Pore Structure Evolution Research Articles

Preparation of porosity-adjustable porous adsorbent materials derived from coal solid waste

Coal solid waste (CSW) was explored as precursor to prepare porous adsorption material (ACSW) by carbon dioxide activation. The effects of activation method (direct activation and pre-carbonization followed by activation), activation temperature, and activation time were systematically investigated. The burn-off characteristics of the CSW were measured, the ACSW were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope, gas adsorption instrument and Raman spectrometer, and, in parallel, the adsorption ability was studied using methylene blue (MB) as a typical pollutant. The results showed that compared with direct activation, pre-carbonization reduced the carbon loss, increased the pore volume with pore size less than 1 nm, improved the carbon structural order and increased the MB adsorption performance. In addition, the evolution of the structure of the ACSW strongly depended on the activation temperature and time. With the increase of the activation time, the pore structure evolution underwent three stages: pore forming, expanding, and collapsing. Pore forming mainly involved clearing scattered graphite structures and amorphous carbon. Pore expanding mainly relies on consumption of regular graphite carbon crystal structure. At low temperature of 800 °C, micropores fully developed. As the activation temperature increased to 850–900 °C, pore expansion became apparent, mainly forming pores of 1–5 nm. Moreover, the MB adsorption capacity was positively correlated with the pore volume with pore size less than 5 nm. The burn-off can serve as an indicator for evaluating pore structure and the adsorption performance and when it was ∼25.5 %, the ACSW had the largest pore volume with pore size less than 5 nm and the highest MB adsorption capacity.

Effect of phase evolution and pyroplastic formation behavior on glass-ceramic foam derived from silicomanganese slag and feldspar tailings

Utilizing solid waste to produce foam material has become a significant direction in resource recycling. This study focuses solely on using silicomanganese slag and feldspar tailings as raw materials, utilizing a powder sintering process to produce autocatalytic foaming glass–ceramic foam. We formulated four mix ratios based on the compositional characteristics of the silicomanganese slag and feldspar tailings. The study then explored the evolution of phase formation and macroscopic pore morphology under varying preparation temperatures. Moreover, through multi-phase co-melting experiments, this work unveiled the high-temperature molten mass generation mechanism between silicomanganese slag and feldspar tailings. Our findings reveal that the glass melt generated from silicomanganese slag particles and the 'solid–liquid erosion behavior' of feldspar particles play pivotal roles in the formation of high-temperature co-melt substances. As the sintering temperature increases, the mixed powder exhibits three different states of high-temperature molten mass, which are the reasons for the evolution of the macroscopic pore structure. It is suggested that the addition of silicomanganese slag should be less than 50 %, and the heat treatment temperature should be below 1145 °C in preparing glass–ceramic foam with silicomanganese slag and feldspar tailings. The sample with 40 % silicomanganese slag and 60 % feldspar tailings, treated at 1140 °C, yielded glass–ceramic foam with a compressive strength of 1.68 MPa, apparent density of 0.279 g/cm3, porosity of 81.7 %, and thermal conductivity of 0.074 W·m−1·K−1. In summary, this study provides a novel approach for the high-value utilization of silicomanganese slag and offers an economical route for developing lightweight, eco-friendly structural materials.

Mussel-inspired antimicrobial and antireflective Ag-NPs/PDA/SiO2 coatings via interfacial functionalization

Utilizing surface chemical engineering to endow interfacial special functionalities is effective for fabricating antireflection coating with antibacterial activity. Herein, we present a mussel-inspired dopamine (DA) interfacial functionalization strategy to modify porous silica antireflection coatings, forming a sandwich composite structure composing an antireflective, intermediary, and antibacterial layer. The low refractive index antireflective coating formed by porous silica with developed pore structure greatly improves the light transmittance, and provides a trace of moisture and oxygen channels to facilitate the activation of Ag-NPs, significantly increases the antimicrobial efficiency of the coatings. PDA helps Ag-NPs to be uniformly dispersed and anchored on the surface of the silica, which significantly enhances the antibacterial performance and durability. In addition, the introduction of PDA reduces the surface roughness of the coating, thus reducing light scattering and attenuating the negative effect of Ag-NPs on light propagation. Under the optimal conditions, the antibacterial rate of GSPA-0.1–10 exceeds 99.9999 % (E. coli and S. aureus antimicrobial rate > 99.9999 % at 40 min and 3 h, respectively), and the light transmittance was maintained above 96 %. This work demonstrates a synergistic interaction between porous silica and PDA, which will provide a new approach for the functionalization of porous antireflective coatings.

