was based on novel normalized sway parameters including sway vector (SV), sway anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directional indices (DIAP and DIML), and sway ratios (SRAP and SRML). The results document a significant contribution of vision to postural stability control in ballet students, which seems to compensate for training‑related changes in joint mobility and altered activity ranges of the legs' muscles. In the control group standing with EC, SV amplitude increased only by 18% whereas in the ballet students tested in the same conditions, the increase exceeded 72%. Under full control of standing posture (EO test), the training‑related increase of leg muscle forces allows dancers to maintain balance with lesser effort as documented here by 21% reduced SRAP. Additionally, the dancers while tested with their EC exhibited a 12% increase in the anteroposterior sway with a concomitant reduction of the mediolateral sway. The resulting changes in the postural control asymmetry were documented by both DIAP/DIML and SV azimuth. In conclusion, our novel analysis of postural sway seems a useful tool in monitoring the effects of training as well as the proper course of postural control development in children and adolescents.

Postural Control Development of Students with Disabilities in the Process of Inclusive Physical Education

Background. An important aspect of ensuring the effectiveness of inclusive physical education of students with disabilities in higher education is taking into account the increase in certain violations in the state of health of students caused by the long war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. As a result, a powerful factor of disability, a violation of postural control, is considered one of the main problems in inclusive PE of students with disabilities. The study purpose was to reveal the effectiveness of inclusive PE classes on the development of postural control of students with disabilities in the process of implementing the developed program. Materials and methods. To solve the tasks, a complex of scientific intelligence methods was used at the empirical and theoretical level: literature analysis, observation, testing, experiment, and methods of mathematical statistics. 30 first-year students with disabilities took part in the experiment. The organization of the study provided for the determination of the state of the studied parameters as a consequence of the action of the developed program aimed at correcting the postural control of students with disabilities. Results. According to the results of the test control of maintaining balance and orientation in space, the development of postural control of students with disabilities after the end of the experimental study was established. The results of the study established an improvement in the quality of the balance function, as a correlator of translational control, in students of the studied sample after the end of the experimental study within 20%. Conclusions. Considering the fact that postural control is ensured by the functional activity of the somatosensory, vestibular, visual and neuromuscular systems, scientifically based use of the tools of the developed inclusive PE program became a factor in improving the studied parameters of postural control of students with disabilities. The established statistically reliable positive dynamics of the set of postural control indicators proved that the implementation of the developed innovations in the PE of students with disabilities provides a targeted impact on the normalization of balance functions. The obtained results of the conducted pedagogical experiment prove the effectiveness of the author’s development of pedagogical actions regarding the correlation of postural control of students with disabilities in the process of inclusive physical education.

Formation of postural control in infants of the first year of life with impaired motor development, born at different gestation periods

The postural control development is a complex physiological process, which is the basis for the development of motor functions. Approaches to the assessment of postural control and the features of its formation in infants of the first year of life have not been studied enough. Purpose. To reveal the features of postural control development in infants of the first year of life with the consequences of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system in the form of impaired motor development, born at different gestational ages. Material and methods. We examined 120 infants of the first year of life with impaired motor development and 16 infants without neurological pathology. Infants with impaired motor development were divided into 4 subgroups: 1 (n = 30) — full-term, 2 (n = 30) — very preterm, 3 (n = 30) — moderately preterm, 4 (n = 30) — late premature children depending on their gestational age at birth. The examination was conducted at 3–4 months of calendar age in full-term and corrected in premature infants and included an assessment of the neurological status, a clinical assessment of postural control, and computer stabilometry. Results. Violation of postural control was found in infants of the first year of life with the consequences of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system in the form of impaired motor development, born at different gestational ages. These postural disorders may be associated with changes in muscle tone and impaired sensorimotor integration. Conclusion. Further research will enable the development of objective criteria for diagnosing postural disorders in infants of the first year of life, depending on the gestational age at birth. This will contribute to the timely start of treatment and rehabilitation measures, reducing the frequency and severity of disabling consequences of perinatal lesions of the central nervous system.

