Development Of Orthopedic Surgery Research Articles

Development of orthopedic surgery since founding of People's Republic of China

Orthopedics is a popular surgical major in China, but orthopedic surgery, as a very important subspecialty, is not even well understood by orthopedic surgeons. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development of orthopedic surgery in China has experienced the period of rise and popularity, bottleneck period, and the second development period after the 21st century. The rise of modern medical technology and artificial intelligence have ushered in new opportunities for the development of orthopedic surgery. In order to better understand the winding road of orthopedic surgery development and look forward the future of functional reconstruction in China, combining the clinical practice in the past 40 years, the author reviewed the literatures on the development history of orthopedic surgery and analyzed the development of orthopedic surgery in recent 70 years. Key words: Orthopedics; China; Bone remodeling

The First World War and its influence on the development of orthopaedic surgery

By December 1914, overwhelming numbers of soldiers with infected musculoskeletal wounds had filled hospitals in France and Britain. Frequently initial management had been inadequate. In 1915, patients with orthopaedic wounds were segregated for the first time when Robert Jones established an experimental orthopaedic unit in Alder Hey Hospital, Liverpool. In 1916 he opened the first of 17 orthopaedic centres in Britain to surgically treat and rehabilitate patients. Henry Gray from Aberdeen emerged as the leading authority in the management of acute musculoskeletal wounds in casualty clearing stations in France and Flanders. Gray had particular expertise in dealing with compound fractures of the femur for which he documented an 80% mortality rate in 1914-15.

Orthopedic Surgery in the United States Army: A Historical Review

The contribution of American military surgeons to the development of orthopedic surgery has not previously been explored. The experiences of American military surgeons in conflicts from the Civil War to Iraq and Afghanistan have advanced the orthopedic discipline, resulting in important developments within the field, as well as scientific discoveries that have benefited both the civilian and military communities. From advances in wound care, to spinal surgery, intramedullary nailing of long bone fractures, and external fixation, American military surgeons have been pioneers of orthopedic surgery. The goal of this review was to survey the American military orthopedic experience from the American Revolution to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Poliomyelitis and Orthopaedics

Following World War II, the number of orthopaedic surgeons rapidly increased and the specialty expanded to include the treatment of fresh fractures. Many factors contributed to this development. This article discusses the contributions of Franklin D. Roosevelt to the growth of orthopaedic surgery. From the earliest time in recorded history, surgeons followed armies to treat their battle injuries. The orthopaedic surgeons of the nineteenth century treated musculoskeletal deformities; infections, particularly tuberculosis of bones and joints; and the complications of trauma, especially in children, but they did not engage in the treatment of acute trauma. Their knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of bones and joints provided them with the opportunity to use their skills to treat those needing rehabilitation during World War I. As they became proficient in this role, they also became involved in the acute treatment of fractures. In his presidential address at the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Orthopaedic Association (AOA) in 1961, Edward F. Cave stated, “Orthopaedic surgery was reborn and expanded during and after World War I, largely because trauma to the extremities became a part of orthopaedic surgery for the first time.”1 Later in the address, Cave stated, “World War II changed all of this. The sections of orthopaedic surgery in military hospitals often represented the largest divisions on the surgical services. Surgical teams sent to the forward areas were staffed by orthopaedic surgeons…. If the development of orthopaedic surgery was enhanced by World War I, it was expanded tenfold by the experience gained in the War of 1939–45, thanks in no small measure to one of our members, the late Major General Norman T. Kirk, who was at that time the Surgeon General of the Army.” In 1940, prior to the American entry into the war, the American Academy of Orthopaedic …

Robert Irvine Wilson

Robert Irvine Wilson (“Bob”) was the leading figure in the development of orthopaedic surgery in Northern Ireland. Born in 1915, he was a scholarship pupil at Royal Belfast Academical Institution...

Nurses in war

Summary If it appears that the development of orthopaedic surgery is dominated by men, then it is very clear that the history of orthopaedic nursing is dominated by women. In the first two articles in this series reference was made to Agnes Hunt the ‘mother' of orthopaedic nursing. Before embarking on the military background to nursing in general and trauma nursing in particular it would seem pertinent to document Agnes's history.