Efficiency NiCu/t-zirconia catalysts for methanol steam reforming: Experimental and DFT insights

The development of copper-based catalysts with superior stability, activity, and reduced CO selectivity has been a prominent subject of research in the domain of hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming. In this paper, the bimetallic Ni–Cu catalysts supported by t-ZrO2 were synthesized, with varying concentrations of copper phase being considered. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, XPS, BET, ICP, FESEM, TEM, H2-TPR, EPR and N2O titration, and the results showed that appropriate copper phase concentration and nickel doping obviously decreased the crystal size and promoted the development of pore structure. With the condition of W/M = 3 and LHSV = 5.6 h−1, the catalytic activity revealed the methanol conversion and H2 yield of CNZs were evaluated. The CNZ-4 exhibited optimal performance and stability in the MSR process, with a methanol conversion rate of 100 % and H2 yield of 311 mmol g−1 h−1 at a temperature of 533 K. Given the results that in-situ DRIFTS tests showed, the generation of methyl formate as an intermediate was evaluated. Moreover, further DFT insights pointed out that the ternary surface model showed the best surface adsorption and reaction performance, which provided evidence for the high activity of CNZ catalyst at the molecular level.

Microstructure and transport properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers subjected to accelerated leaching

Towards the development of net-zero carbon concrete and the wider application of geopolymers, understanding the durability of geopolymers has become essential. However, knowledge on the evolution of microstructure and transport properties of the materials under aggressive conditions due to their interaction with external chemicals is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the leaching behaviors of metakaolin-based geopolymers with high water-to-binder (w/b) ratios under a 6 M NH4NO3 attack, focusing on their microstructure and transport properties. Microstructural insights were assessed through N2-adsorption, Mercury intrusion porosimetry, and water porosity analyses. After 28 days of leaching, total porosity slightly decreased, but pore size distribution (PSD) shifted towards larger pore sizes. The materials close to the exposed surface exhibited a relatively higher porosity and larger PSD than the deeper parts. The potential formation of Al(OH)3 and silica layers as a result of dealumination, confirmed by mass gain and SEM/EDS, contributed to the pore structural evolution. These alterations led to slight reductions in water permeability and CH4 diffusion coefficients but mostly increased the He diffusion coefficients of the geopolymers after 28-day leaching. These findings underscored the inherent microstructural characteristics of geopolymers (e.g., porosity, pore size distribution, and tortuosity) and the size of diffusing species as key factors shaping the transport properties. Notably, the permeability and diffusivity of both leached and intact geopolymers exhibited exponential correlations with the accessible porosity.

Production of lightweight expanded aggregates from smectite clay, palygorskite-rich sediment and phosphate sludge

Abstract Lightweight expanded clay aggregates (LWAs) are porous materials with low density and high strength (EN-13055-1), and they are important in sustainable construction through their lightweight nature and ability to provide thermal or acoustic insulation. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the preparation of LWAs using a smectite clay (M1 formulation), whose application in common ceramic production is difficult. An alternative approach was proposed for the valorization of phosphate sludge and a palygorskite-rich sediment by mixing them with expanded clay (M2 formulation) for LWA production. This could result in economically cost-effective products with significant environmental benefits. Pellets were prepared and fired at various temperatures (1100°C, 1125°C and 1150°C), and relevant properties such as bloating index, density, water absorption and compressive strength were determined. Additionally, the microstructure, mineralogical transformations and phase compositions under various sintering temperatures were investigated. Increasing the temperature from 1000°C to 1150°C significantly improved the expansion properties of LWAs, and 1150°C seemed to be the optimal firing temperature at which the best expansion properties were achieved. In addition, the incorporation of the selected waste improved the properties of the final products, leading to lower density, greater strength and greater bloating with the development of the internal pore structure as compared to the LWAs without this addition. Because of their low density (0.6 g cm–3) and sufficient compressive strength (0.86 MPa), the manufactured LWAs can be used in construction (as insulating panels or in lightweight concrete) and in green roofs.