Utility of the items of the paediatric balance scale to assess postural control in children from 3 to 10 years of age

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to find out the utility of the items of Paediatric Balance Scale to assess the development of postural control in children from the age group of 3 to 10 years of age.Relevance: Despite the importance of Postural Control Development we don’t have established measures for evaluating postural control for school- aged children in our country.Participants: This study included 160 school-aged children from the age of 3 to 10 years. The children were divided in 7 groups each of 20 children, 10 Male and 10 Female.Methods: The above study was an experimental design and correlational study for school children of age group of 3 to 10 years of age who were able to walk and stand independently without support. The children below 3 years and above 10 years and all the children who cannot maintain standing independently and have any abnormal disease process were excluded from the study.Analysis: The data was analysed using the Mann- Whitney Test and Ordinal Regression Analysis Results: Mann- Whitney Test and showed a significant progressive increase in Paediatric Berg Balance Scale Scores as age advances from 3 to 10 years of age. Ordinal Regression Analysis revealed that Item no 6,7,8,9,11,14 were found to be more sensitive out of the 14 items. There was a significant difference in males and females in 8 and 9 years of age.Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between Paediatric Balance Scores and Age. Six items were found to sensitive in evaluating development of postural control in childrenImplications: For assessing the postural control development, introduction of Paediatric Balance Scale in our school settings which are less time consumable and easy to administer is a must.

Lifespan changes in postural control

Lifespan development of postural control shows as an inverted U-shaped function with optimal performance in young adults and similar levels of underperformance in children and older adults. However, similarities in children and older adults might conceal differences in underlying control processes. We mapped out age-related differences in postural control using center-of-pressure trajectories of 299 participants ranging from 7 to 81 years old in three tasks: stable stance, compromised vision, and narrowed base of support. Summary statistics (path length, ellipse area) replicated the well-known U-shape function also showing that compromising vision and narrowing the base of support affected older adults more than children. Stabilogram diffusion analysis (SDA) allows to assess postural control performance in terms of diffusion at short (< 1 s) and longer timescales. SDA parameters showed the strongest short-term drift in older adults, especially under compromised vision or narrowed base of support conditions. However, older adults accommodated their poor short-term control by corrective adjustments as reflected in long-term diffusion under eyes closed conditions and initiating anti-persistent behavior earlier compared with children and young adults in tandem stance. We argue that these results highlight the adaptability of the postural control system and warrant a reinterpretation of previous postural control frameworks.

The influence between gestational age and postural control, a systematic review.

The central nervous system (CNS) of preterm infants might have some peculiarities which distinguish it from that of full term infants. The difficulties associated with prematurity are the main cause of deaths all over the world during the new-born period after community-acquired pneumonia, and the second cause of deaths worldwide in children under five years old. Early recognition of signs indicating fragile postural control in premature infants can support understanding and help prevent and early intervention on possible future neuromotor dysfunctions in these subjects. The purpose of this paper is to determine if there is a qualitatively different development of postural control in premature infants without neurological involvement and infants born at term. We conducted a systematic review of longitudinal and cross-sectional case-control studies published between 2010 and March 2020 on this topic. The evaluation of parameters related to postural control was also included. The methodological quality of the selected works was evaluated using the CASPe critical reading programme for cases and controls. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed for prematurity and postural control. 16 articles were included. The total sample amounted to 3,460 participants, of which 1,860 in the preterm group, and 1,600 in the control group. All the studies found show a poorer postural control by the group of children born preterm compared to the group of children born at term and one study indicating more limited postural control with higher prematurity. Regarding the methodological quality according to CASPe, those studies exceeding half of the total score were considered of adequate quality.