The influence of Sir Robert Jones on the founding and development of orthopaedic surgery at the Mayo Clinic

William and Charles Mayo were keenly interested in learning new ideas. With their father’s origins from near Manchester, England, it was understandable that they would travel to England to learn of the English surgical philosophy. They visited many practices and documented their impressions. In

70 Years of English-Yugoslav children hospital for osteoarticular tuberculosis in Sremska Kamenica

The development of orthopedic surgery in Novi Sad and Voivodina is related to the name of Dr. Katherine MacPhail, a Scottish physician, who came to Serbia during the World War I, where she worked with her mission in Belgrade and Kragujevac. After the war, she remained in Serbia and, in 1921, founded the first children's, co-called English-Serbian Hospital; then, in 1934, established English-Yugoslav Children's Hospital for Treatment of Osteoarticular Tuberculosis in Sremska Kamenica, which was open until 1941. After the end of World War II, as early as in 1947, Dr. MacPhail returned to Sremska Kamenica, where she reactivated the hospital. After the nationalization of the hospital, she left for Scotland, but the hospital kept working, first under the supervision of the Belgrade Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, and then as a ward of the Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of the Novi Sad School of Medicine, until 1992, when it was closed.

Orthopedic surgery in Estonia.

We did a survey on the development of orthopedic surgery in Estonia, especially during the past 10 years, including education, hospital-based orthopedic surgery and orthopedic research. The main types of orthopedic operations were analyzed, on the basis of data from the Estonian Social Ministry, Bureau of Medical Statistics and several departments of orthopedic. On the average, 11,831 orthopedic operations were performed yearly during the years 1996-1998 in hospital departments.

Orthopaedic Injuries of the Civil War: An Atlas of Orthopaedic Injuries and Treatments during the Civil War, and: Photographic Atlas of Civil War Injuries: Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens, Otis Historical Archives (review)

Reviewed by: Orthopaedic Injuries of the Civil War: An Atlas of Orthopaedic Injuries and Treatments during the Civil War, and: Photographic Atlas of Civil War Injuries: Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens of Orthopaedic Injuries and Treatments during the Civil War Robert J. T. Joy Julian E. Kuz and Bradley P. Bengtson. Orthopaedic Injuries of the Civil War: An Atlas of Orthopaedic Injuries and Treatments during the Civil War. Kennesaw, Ga.: Kennesaw Mountain Press, in association with Medical Staff Press, 1996. 76 pp. Ill. $9.95 (paperbound). Bradley P. Bengtson and Julian E. Kuz. Photographic Atlas of Civil War Injuries: Photographs of Surgical Cases and Specimens of Orthopaedic Injuries and Treatments during the Civil War. Otis Historical Archives. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Medical Staff Press, in association with Kennesaw Mountain Press, 1996. 446 pp. Ill. $125.00. These books show historically dedicated clinicians usefully addressing aspects of medical history. Kuz, now an orthopedic resident, and Bengtson, newly in the practice of plastic surgery, founded their own Medical Staff Press and published these labors of love with skill, knowledge, and dedication. Orthopaedic Injuries is an atlas of trauma surgery by anatomic region, excluding the head. The twenty patients presented were selected from the Otis collection (see below). There is a brief overview of Civil War medicine, of the overwhelming [End Page 781] impact of disease, and of the improvement in wound management as the war progressed. Chest, head, and abdominal wounds had very high mortality rates—hence, the focus of operative care was on extremity wounds, some 70 percent of the wounded treated by surgeons. Over time, surgeons learned the indications for early operations and for conservative management—postoperative infection in this pre-germ theory era was common. Minor errors in the text (vessel ligature, maggot use, Dakin’s solution, débridement), but they do not detract significantly from its value. Beginning with the spine, each anatomical area is presented using the case of an actual patient, Union Army statistical data from The Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861–1865) (published by the U. S. Government Printing Office between 1870 and 1888, and hereafter referred to as MSH), and a concise description and discussion of the management of the wound. There are drawings of many of the operations. Succinct descriptions of limb amputation and of “your day in the operating room” neatly outline the surgeon’s work. Prosthetic development is touched upon, and the development of orthopedic surgery as a specialty in 1887 is properly credited to the surgical experiences of the war. This is a nice, inexpensive, attractive volume, useful for its nonpresentist approach, its compilations of data, and its capsule summaries of the operative approaches to the wounds of each area. It is a splendid gift for any surgeon, especially for those in training. However, Bengtson and Kuz have earned their spurs as historians in returning to print, in their Photographic Atlas, the exceedingly rare Otis collection of Civil War surgical cases and specimens. Michael Rhode, archivist of the Otis Historical Archives at the National Museum of Health and Medicine (founded as the Army Medical Museum in 1862), opens the book with a superb discussion of this first reprinting of the Photographic Series since 1881. Rhode describes the early work of the Museum during the war and the contributions of Major George Alexander Otis, its curator from 1864 to 1881. Otis received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, studied in Paris, founded a medical journal, and served with distinction in the Union Army as a medical officer in various postings until his appointment to the Museum. He published surgical monographs and studies of the transport of the wounded as “Circulars from the Surgeon General’s Office.” He edited the first two massive surgical volumes of the MSH, and had partially completed the last before his death. The volume reviewed here is the compilation in 1881 of eight separately published volumes, many of whose photographs and etchings were published in various volumes of the MSH. There were four hundred photographs of patients and anatomical specimens in the original photographic series; to these are added nearly one hundred more from Otis’s Photographs Contributed to...