Temperature-Driven Structural Evolution during Preparation of MCM-41 Mesoporous Silica.

This study explores the influence of micelles on the evolution of MCM-41's pore structure via 24 h hydrothermal treatments in a range of temperatures from 100 °C to 200 °C. MCM-41 was characterized using BET, SAXD, FTIR, TEM, and TG-DSC. The findings demonstrate that with temperature elevation from 100 °C to 160 °C, the micelles undergo expansion, leading to an enhanced lattice constant from 4.50 nm to 4.96 nm and an increase in pore diameter from 3.17 nm to 3.45 nm, while maintaining the structural orderliness of the pore channels. Upon cooling, the reversible contraction of micelles and the strategic addition of water glass contribute to a reduction in pore size. However, at a threshold of 180 °C, the SAXD (100) peak's half-peak width surges by approximately 40% relative to that at 160 °C, illustrating a progressive disruption of the hexagonal configuration of MCM-41. Coupled with elevated silica dissolution at higher temperatures in an alkaline solution, a total disintegration of the ordered pore structure at 200 °C results in a drastic reduction in the specific surface area to 307 m2/g. These results are beneficial to developing structural transformation mechanisms of MCM-41 materials and designing mesoporous materials via temperature modulation innovatively.

Coupling control of organic and inorganic rock components on porosity and pore structure of lacustrine shale with medium maturity: A case study of the Qingshankou Formation in the southern Songliao Basin

Shale components affect organic–inorganic diagenesis, control the formation and evolution of pore structure, and lead to heterogeneity of shale reservoirs. Therefore, revealing the coupling control of shale components on the porosity and pore structure is crucial for selecting the dominant lithofacies. In this study, the lacustrine shale with medium maturity in the first member of the Qingshankou Formation (Qing1 Member) in the Changling Sag, southern Songliao Basin, China, was analyzed. Using pressurized sealed original shale samples and 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) analysis, the effective porosity of shale was accurately determined. The pore structure was characterized via experiments such as low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, NMR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. In addition, the joint influences of the shale rock components, sedimentary structure, and maturity on the porosity and pore structure were investigated. Finally, the favorable reservoirs in the lacustrine shale with medium maturity and their formation conditions were identified. Studies have shown that for lacustrine shale with medium maturity: (1) a moderate total organic carbon (TOC) content (between 1% and 2.5%) is a key factor for improving the effective porosity and the proportions of mesopores (100–1000 nm) and small-pores (30–100 nm). This is related to the generation of organic acids and the cracking of organic matter into pores. An excessive TOC content can lead to increased plasticity of the rock and filling of the pores by bitumen. (2) The porosity and pore structure are controlled by the organic matter and inorganic minerals as well as sedimentary structure. Organic matter has dual impacts on the porosity improvement related to clay minerals, promotion of clay conversion and filling of clay-related pores, and the ratio of the clay content to the TOC (Vsh/TOC) can reflect the degree of influence of organic matter, the greater the Vsh/TOC ratio is, the greater the effective porosity and proportion of micropores are. (3) Organic matter and felsic minerals jointly effect the improvement of the effective porosity and larger pores (>30 nm), which is related to their good compression resistance, organic pore retention, and dissolution-enhanced porosity effect. The product of the TOC and felsic mineral content (Vsi*TOC) can reflect the degree of their coupled effect. For moderate TOC contents, a higher felsic mineral content, and moderate shell laminae (Vca>10%) are conducive to the development of the effective porosity and larger pores. (4) The organic medium-rich argillaceous laminated felsic shale and organic-medium argillaceous laminated clayey shale have a higher effective porosity and higher proportion of larger pores, making them the dominant lithofacies for shale oil sweet spots.