Infographic: Development of postural control

Infographic: Development of postural control

Comparison of Postural Control During Sit-To-Stand between Typically Developing Children Aged 4 to 12 Years and Young Adults

Postural control is a fundamental requirement for performing all functional tasks, including standing up from a chair. Although there is a broad literature on postural control development in typically developing (TD) children, there is a lack of specific information on TD children performing the sit-to-stand (STS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the development of postural control during STS in TD children of different age groups. Fifty-eight healthy TD children aged 4–12 years and 19 adults participated in this study. They were separated into four groups: 4–6 years, 7–9 years, 10–12 years, and adults. All participants were asked to perform the STS movement with a self-selected pattern. Participants' dynamic stability was quantified according to centre of mass (COM) displacement and velocity in the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical directions during the four phases (flexion-momentum, momentum-transfer, extension, and stabilization) of the STS movement. The development of postural control was different in each phase of STS. During the flexion-momentum, extension, and stabilization phases, children aged 4–12 had higher COM displacements and velocities than adults. In the momentum-transfer phases, children aged 4-9 had higher COM displacements and velocities than other groups. In addition, children aged 4¬6 had the highest COM velocity during the extension phase of the STS movement. Children aged 4–12 years and adults used different strategies to control COM during STS movement. Adult-like postural control during STS was not found in children aged 10–12 years.

The Place of Bosu Ball in Thesis Studies in Turkey: The Field of Sports Sciences

Background: When the literature on Bosu exercise applications is examined, it is seen that Bosu exercise applications are used for balance development, strength and postural control development, and development of motor skills. In addition, the Bosu ball, which has a wide usage area, can be used not only by standing on it in a vertical position, but also by standing in a horizontal position. Reporting of the positive effects of Bosu exercises on sportive performance by many researchers has attracted the attention of trainers and athletes and has made it a frequently used material in training programs. Aim: The aim of this research is to determine for what purpose the Bosu ball, which has a global popularity, is a research topic in postgraduate theses published in the field of sports sciences in Turkey. Methods: This research was designed using the systematic review method. Between 11.03.2022 and 07.04.2022, a total of 9 theses were reached as a result of the search made by searching the keyword "Bosu" in Turkish-English language by filtering the word "Spor" on the database of the National Thesis Center. As a result of the first evaluation made within the framework of inclusion criteria, it was determined that 1 thesis was outside the field of sports sciences and this thesis was not included in the research within the scope of exclusion criteria. Within the scope of inclusion criteria, it was determined that there were 8 postgraduate theses and these theses were included in the research and the data of the research were obtained. Results: When the theses included in the study were examined in terms of their levels, it was determined that five theses were at the master's level and three theses were at the doctoral level. When the theses included in the research are examined in terms of the number of publications by years, it is seen that only studies on the relevant subject have been published in the last six years. As a result of the research, it was determined that Bosu exercise material, which is the subject of research in the field of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, has been researched specifically to increase balance performance. The effects on performance parameters such as body composition, aerobic capacity and agility were also investigated in some theses. In addition to these, there is also a study examining whether it has effects on body image, self-design and stress level. Conclusion: It has been deduced that Bosu exercise practices, which are the subject of research in postgraduate theses in the field of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, have a positive effect on body composition, sportive performance and psychological aspects. Keywords: Bosu ball, Bosu exercises, Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Effect of Vinyasa Training on Dynamic Body Balance of Male National Level Yoga Players

Background. Body balance is among the most important aspects for achieving athletic excellence in competitive sports. Body balance helps in the development of proper body posture control, which supports high performance and skill demonstration across all sports. Body balance is known to be positively correlated to competitive athletic performance. In sports, good balance implies moving more efficiently and with better body control. Yoga is one of the means of improving body balance, and it has also been linked to enhancing athletic performance. Vinyasa yoga is a powerful method that targets the entire body. Navigate challenging poses to improve your strength, flexibility, and balance, especially if you want to target muscle groups that aren’t used in your preferred sport. &#x0D; The focus of this study. To analyse the efficacy of a 6-week Vinyasa Yoga Training Programme (VYTP) in improving dynamic body balance of male national level yoga players. &#x0D; Materials and methods. Twenty male national level yoga players (18-25 years) from the Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, India, participated in the study. The participants were then randomly allocated into two groups, one experimental (Vinyasa) and the other control. The Sensbalance machine was used to measure the dynamic body balance. &#x0D; Results. ANCOVA indicates a significant difference in the selected variable of dynamic body balance in the experimental group compared to the control group. When compared to the control group which did not receive any training, the post-test found that the experimental yoga group significantly improved in dynamic body balance.&#x0D; Conclusions. VTYP was found to be helpful in enhancing dynamic body balance. In the current study after six weeks of vinyasa training it was observed that the male national yoga players had a substantial difference in dynamic body balance compared to the control group.

