Party Development Research Articles

PARTAI POLITIK LOKAL DALAM TATA HUKUM INDONESIA

In the Indonesian legal system, local political parties introduced and allowed in Aceh province along with the enactment of Law No. 11 Year 2006 on Governing Aceh (UUPA). UUPA has set a lot of things related to local political parties, including the definition, formation, principles, objectives, and functions, rights and obligations, prohibitions, membership and sovereignty of members, financial sanctions, to the supervision of local political parties. Development of local political parties in Aceh province represents a new chapter in the development of democracy in Indonesia. Implementation of the UUPA associated with local political parties, the government has issued Government Regulation No. 20 Year 2007 on Local Political Parties in Aceh. In line with the Government of Aceh has prepared regulations related to local political parties, among them the Aceh Qanun No. 8 of 2007 on Financial Aid to Political Party and Local Political Parties and Aceh Qanun No. 3 of 2008 on political parties and the setting of local political parties in the regulation of central government and local government regulations indicate the existence of local political parties in the Indonesian legal system.

Political Parties and the Rule of Law, Kosovo’s Perspective

The role of political parties in increasing the capacities for the rule of law and the internal development of political parties, are two issues among several ones discussed in this analysis. The reformation of political parties from nationwide movements in structured political parties was and remains a very little analyzed process. The developments in Kosovo and the solution of its final status have distracted the political parties from having the dedication towards many vital issues, such as rule of law, their internal reformation. In the end I have analyzed another issue which appears as an obstacle for substantial reforms of political parties, which is the lack of constitutional control for political parties’ programs and their way of functioning.The treatment of the organization of political life, focusing on the role of political parties and their dedication for law and order, is undoubtedly a substantial and analytical innovation, important for the political parties themselves. Having a look in general scientific analysis for political parties not only within Kosovo, we can understand that studies that treat certain segments of political parties, especially their platforms, are quite late.

Recreating the House: The 1842 Apportionment Act and the Whig Party’s Reconstruction of Representation

This article analyzes early debates over the size of the United States House of Representatives and the requirement to elect representatives using single-member districts. It focuses on early theories of representation during the 1790s and later developments during debates over the 1842 Apportionment Act, when Congress, for the first time, reduced the size of the House and required single-member districts. It was in the course of the 1842 debates that the Whig Party legitimized these electoral changes by articulating a theory of representation that synthesized the Federalists’ and the Anti-Federalists’ theories. The Whigs argued that the reduced House size provided for a more efficient deliberative body, and the single-member district requirement provided for better constituent representation, particularly given the development of political parties. This historical analysis enhances our understanding of representation by addressing how the Whigs legitimized electoral change, aiming to balance legislative ...

Institutionalizing the democratic party-state: political parties as ‘public utilities’ in Italy and West Germany, 1945–75

This article argues that the rise of parties as ‘public utilities’, that is, semi-state organs crucial in the functioning of democracy, which is currently observed by political scientists, has long historical roots. It looks from an institutionalist perspective to the development of party–state relations in Germany and Italy since the Second World War, paying specific attention to how institutional reform corresponded to changing normative assumptions about the position of political parties in twentieth-century democracy. The first notions on the ‘statist’ dimension of parties were put forward as an answer to the challenges of mass politics in the interwar era. After 1945, politicians and constitutional judges drew upon this tradition in their efforts to stabilize mass democracy. They deliberately constructed ‘party-state democracies’, in which parties influenced the state and the state managed individual parties and the party system. This became visible in the constitutionalization of political parties, as well as in the enactment and normative justification of party (finance) laws in the 1960s and 1970s. The advent of parties as public utilities, even though fiercely criticized today, was therefore embedded in an ideological tradition that sanctioned the ‘party-state’ as crucial for the stability of modern democracy.