Preparation of N and O doped coal tar pitch based porous carbon for supercapacitor electrode

Coal tar pitch (CTP) is mainly composed of a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is almost hydrophobic, and has a low heteroatom content, which limits its surface function. During carbonization, it is prone to condensation and difficult to form pore structures, resulting in poor electrochemical performance for carbon electrode materials. Herein, nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) doped hierarchical porous carbon (C-ANOCTP) was prepared by HNO3 oxidation and KOH activation using CTP as carbon precursor. The oxidation of HNO3 remarkably increases the hydrophilic functional groups containing N and O on the surface of CTP, improves the hydrophilicity of CTP surface, facilitates the activation process of KOH, promotes the development of carbon material pore structure and the generation of active sites, as well as the formation of defect structures. The specific surface area of C-ANOCTP obtained is 1130 m2/g, with O content of 10.29 at% and N content of 2.37 at%. The specific capacitance of C-ANOCTP in a three-electrode system with 6 M KOH electrolyte is as high as 410.51 F/g at 0.5 A/g. A symmetric supercapacitor is assembled in a 6 M KOH electrolyte using C-ANOCTP as electrode. When the power density is 25 W/kg, the energy density is 10.24 Wh/kg. After 10,000 cycles, the capacitance retention rate is still 90.03% and the coulomb efficiency is 100%. The high N and O content of porous carbon is prepared by simple HNO3 oxidation synergistic KOH activation and low temperature carbonization, which shows excellent electrochemical properties in supercapacitors, making CTP an ideal candidate material for high energy density supercapacitors.

Evolution of pore structure and reactive transport parameters during acid leaching of sandstone uranium ore

The changes in the micro-scale pore structure during the acid leaching of sandstone uranium ore significantly affect its reactive transport parameters, which, in turn, directly influence the leaching efficiency of uranium. Consequently, understanding and managing the dynamic evolution of the pore structure of sandstone at micro-scale during acid leaching is beneficial for enhancing the leaching efficiency of uranium. This paper employs a dynamic continuous water-rock reaction experiment on sandstone uranium ore to simulate the in-situ acid leaching process. Additionally, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning was utilized to produce three-dimensional (3D) images at various leaching stages. Subsequently, image processing techniques were employed to characterize and parameterize the pore structure within these images. The results revealed that, during the leaching process, mineral dissolution led to an increase in the interconnected pores, while there was a decrease in the isolated pores. Nonetheless, at the leading edge of the sandstone uranium ore, detachment of mineral grains occurred during the leaching process along the direction of fluid flow. The migration of mineral grains resulted in a reduction of interconnected pores and an increase in the isolated pores. The analysis of 3D images indicated that porosity, permeability, the percentage of connected pore area and the reactive surface area exhibited similar variation trends throughout the leaching process. Furthermore, the permeability, the percentage of connected pore area and the reactive surface area displayed a positive correlation with porosity. The study holds valuable insights to develop a deeper understanding of the evolutionary patterns regarding the pore structure during the in-situ acid leaching of sandstone uranium ore.

Effect of applied stress on microstructural evolution during the sintering of nanocrystalline tetragonal zirconia below 1000 °C

Microstructural evolution during the sintering of tetragonal ZrO2 nanoparticles was investigated using stress-free sintering and sinter forging. The green body prepared via gel casting had a densely packed structure with a narrow pore size distribution. Special attention was paid to the evolution of pore structures in the initial and intermediate stages of sintering. Pore coarsening, which is considered an important issue in the nanoceramics densification, was not remarkable in sinter forging. The accelerated densification rate, coupled with the retention of finer pore size than that in stress-free sintering throughout densification, lowered the sintering temperature requirement. This temperature reduction effectively inhibited grain growth, allowing samples prepared via pressure-assisted sintering to maintain a nanometric structure.

Varied directions of heat flow and emission of volatiles impact evolution of products in pyrolysis of wet and dry pine needles

In pyrolysis of biomass via furnace heating, directions for travel of volatiles and heat flow are opposite. This is drastically different from simultaneously heating surface/inner core of a biomass particle with microwave heating. Changing direction of heat flow and volatiles affects volatiles-char interactions and evolution of pyrolytic products. This was investigated herein by pyrolysis of wet and dry pine needles via furnace or microwave heating at 600 °C. The results indicated that microwave heating induced intensive cracking of outer/inner structures of pine needles. This promoted gasification, decreased production of biochar/bio-oil, diminished formation of both light and heavy organics in bio-oil. Microwave heating also accelerated aromatization, forming biochar of higher C/O and C/H ratios and thermal stability. Additionally, formation of “hot spot” in pyrolysis of wet pine needles via microwave heating was evidenced by the phenomenon of decomposition of CaCO3 to CaO in pyrolysis, which also contributed to enhanced aromatic degree of biochar. Besides, pyrolysis of wet pine needles via microwave heating also generated developed pore structures in biochar (151.4 m2 g−1), as the inherent water and carbonaceous organics were heated simultaneously. Hydrogen bonding from inherent water was largely cracked only above 500 °C. Prolonged retention time of H2O reacted with carbonaceous intermediates, generating more aliphatic structures. Additionally, microwave heating also induced formation of unique morphology like massive thorn-like particulate matters on biochar.