Extracurricular Physical Activities and the Condition of Being an Only Child as a Conditioning Factor in the Psychomotor Development of 5-Year-Old Children.

In early childhood education, there is a great interdependence among motor, affective, and cognitive development. A better understanding of psychomotor development and its variables by pediatricians and those who oversee educational tasks at this stage of development, such as teachers, psychologists, counselors, and parents themselves, can influence the design of educational intervention proposals. To that effect, the present study aims to analyze the influence of some family characteristics such as the condition of being an only child or having siblings and whether the child carries out extracurricular activities linked to physical activities and sports. To achieve this objective, a Checklist of Psychomotor Activities (CPA) assessment instrument was used based on the observation of a sample of 694 children aged 5 years who were enrolled in the second cycle of child education in the province of Albacete. The results show that those children who performed extracurricular activities related to physical activities and sports had a greater development of laterality and postural tonic control than those who did not attend this type of activities. At the same time, differences were found in the affective and relational levels and in the perceptual-motor aspects in favor of children who have siblings compared with children who are only children. There is no other research that addresses both issues in the same study, and this is a strength of the present study.

Postural control development from late childhood through young adulthood

BackgroundThe development of stable postural control is characterized by changes in sway variability and periods of rapid reorganization of motor system components. Research questionThe current study examined whether changing biomechanical and perceptual demands influences the postural control behavior during development. MethodThe center of pressure (COP) was assessed via a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 48 females in three age groups (late childhood, mid-adolescence, and young adulthood) during four quiet stance conditions: (1) eyes open with feet apart, (2) eyes open with feet together, (3) eyes closed with feet apart, and (4) eyes closed with feet together. Linear measures included total path length of the COP and the mean/standard deviation of the overall COP position and speed. To characterize the sway patterns via nonlinear analyses, the speed and two-dimensional positional time series were submitted to sample entropy and Renyi entropy, respectively. ResultsThe linear results indicated that the late childhood group displayed longer COP trajectories (p < .001) and faster and more variable COP speed (p’s < .001). These results held for both the feet apart and feet together conditions, independent of vision. The nonlinear results indicated that the late childhood group exhibited less regularity, overall, in their COP sway position (i.e., Renyi entropy) compared to the two older groups in the feet apart condition (p’s ≤ .041), and to the young adults in the feet together condition, independent of vision (p < .001). However, the mid-adolescent group demonstrated greater regularity in their COP speed (i.e., sample entropy) when their eyes were closed compared to the other two groups, independent of stance (p’s < .05). SignificanceThe linear results support previous findings, while the nonlinear measures indicate sway characteristics that may provide a window into the development of underlying control processes that regulate quiet standing.