Transition from Civil War to Peace: The Role of the United Nations and International Community in Mozambique

With the heavy involvement of the United Nations (UN) and the international community, the Rome General Peace Agreement of 1992 ended more than 16 years of civil war in Mozambique. The peace agreement and post-conflict initiatives by the international community was successful in transforming the Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo) from a rebel group into a viable political party. Key components of the United Nations and the broader international community success in negotiating peace and creating conditions for political stability and democracy in Mozambique were (a) the provision of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) before democratisation, (b) decentralization of humanitarian and relief efforts to provincial and district levels, (c) provision of financial support directly for the development of political parties, and (d) budget support to sectors relevant to peacebuilding. Though imperfect, Mozambique remains an important case study in how the UN and international community can help in post-conflict environments. Thus, the paper argues that success in peacebuilding operations depends on credible and impartial international support through the UN, as opposed to peacebuilding operations through the United States of America or Russia.

Platforms, ecosystems, and the internationalization of highly digitized organizations

Highly digitized organizations can potentially grow faster internationally, relatively to more traditional organizations. They can do so by providing a platform, and by fostering an ecosystem of complementary third party developers, some of which are foreign. This paper proposes a theoretical link between International Business theory and the literature related to the platform-ecosystem organizational form. It emphasizes implications for psychic distance, liability of foreignness, and speed and pattern of internationalization.

New Product Development Approach to Political Party Development in India: Study of Aam Aadmi Party

In the backdrop of India’s rising prominence in BRICS, understanding of its political environment, electoral competition, constituent parties with their political ideologies contesting to form government, attracts immense interest from the researchers in political science, political marketing and public policy. While literatures in political marketing are more than two decades (Harrop 1990, Gronroos 1990, Henneberg 1998, Kotler 1999, O’Shaughnessy 2001, Marshment 2001) mostly carried out in developed democratic systems USA, UK, Australia and New Zealand, India as a post transition democracy Heller (2000) received relatively less attention. The article has been conceptualized in the context of 2014 Indian general elections Loksabha 2014 (LS2014) as an attempt to study application of political marketing principles in a cross cultural democracy. The authors have probed the emergence of new political party Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) riding on the success of Janlokpal (civil society movement), the marketing approach used by AAP, essentially positioning and branding strategies, during the national elections and party institutionalization. Research strategy followed secondary research of published data (Yin 2009) for examining the new party creation from a marketing perspective.

Political parties in MENA: their functions and development

This article provides an overview of the development of parties and party systems in the MENA region from early oligarchic pluralism to the mass single-party systems of the populist era and the limited multi-party experiments of the 1990s era of political liberalization. The survey shows how parties develop in parallel with the deepening of politicization and become nearly indispensable adjuncts in the construction of political order. The article then examines parties in the post-2010 period, with case studies of Turkey, Egypt, and Tunisia demonstrating how very different configurations of party development dramatically impact on regime trajectories, ranging from democratization to hybrid regimes.

Libstable: Fast, Parallel, and High-Precision Computation of α-Stable Distributions in R, C/C++, and MATLAB

α-stable distributions are a family of well-known probability distributions. However, the lack of closed analytical expressions hinders their application. Currently, several tools have been developed to numerically evaluate their density and distribution functions or to estimate their parameters, but available solutions either do not reach sufficient precision on their evaluations or are excessively slow for practical purposes. Moreover, they do not take full advantage of the parallel processing capabilities of current multi-core machines. Other solutions work only on a subset of the α-stable parameter space. In this paper we present an R package and a C/C++ library with a MATLAB front-end that permit parallelized, fast and high precision evaluation of density, distribution and quantile functions, as well as random variable generation and parameter estimation of α-stable distributions in their whole parameter space. The described library can be easily integrated into third party developments.

From TV to Parliament: The Successful Birth and Progressive Death of a Personal Party. The Case of the People’s Party Dan Diaconescu

The paper deals with the single case study of Romanian People’s Party Dan Diaconescu. Using the concepts of a personal party and a business-firm party, the authors analyze the emergence, electoral success and decline of this party. Main attention is paid to the personality of the leader as well as to organizational features of the party. Empirical evidence from the PPDD shows that personal/ business-firm parties have major difficulties in outliving periods of electoral decline, particularly in cases where the party is fully dependent on the leaders’ private resources. As such, this single case analysis contributes to the general literature on new parties by gaining an in-depth understanding of the importance of the early stages of party development in predicting a party’s development over time.