Quantitative characterization and control mechanism of pore structure in geopolymer foams with addition of various surfactants

Pore structure control mechanism in geopolymer foams (GPFs) remains qualitatively understood, posing great challenges for GPF applications. In this study, by modelling of various pore structures with regular geometric patterns, total porosity, open porosity, pore size distribution, and pore deformation were quantitatively characterized. Then, we focused on slurry viscosity and surface tension as the two crucial parameters, and investigated their impacts on the evolution of pore structures. It was revealed that viscosity primarily influenced foam deformation and coalescence, ultimately affecting foaming height, sample appearance, and the occurrence of foam collapse. Slurry surface tension predominantly affected pores connectivity, low surface tension corresponded to highly interconnected pores, while higher values favored closed pores. Additionally, a simple prediction model that enables the estimation of pore structures and their distributions based on GPFs visual appearance and height was proposed. At last, the relationships between pore structure and macro-performance were analyzed.

Evolution of pore structure and slag-coke interface behaviors of coke under CO2 and H2O atmospheres

Evolution of pore structure and slag-coke interface behaviors of coke under CO2 and H2O atmospheres

Experimental study on variation characteristics of combustion heat load in circulating fluidized bed under fuel high-temperature preheating modification

This study introduces an innovative application of fuel high-temperature preheating modification technology to circulating fluidized bed (CFB), intending to enhance the variable load rate of CFB and reduce its NOx emissions. The variable combustion heat load (CHL) experiments were conducted on a novel CFB experimental platform comprising a preheating modification device (PMD) and CFB. The findings indicate that implementing fuel high-temperature preheating modification technology allows the CFB to operate stably within the range of 30%–100% CHL while maintaining superior combustion efficiency. Moreover, it reduces NOx emissions by over 28% compared to conventional combustion. The decrease in NOx emissions can be attributed to the fuel's preheating modification process inhibiting NOx production and establishing conditions conducive to NOx reduction in CFB. Furthermore, after employing the fuel high-temperature preheating modification technology, the CHL change rate of CFB reached 1.79%/min and 2.27%/min for the transition from 50% CHL to 75% CHL and from 75% CHL to 100% CHL, respectively. These rates represent an increase of 1.59 and 1.80 times compared to the rates observed in conventional combustion processes. The increase in the CHL change rate of different CHL variation intervals is primarily due to the production of high-temperature coal gas and modified char following fuel preheating modification. High-temperature coal gas exhibits a rapid combustion rate, while modified char has a smaller particle size, more developed pore structure, and enhanced reactivity than raw coal.

Fast co-pyrolysis of paper mill sludge and corn stover: Relationships between parameters, product distributions, and synergistic interactions

The co-pyrolysis of paper mill sludge (PS) and biomass has attracted significant attention due to its potential for simultaneous resource utilization and waste disposal. In this work, the co-pyrolysis of PS with corn stover (CS) was carried out in a fixed bed reactor to investigate the effect of temperature and PS to CS ratio on the product characteristics. A comparison between the experimental and calculated values of product yield and composition was performed to obtain a deeper understanding of the synergistic interactions. The results exhibited a positive synergistic effect on bio-oil production at lower CS proportions with higher temperatures. Higher temperatures and lower CS proportions were favorable for the formation of aromatics (up to 45.03%) in co-pyrolysis, while the synergistic interactions promoted the production of phenols and exhibited an inhibitory effect on aromatics production. The interactions also inhibited H2 but promoted CO production due to the enhanced decarbonylation of co-pyrolysis intermediates in the presence of PS internal minerals. Additionally, the characterization of biochars indicated an increasing degree of aromaticity with higher temperatures and CS proportions. The synergistic interactions at higher temperatures facilitated the development of pore structures in the biochar, especially micropores. This study provides valuable insights into the relationship between parameters, products, and synergies in the co-pyrolysis of PS and biomass wastes.