Postural sway in young female artistic and acrobatic gymnasts according to training experience and anthropometric characteristics

BackgroundGymnastics training enhances the development of postural control in children and adolescents. In competitive gymnastics, the training regimen is specific to the given gymnastic discipline and is usually followed from the early years of practicing. This study aimed to determine whether postural steadiness differed between young gymnasts practicing two distinct disciplines, and whether it was related to the duration of their training experience, age, and their anthropometric characteristics.MethodsThirty 10–13-year-old females ̶ ten artistic gymnasts, ten acrobatic gymnasts (training as “tops”), and ten non-athletes ̶ were examined during 60-s quiet standing trials on a force platform with the eyes open and closed. Their postural sway was represented by directional components of centre of foot pressure mean velocity. Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon and Spearman’s ρ tests were used for analyses.ResultsAnterior-posterior and medial-lateral centre of foot pressure mean velocities were not different between the artistic and acrobatic gymnasts (p > 0.05). In the artistic gymnasts, the duration of training experience, age, body height, body mass, and maturity offset were negatively correlated with the anterior-posterior centre of foot pressure mean velocity under eyes-open conditions. The acrobatic gymnasts’ body mass and BMI percentiles were negatively correlated with their anterior-posterior and medial-lateral centre of foot pressure mean velocities under both visual conditions (r ranged from − 0.64 to − 0.93; p < 0.05). The non-athletes’ centre of foot pressure mean velocities were non-significantly correlated with their age and anthropometric measures under both visual conditions (p > 0.05).ConclusionsThe artistic gymnasts’ longer training experience, greater age, body height, body mass, and biological maturity were associated with better anterior-posterior postural steadiness when vision was available; the acrobatic gymnasts’ greater body mass and BMI percentiles were associated with better overall postural steadiness regardless of visual conditions. Relationships were observed between postural steadiness and discipline-specific training experience and anthropometric characteristics; however, causes and effects were not proven.

Accelerometric Assessment of Postural Balance in Children: A Systematic Review.

The correct development of postural control in children is fundamental to ensure that they fully reach their psychomotor capacities. However, this capacity is one of the least studied in the clinical and academic scope regarding children. The objective of this study was to analyze the degree of implementation of accelerometry as an evaluation technique for postural control in children and how it is being used. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, SpringerLink, SportsDiscus, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science with the following terms: balance, postural control, children, kids, accelerometry, and accelerometer. Results: The search generated a total of 18 articles. Two groups of studies were differentiated: those which exclusively included healthy individuals (n = 5) and those which included children with pathologies (n = 13). Accelerometry is being used in children mainly to assess the gait and static balance, as well as to identify the differences between healthy children and children with developmental disorders. Conclusions: Accelerometry has a discrete degree of implementation as an evaluation tool to assess postural control. It is necessary to define a systematic method for the evaluation of postural control in pediatrics, in order to delve into the development of this capacity and its alterations in different neurodevelopmental disorders.

Physical Activity Practice and Optimal Development of Postural Control in School Children: Are They Related?

Background: This study aims to analyze the effect of physical activity practice on the postural control state of school children. If such an effect was detected, the second aim of the study was to identify which specific capacities of postural control benefited the most from physical activity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a convenience sample of 118 healthy children (54 girls) with a mean age of 10.3 ± 1.2 years. Their weight and height were measured. The accelerometric assessment of balance included four different tests in static balance and walking. Results: Physical activity habit prevalence was 38.9% in girls and 60.9% in boys, and its frequency was 2.3 days per week in girls and 2.8 days in boys. The active children obtained lower accelerations, but the active and sedentary girls showed lower accelerometric values than the active boys. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated the influence of sex on the accelerations of the body (p < 0.001), regardless of the habit of physical activity. Conclusions: Active children have better postural control than sedentary children, although sedentary girls have better balance than active boys. Therefore, physical activity practice seems to favor a more efficient development of postural control, but it cannot level or reverse the effect of the neurophysiological factors that are conditioned by sex.

A Proposed Postural Control Theory Synthesizing Optimal Feedback Control Theory, Postural Motor Learning, and Cerebellar Supervision Learning.

Multiple theories regarding motor learning and postural control development aim to explain how the central nervous system (CNS) acquires, adjusts, and learns postural behaviors. However, few theories of postural motor development and learning propose possible neurophysiologic correlates to support their assumptions. Evidence from behavioral and computational models support the cerebellum's role in supervising motor learning through the production of forward internal models, corrected by sensory prediction errors. Optimal Feedback Control Theory (OFCT) states that the CNS learns new behaviors by minimizing the cost of multi-joint movements that attain a task goal. By synthesizing principles of the OFCT, postural sway characteristics, and cerebellar anatomy and its internal models, we propose an integrated learning model in which cerebellar supervision of postural control is governed by movement cost functions.

