Development Of Oil Industry Research Articles

Reduction of greenhouse gases emission from palm oil industry and clean development mechanism business in Malaysia

Reduction of greenhouse gases emission from palm oil industry and clean development mechanism business in Malaysia

Linnaeus Fund Research Report: Oil Industry Development and Freshwater Turtle Conservation: Comparing the Diversity, Abundance, and Functioning of Turtle Communities Inhabiting Pristine Habitats and Oil-Polluted Areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Linnaeus Fund Research Report: Oil Industry Development and Freshwater Turtle Conservation: Comparing the Diversity, Abundance, and Functioning of Turtle Communities Inhabiting Pristine Habitats and Oil-Polluted Areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

China and the global energy crisis: development and prospects for China's oil and natural gas

Preface by Ron Oxburgh, Lord Oxburgh of Liverpool, (Climate Change Capital) Introduction 1. The Origins and Modern Development of China's Oil and Gas Industry 2. The Geological Basis of the Onshore Oil and Gas Industry 3. Oil and Gas Administration and the Evolution of Exploration and Development 4. Natural Gas: China's New Energy Source 5. The Tarim Basin: Solution or Problem? 6. Refining and Distribution 7. Summing Up and Looking Ahead Appendix: The Background to China's Energy Planning at the Present Time Bibliography Index.

Amphibians recorded in forest swamp areas of the River Niger Delta (southeastern Nigeria), and the effects of habitat alteration from oil industry development on species richness and diversity

The Niger Delta (Southern Nigeria) is the main oil-producing region in sub-Saharan Africa. Its biodiversity is very important for the concomitant presence of rainforests and mangroves, and many endemic flora and fauna. Six sites in southern Nigeria, four currently affected by oil industry development but formerly inside the rainforest belt and two in pristine protected areas, were surveyed for amphibians during 1996-2002, in both dry and rainy seasons. Amphibian species diversity was reliably assessed at all study sites, as shown by species accumulation curves. The total number of species found in the two pristine sites was much higher than that found in the four developed sites. Nevertheless, a total of over 6300 amphibian specimens belonging to 28 species were captured at these four sites. Species included three Bufonidae (genera Bufo and Nectophryne ), two Pipidae ( Silurana and Hymenochirus ), nine Ranidae ( Hylarana , Ptychadena , Aubria , Conraua , Hoplobatrachus , and Phrynobatrachus ), one Arthroleptidae ( Arthroleptis ), one Rhacophoridae ( Chiromantis ), one Microhylidae ( Phrynomantis ), and eleven Hyperoliidae ( Hyperolius , Afrixalus , Leptopelis , Phlyctimantis , and Opisthothylax ). The four developed study sites were similar in terms of species composition; the most common species were Silurana tropicalis (accounting for about 74% of the total number of specimens captured), Bufo maculatus , Ptychadena spp., Hylarana albolabris , Hoplobatrachus occipitalis , Hyperolius cf. concolor and Afrixalus dorsalis. Greater numbers of species and individuals were captured in the rainy season than in the dry season. In terms of chemo-physical properties of the water at their breeding sites, both adult and larval anurans of several species (e. g., Silurana , Bufo and Ptychadena ) were highly adaptable, being able to thrive in anoxic and slightly acidic water with dissolved oxygen from 0.50-1.50 mg l -1 and pH from 5.9-7.2.

Iraq's burdens: oil, sanctions, and underdevelopment

The International Context of the Iraqi Oil Industry The Rise and Decline of a National Oil Industry Oil and Development in Iraq Invasion, Sanctions, and Bombing Sanctions After the Gulf War Impact of the Sanctions on Iraq Oil Under Sanctions Burdens in the Future Conclusions and Prospects Selected Bibliography Index

IC engine and environment

Ecological trends and movements in the modern world grow stronger and more active, due to a real danger of Earth pollution. One of the main sources of pollution are 1C engines and their influence on environment is significant. However, conventional combustion engines still are and will be dominant powering systems for numerous future applications. Two solutions are possible answers to this problem: first, the replacement of conventional fuels by alternative ones and second, modifications on the 1C engine design in order to decrease fuel emission and consumption. One of the solutions for the improvement of 1C engine design is the modification of engine parts or their design, with great influence on the decrease of mechanical losses, especially on partial rating. Therefore, it is important to say that complex problems of engine (automotive) decrease of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission can be solved only by simultaneous development of oil and engine (automotive) industry.