Analysis of permeability anisotropy of marine hydrate-bearing sediments using fractal theory combined with X-CT

Permeability anisotropy plays a crucial role in accurately predicting fluid productions during hydrate exploitation. However, the mechanisms governing permeability anisotropy have yet to be fully elucidated. This study conducted experiments on methane hydrate formation/dissociation in both unsaturated and saturated quartz sands, followed by X-ray computed tomography scanning and pore structure characterizations. Fractal parameters, encompassing fractal dimension, tortuosity fractal dimension, and maximum pore diameter, were employed to characterize the evolution of pore structure and changes in permeability anisotropy. Results show that the fractal dimension and maximum pore diameter decreased, while the tortuosity fractal dimension increased with the increase of hydrate saturation. Larger maximum pore diameter and smaller tortuosity fractal dimension in the horizontal direction become more pronounced with increasing hydrate saturation, resulting in heightened permeability anisotropy (kh/kv). The permeability anisotropy increases from 1.77 to 3.20 with hydrate saturation increasing from 0 to 0.38 in unsaturated sands, and from 1.47 to 4.70 with hydrate saturation increasing from 0 to 0.49 in saturated sands. Gas and water relative permeability anisotropy also amplifies with increasing hydrate saturation. Extrapolating to field tests, the findings suggest that horizontal wells present a more favorable option for gas production, especially in reservoirs with high hydrate saturation.

Determination on the thickness of superficially weathered layer of historical stones from Guanzhong area in China

Superficial weathering in the form of granular disaggregation, powdering and flaking on stone surface is one of the most serious damages to stone heritages, since the surface carries most of the artistic, historical information. The determination of the thickness of the superficially weathered layer of historical stones is critical to their conservation. However, the methodology for quantitative analyses of such thickness remains very limited. In this study, we carefully study the vapor absorption and pore structure evolution of historical sandstones from Guanzhong area with respect to their weathering. We find out that the thickness of superficial weathered layer of Guanzhong sandstones can be derived by following the changes in vapor absorption or pore structure. Such data achieved from various methods developed in this work are consistent with each other and in good agreement with the results obtained by using current techniques such as drilling resistance measurement, the Ruxton method and ultrasonic testing. Among all methods used, pore size distribution analysis requires less sample preparation and measures the thickness of superficial weathered layer of Guanzhong sandstones around 7 mm.

Development of porous structure for broadening Bragg-peak in scanning carbon-ion radiotherapy: Monte Carlo simulation and experimental validation

PurposeThe present study aimed to develop a porous structure with plug-ins (PSP) to broaden the Bragg peak width (BPW, defined as the distance in water between the proximal and distal 80% dose) of the carbon ion beam while maintaining a sharp distal falloff width (DFW, defined as the distance along the beam axis where the dose in water reduces from 80% to 20%). MethodsThe binary voxel models of porous structure (PS) and PSP were established in the Monte Carlo code FLUKA and the corresponding physical models were manufactured by 3D printing. Both experiment and simulation were performed for evaluating the modulation capacity of PS and PSP. BPWs and DFWs derived from each integral depth dose curves were compared. Fluence homogeneity of 430 MeV/u carbon-ion beam passing through the PSP was recorded by analyzing radiochromic films at six different locations downstream the PSP in the experiment. Additionally, by changing the beam spot size and incident position on the PSP, totally 48 different carbon-ion beams were simulated and corresponding deviations of beam metrics were evaluated to test the modulating stability of PSP. ResultsAccording to the measurement data, the use of PSP resulted in an average increase of 0.63 mm in BPW and a decrease of 0.74 mm in DFW compared to PS. The 2D radiation field inhomogeneities were lower than 3 % when the beam passing through a ≥ 10 cm PMMA medium. Furthermore, employing a spot size of ≥ 6 mm ensures that beam metric deviations, including BPW, DFW, and range, remain within a deviation of 0.1 mm across various incident positions. ConclusionThe developed PSP demonstrated its capability to effectively broaden the BPW of carbon ion beams while maintaining a sharp DFW comparing to PS. The superior performance of PSP, indicates its potential for clinical use in the future.

Temperature-dependent evolution of permeability and pore structure of marble under a high-temperature thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling environment

Temperature-dependent evolution of permeability and pore structure of marble under a high-temperature thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling environment