Sensory Reweighting During Bipedal Quiet Standing in Adolescents.

A cross-sectional, prospective, between-subjects design was used in this study to establish the differences in sensory reweighting of postural control among different ages during adolescence. A total of 153 adolescents (five age groups; 13-17years old) performed bipedal standing in three sensory conditions (i.e.,with visual restriction, vestibular disturbance, and proprioceptive disturbance). Center of pressure displacement signals were measured in mediolateral and anteroposterior directions to characterize reweighting in the sensory system in static postural control when sensory information is disturbed or restricted during adolescent growth. The results indicate a development of postural control, showing large differences between subjects of 13-14years old and older adolescents. A critical change was found in sensory reweighting during bipedal stance with disturbance of proprioceptive information at 15 years old. Adolescents of 13-14years old showed less postural control and performance than older adolescents during the disturbance of proprioceptive information. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the visual system achieves its development around 15-16years old. In conclusion, this research suggests that a difference of sensory reweighting under this type of sensorial condition and sensory reweight systems would seem to achieve stabilization at the age of 15.

How do children aged 6 to 11 stabilize themselves on an unstable sitting device? The progressive development of axial segment control.

Postural control continues to develop during middle childhood as shown by the decrease in body sway in stance between the ages of 5 and 11. Although head and trunk control is crucial for balance control during both static and dynamic activities, evaluating its specific development and its contribution to overall postural control is methodologically challenging. Here, we used an unstable sitting device adapted to ensure that only the axial segments could control the balance of the device and thus the balance of the upper body. This study aimed to assess the development of the postural stabilization of axial body segments during middle childhood. Thirty-six children (in three age groups: 6-7yo, 8-9yo, and 10-11yo) and 11 adults sat on the unstable sitting device and had to stabilize their axial segments under several conditions: a moderate vs. high level of balance challenge, and eyes open vs. eyes closed. Upper-body postural sway (area, mean velocity and root mean square (RMS) of the center of pressure (CoP) displacement) decreased progressively with age (6-7yo>8-9yo>10-11yo>adults), and this effect was accentuated when the balance challenge was high (for CoP area) or in the "eyes closed" condition (for CoP area and RMS). The stabilization strategies were assessed by anchoring indexes computed from three-dimensional kinematics. A progressive shift was showed, from an "en bloc" pattern at 6-7years of age toward a more articulated (i.e. adult-like) pattern at 10-11. A head-on-space stabilization strategy first emerged at the age of 8-9. Middle childhood is an important period for the development of axial segment stabilization, which continues to mature until adulthood. This development might be related to the introduction and progressive mastery of feedforward sensorimotor processes and might contribute strongly to the development of overall postural control.

The development of postural control among children: Repeatability and normative data for computerized dynamic posturography system

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the normal development of postural control in children aged 2–18 years in Tehran, and to provide normative data of computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) device variables. MethodsThe study population included 400 boys and 400 girls aged 2–18 years (eight age groups with 2-year interval) and 100 adults aged 22–25 years. In each age group, 100 people were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. To evaluate the postural control of the subjects, the sensory organization test (SOT) was performed by using a CDP. ResultsThe results of this study led to the determination and presentation of normative data for the development of postural control in boys, girls and children aged 2–18 years. The results related to the repeatability of data produced by the CDP, thereby showing that this system is highly reliable. The results of an independent t-test also showed that girls across all age groups performed better than boys (p ≤ 0.05). ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrated a nonlinear trend of natural development of postural control. Overall, according to the results of the present study, it seems that like adults, 14–16 year-old teens are capable of processing, integrating and organizing sensory systems information for postural control.