Strategy of Organisational Development for Ukrainian Second Leaguee Political Parties

In this publication, we provided details concerning our strategy for restructuring Ukrainian second level political parties in the process of designing their strategy of organizational development within the standard methodology of strategic planning. We presented our own vision of the organisational development of Ukrainian political parties, provided a general outline of the results of our analysis of the external and internal environments, discussed the results of SWOT analysis of the organizational development of Ukrainian political parties, identified strategic priorities, strategic goals and immediate objectives, and outlined our vision for their implementation by executive, project and controlling process groups within party management bodies. The success of implementation of the proposed organisational development strategies by Ukrainian second level political parties is most dependent on the political will of their leaders, the level of awareness of the challenges in real time, their ability to distribute power among and executive functions, coordinate and synchronise their activities. Even partial implementation of the proposed strategies in some units of one of Ukrainian parties will give tangible results and can be the factor that will get the frozen hierarchical structure off the ground, triggering transformation of this party (a clone of the Soviet Communist Party) into a modern political force able to implement participatory governance and self-reconstruction

The Federal Dilemma: Organisational Strategies and the Consolidation of Parties in Mexico and Argentina

What accounts for the consolidation of party organisations? The specialised literature has stressed the importance of institutions in shaping the ways in which political parties organise. However, little attention has been paid to the role of federalism. We argue that in federal settings, party territorial organisational strategies condition their capacity to become consolidated parties. We illustrate our theory with an analysis of the development of conservative parties in Argentina and Mexico to explain their different levels of consolidation.

Research on Voting Advice Applications: State of the Art and Future Directions

Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) have experienced a great deal of success over the past decade, and are now used in many countries around the world. This editorial introduces a Special Issue resulting from a section of the 2015 European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) conference in Montreal, organized by the ECPR's official VAA Research Network. It discusses the global spread and the popularity of these tools, addresses the history and different branches of VAA research, the current state of the art, and the remaining puzzles in the field. It also focuses attention on the wealth of research that is examining the effects of VAAs on political parties, candidates, and voters, as well as how VAA design choices affect the advice given to voters and their subsequent voting behavior. We hope this Special Issue will also highlight the potential of VAA-generated data for studying party positioning over time and across countries, allowing for comparative analyses of the characteristics and development of parties and party systems.

From the Street to Institutions through the App: Digitally Enabled Political Outcomes of the Spanish Indignados Movement

This article examines the relationship between social movements’ digital democratic innovations and political parties through a case study based on the involvement of 15M activists in the creation and development of new political parties in Spain. By analyzing the impact of certain technological activist groups on the implementation of the movement’s demands in terms of mechanisms of participation and deliberation in the new parties through the use of digital technologies, we aim to evaluate the activists’ contribution to the transformation of formal politics and the deepening of democracy. In this sense, we explore the role of so-called ‘tech activists’ as mediators of political participation, and the digital repertoire of action they use. Sources used include various documents and websites as well as interviews with key informants and notes from participant observation in meetings and assemblies.

Invitation to the birthday party: rationale and description

Educators in many countries around the world have a strong interest in improving early childhood mathematics education, one component of which is formative assessment. Unlike summative assessment, this approach can provide teachers with information useful for understanding and teaching individual children. This paper describes the rationale for and the development of the birthday party (BP), a mathematics assessment system appropriate for investigating the mathematical thinking and learning of young children, 3-, 4-, and 5-years of age. The BP uses computer technology to help teachers administer the assessment. The system also provides professional development to help teachers understand the results of the assessment and determine how to promote individual children’s learning. The ultimate goal of the system is to nurture thoughtful teachers who can conduct inventive formative assessments on a daily basis without the guidance of the BP software.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI KONSUMEN DALAM PERJANJIAN BAKU JUAL BELI PERUMAHAN DENGAN PIHAK PENGEMBANG DI BALI