258 Subcellular localization of neuronal NOS in the rat caudoputamen

Olive oil industry grows constantly in specific parts of the world. About 750 million olive trees are cultivated and approximately 2.95 million tons of olive oil are produced annually. Most olive oil (98%) is produced in the Mediterranean region, mainly between October and February. Olive oil production results in an annual generation of more than 30 million m3 of olive mills wastes (OMW). Although several techniques have been developed and patented for OMW management, detoxification and valorization, their application is often too expensive for most olive-oil mills, in which the Mediterranean region are usually small family businesses. The uncontrolled disposal of OMW on soil may cause strong phytotoxic and antimicrobial effects, may increase soil hydrophobicity, decrease water retention and infiltration rate, may also affect acidity, salinity, N immobilization, microbial activity, nutrient leaching, lipids concentration, organic acids, and naturally occurred phenols. In surface waters it may decrease the dissolved oxygen content, increase the organic matter and K, Fe, Zn, and Mn contents. On the other hand, the remaining sludge, after evaporation of the liquid fraction of the wastes, contains almost 94% organic matter and although it could be highly beneficial to agricultural soil, it has been shown that it also contains toxic compounds and oil that may increase soil hydrophobicity and decrease water retention and infiltration rate if applied to soil. This chapter introduces the current advisable practices for the sustainable development of olive oil industry as well as two soil remediation methods, applied in the framework of the LIFE project PROSODOL (LIFE07 ENV/GR/280), at a pilot OMW disposal area in Greece, that is, bioremediation and zeolite incorporation in soil. In the framework of PROSODOL project specific actions, measures, and means suitable for Mediterranean countries were proposed to the European Commission and are presented in this chapter.

Subcellular localization of neuronal nos in the rat caudoputamen

Olive oil industry grows constantly in specific parts of the world. About 750 million olive trees are cultivated and approximately 2.95 million tons of olive oil are produced annually. Most olive oil (98%) is produced in the Mediterranean region, mainly between October and February. Olive oil production results in an annual generation of more than 30 million m3 of olive mills wastes (OMW). Although several techniques have been developed and patented for OMW management, detoxification and valorization, their application is often too expensive for most olive-oil mills, in which the Mediterranean region are usually small family businesses. The uncontrolled disposal of OMW on soil may cause strong phytotoxic and antimicrobial effects, may increase soil hydrophobicity, decrease water retention and infiltration rate, may also affect acidity, salinity, N immobilization, microbial activity, nutrient leaching, lipids concentration, organic acids, and naturally occurred phenols. In surface waters it may decrease the dissolved oxygen content, increase the organic matter and K, Fe, Zn, and Mn contents. On the other hand, the remaining sludge, after evaporation of the liquid fraction of the wastes, contains almost 94% organic matter and although it could be highly beneficial to agricultural soil, it has been shown that it also contains toxic compounds and oil that may increase soil hydrophobicity and decrease water retention and infiltration rate if applied to soil. This chapter introduces the current advisable practices for the sustainable development of olive oil industry as well as two soil remediation methods, applied in the framework of the LIFE project PROSODOL (LIFE07 ENV/GR/280), at a pilot OMW disposal area in Greece, that is, bioremediation and zeolite incorporation in soil. In the framework of PROSODOL project specific actions, measures, and means suitable for Mediterranean countries were proposed to the European Commission and are presented in this chapter.

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF STELLER'S EIDERPOLYSTICTA STELLERIECOLOGY AT PALANGA COAST, EASTERN BALTIC

Abstract Wintering Steller's Eider has been studied at Lithuanian coast, aiming to evaluate ecology aspects of these birds and assess conservation priorities for this globally threatened species. Steller's Eider exploited a very small inshore area characterised as having complex benthic communities and spent a considerable part of the day foraging there. Birds demonstrated a clearly distinguished group living and feeding strategy. Presently, the highest potential danger to wintering Steller's Eider is represented by rapid development of oil industry and inshore gill net fishing.

The Development of the Cod Liver Oil Industry by the Colonialization Department of Hokkaidō

The Development of the Cod Liver Oil Industry by the Colonialization Department of Hokkaidō

The economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects, 1950-2010

List of Tables Evolution of Iraq's Oil Industry Oil and Development under the Monarchy 1950-1958 Oil and Development Planning, 1958-1968 The Baath Party and Its National Development Plans The Iran-Iraq War and the Demise of Development The Invasion of Kuwait and The Destruction of Development Iraq's Economic Development, 1950-1990: An Assessment What Economic Future for Iraq? Bibliography Index

Oil Industry Development and Trade Liberalization in the Western Hemisphere

This paper provides an overview of oil industry developments in the Western Hemisphere with particular emphasis on Latin America since the inauguration of the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative by George Bush. The author discusses these developments in the context of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (concluded in 1989), and the negotiation in 1992 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This paper is concerned essentially with the oil industry and does not discuss the importance of natural gas for Canadian producers nor the fact that much of Latin American oil production (notably in Mexico) is associated with natural gas. The author examines the shift to trade and investment liberalization and privatization in the 1980s and early 1990s, especially in Latin America--where the most dramatic transformation has occurred. The author suggests that investment patterns in the industry have been only marginally related to trade liberalization, and have derived more from considerations of resource availability, exploration and development costs, market factors, and the general state of the international economy--all of which have contributed in the 1980s to significant restructuring and downsizing among a number of major corporations. The author also notes the important increase in an internal Latin American market,more » and the role of regional organizations such as ARPEL-the Association of Latin American State Oil Company Producers. 31 refs., 3 tabs.« less

Technology transfer and the development of China's offshore oil industry

This paper analyzes the experience of the Chinese National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) in its endeavors to master the main tasks involved in oil exploration, development and production. All foreign oil companies and offshore supply firms were contractually obliged to transfer technology to CNOOC and train its employees within the bounds of specially designed joint venture agreements. A number of factors, including the massive technology gap between suppliers and recipients, alternative approaches to technology transfer and training, and cultural and managerial differences, combined to challenge both the foreign oil companies and CNOOC in their respective efforts. This paper analyzes CNOOC's changing technology strategy and uses case studies to assess its success in terms of its contribution to building up innovative capacity and to human resource development.