Morphological 3-dimensional assessment, pre-operative simulation and rationale of intra-operative navigation in orthopaedic surgery: Practical application for re-orienting osteotomies of the hip joint

A few events represent progress in the development of orthopaedic surgery. Imagery, and especially imagery by Roentgen rays, brought up modern orthopaedic surgery about one hundred years ago. So-called conventional radiography also brought with it disadvantages and pitfalls and misinterpretations mostly due to the ‘shadow’ technique of imaging by planar projection of three-dimensional structures. Surgical handling of the locomotor system is basically subject to the physical rules of statics and dynamics. Such handling may (and should today) be preceded by preoperative evaluation and planning using technology which operates within three-dimensional space. Such technologies have been developed recently in the form of computerized radiographic tomography (CT) and computerized nuclear magnetic imaging (MRI). The path to the practical application of these techniques in orthopaedic surgery requires specialized software, the use of which is described here. Such software introduces virtual reality in the interpretation of pathology and simulation of corrective means by osteotomy. Surgical handling in orthopaedic surgery, similar to aircraft navigation, thus gains in reliability and precision and loses some of its adventurous aspect. Using virtual reality in simulating re-orientating osteotomies can also lead to misinterpretation, for example, due to underestimating the role of the soft tissues. Soft tissues can be represented in static views but must be excluded when using intra-operative navigation. The rationale of using three-dimensional imagery has clear limits which have to be respected. Direct visualization of the hard tissue (bone) is mandatory in correction osteotomies even when using interactive image control because of the unknown behaviour of soft tissue under strain. Endoscopic techniques are useful tools, complementing 3-D imaging and image interaction.

The Operative Lengthening of the Femur

Vittorio Putti was the leading orthopedic surgeon in Italy during the first part of the 20th century. As the Professor of Orthopedics at the University of Bologna and Surgeon-in-Chief of the Rizzoli Institute for Orthopedics, he played a pivotal role in the development of orthopedic surgery in his country. His influence was felt throughout Europe and in the western hemisphere as well. He established the principles of leg-lengthening procedures as one of his many contributions to orthopedic surgical technique. His predecessor, Alessandro Codivilla, pioneered, while Putti perfected, modern, relatively safe, and more efficient methodology of leg lengthening. In addition to his clinical work, Putti's reputation was established by his excellence as a teacher and editor. He was a linguist and enjoyed travel and international meetings, at which he frequently was a featured speaker. Putti was a man of charm and talent, who left a substantial legacy to orthopedic surgery.

Military Contributions to the Development of Orthopaedic Surgery by the Armed Forces, U.S.A. Since World War 1

Military Contributions to the Development of Orthopaedic Surgery by the Armed Forces, U.S.A. Since World War 1

Military Contributions to the Development of Orthopaedic Surgery by the Armed Forces, U.S.A. Since World War 1

Military Contributions to the Development of Orthopaedic Surgery by the Armed Forces, U.S.A. Since World War 1

THE PRESENT AND FUTURE THERAPY OF ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY.

The development of orthopedic surgery, as a specialty, has been attended by some incidents and circumstances which I think invite especial comment, for, more perhaps than any other specialty in medicine, its evolution has been influenced by a few men whose personality and whose acknowledged ability, especially in a mechanical way, have contributed to the present successful status. The influence of these pioneers, supplemented by the modern developments of operative surgery, has been to establish in the minds of many some doubt as to what orthopedic surgery really is. Modern orthopedic surgery in this country may be said to date from the time of Dr. Henry J. Bigelow of Boston, who wrote a "Manual of Orthopedic Surgery," which obtained the Boylston prize for 1844. The essay was on this subject: "In what cases, and to what extent, is the division of muscles, tendons and others parts, proper for