The rapid population growth makes the need for homes also increase. There are many emerging developer companies that offer home that could be obtained on credit. Real Estate Developer parties usually make an agreement with consumers in the form of standard contract, so that the consumers here have no bargaining power but to accept what is specified by the developer. This causes consumer to have less legal protection as opposed to what is contained in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The problem faced is how the position of the buyers as consumers in the purchase of standard agreement of housing, as well as how the legal protection that can be provided to the consumer in the standard housing sale and purchase agreement with developers in Bali.
 This research is empirical legal research whose objects of study are the terms and provisions regarding the enforcement or implementation of normative law (codification, law or contract) is in action / in abstracto on any legal events that occur in the community (in concreto). The data source used in this study is primary data and secondary data.
 The results of this study indicate that the Status of the buyer as a consumer in the standard housing sale and purchase agreement has a weaker position compared to the business party (developer), this is because the purchase agreement offered by the business is made in the standard contract format so that consumers do not have bargaining power over what is contained in the clauses of the home purchase agreement. Legal protection that can be provided to the consumer in standard housing sale and purchase agreement with developers in Bali, namely if in the field there is a breach of the provisions set out in the Consumer Protection Act, a developer as the party carrying out the business can legally be sued by consumers as parties who feel aggrieved, then other measures are that a developer must also adjust the standard clause in the purchase and sale agreement that it offers is still at odds with this Law.

Molmil: a molecular viewer for the PDB and beyond.

We have developed a new platform-independent web-based molecular viewer using JavaScript and WebGL. The molecular viewer, Molmil, has been integrated into several services offered by Protein Data Bank Japan and can be easily extended with new functionality by third party developers. Furthermore, the viewer can be used to load files in various formats from the user’s local hard drive without uploading the data to a server. Molmil is available for all platforms supporting WebGL (e.g. Windows, Linux, iOS, Android) from http://gjbekker.github.io/molmil/. The source code is available at http://github.com/gjbekker/molmil under the LGPLv3 licence.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13321-016-0155-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

What Makes Informal Mentorship in the Medical Realm Effective?

Informal mentoring is based on a natural match between a junior individual and a senior one who share mutual interests. It usually aids in the professional and personal development of both parties involved. We reviewed the literature regarding factors that make informal mentoring effective within the medical realm, by searching a major academic search engine, Web of Knowledge, for the term “informal mentor*”. Our main research questions concerned the factors that lead to a successful informal mentorship process. A salient finding arising is that the success of informal mentorships hinges on the communication skills of mentor and protégé, their level of commitment, and the chemistry between the partakers. Good informal mentorships impose requirements on both mentors and protégés and rest on shared expectations.

The Impact of Globalization on Development of Civil Society in Iran with an Emphasis on Political Parties & the Press

<p>Globalization as an emerging and pervasive phenomenon has had a significant impact on various aspects of human life. Development and influence of this phenomenon have been accelerated as a result of the Soviet Union’s collapse, the spread of neo-liberal economics and communications, and information revolution since 1980s. Therefore, this research aims at analyzing the effect of globalization on two important institutions of civil society. Another purpose of the recent research is answering a question regarding globalization as a new and inclusive phenomenon. This question can be considered as “How globalization affects the development of Iran’s civil society especially the press and political parties?” This question has been formed because previous studies indicated that globalization has led to the development of political parties and the press in Iran as a result of political culture development. To substantiate this question, dimensions and the process of its impacts in Iran have been studied in this research. Also, the impact of globalization on political culture, parties, and the press has been evaluated in this research.</p>

Feminizing political parties

Party member women’s organizations were early features of party development. While some contemporary studies maintain these are important sites for the substantive representation of women, there is also a claim that they are in decline. Our primary purpose here is to establish the existence of party member women’s organizations – as one test of the first dimension of party feminization: the inclusion of women. We draw on new survey data of 17 European countries provided by Scarrow, Poguntke and Webb. We establish that almost half have a party member women’s organization. The new data also permits analysis of relationships between party member women’s organization and gender quotas for the top party leadership body (National Executive Committee (NEC)), women’s presence among the party leadership and candidate quota rules. Together we see these (i) as a means to establish whether women are marginalized within the party, thereby limiting descriptive representation and (ii) as surrogate measures for women’s substantive representation. We importantly find that the presence of a party member women’s organization does not come at the cost of women’s presence on the NEC. In the final section, we turn our attention to building a new comparative research agenda that more fully addresses substantive representation.