The consolidation of the ruling class and the new elites in Saudi Arabia

At the beginning of the twentieth century the Saudi population was mainly a classless society. There was no upper class to speak of in Arabia at the time. Only a small proportion of the merchants and the ulama in the towns of Hijaz and Najd could be described as 'middle class'. The great majority of the Arabians townspeople as well as rural nomads and agriculturalists lived at subsistence level and could be regarded as 'lower class'. The unification of the Saudi kingdom by Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud in the first decades of the century, consolidated the power and authority of a new Saudi ruling class the aristocracy. The development of the kingdom's oil industry since 1938 and the modernization of Saudi Arabia after the Second World War, produced moreover in addition to existing regional and other differences new classes and a relatively rigid social structure. The latter, largely a heritage of the past, depends not so much on power, wealth and education as on regional (Najd) and tribal (noble) origin. This article will examine the consolidation and composition of the Saudi aristocracy and whether it has undergone a change in recent decades under the impact of the rapid development of the kingdom and its society and due to the rise of new elites.

Natural Gas Development and Utilization Pattern in India

Summary Natural gas plays an important role in India's economy. The luxury of flaring into the atmosphere is over. Rather, stocks are assessed and capital investments are planned for the optimal development and utilization of gas. In this paper, we present data on different aspects of the gas business-supply, source, production, utilization pattern, and share in energy and economy. An optimal utilization plan is discussed that could be of value to economic planners. Introduction Awareness that natural gas is a vital marginal infrastructural resource is dawning slowly in India. Because of absence of such awareness in the past, India has flared several billion cubic meters of associated natural gas. In addition, lack of policy directions, necessary infrastructures, and aggressive techniques to create a demand (as well as market or pricing fallacies and absence of entrepreneurial spirit) have contributed to the waste of this valuable resource. Since the first OPEC shock of 1973, energy conservation, substitution, alternatives, and additional resources have begun to play an increasingly important role in the total concept of energy audit based on optimal economic principles. Now that natural gas has been recognized as a vital resource, its development, reserves, availability, demand, and above all, optimal use must be planned carefully. Accordingly, the Indian Oil Industry Development Board has established a task force to reassess stocks and utilization plans. Capital investments are planned for enhanced exploration, development, and drilling efforts. Recent discoveries of free and associated gas fields in India have added to the necessity for accelerated investments to use this vast and varied potential for the nation's benefit and development. Overview of the Present Energy Spectrum The present per capita commercial energy consumption in India is about one-tenth of the global average. However, India consumes energy in a variety of forms ranging from noncommercial fuel wood to coal, electricity, hydroelectric power, and nuclear energy. Commercial energy today accounts for about 66% of total energy supply in India. Coal and oil are the most significant sources of energy. However, 40 to 45% of India's oil requirements are still imported. India, accordingly, is classified as an oil-importing developing country (OIDC). The total energy supply spectrum for 1983 is shown in Fig. 1. India's energy coefficient was stable at around 1.8 in the 1970's; for 1980–84, it is around 1.5. In general, this not only confirms the correlation between economic progress and energy consumption but also highlights India's attempts to use energy efficiently. However, much more must be done to increase efficiency to the level reached by the developed countries. The growth rates of energy consumption and its constituents have been quite impressive. A breakdown of the energy consumption during the last 3 years is shown in Table 1 and historical energy consumption is shown in Fig. 2. Energy growth rates are indicated in Table 2, energy consumption pattern is shown in Fig. 3, and the energy resource plan is shown in Fig. 4. New finds of natural gas in the eastern and southern sectors will further boost the contribution of natural gas in the overall resource program. The supply and demand of energy for the sixth and seventh plans are shown in Table 3. For the sixth 5-year plan (1980–85), outlay on energy is about 27% of total public sector outlay. Role of Natural Gas: Present and Future Gas Fields and Reserves Natural gas so far discovered is concentrated mainly in the east and west (Fig. 5). On the west side there are two prominent areas, Bombay High and Gujarat, with a small gas field in prominent areas, Bombay High and Gujarat, with a small gas field in Rajasthan. However, the most promising gas field in India is the South Basin (another west-side location). An offshore gas field platform complex is being planned for that field (Fig. 5). The locations of established reserves are indicated in Table 4 . India's gas reserve has increased during the 10 years ending 1981 from 62.51 to 410.61 × 10 9 m3 [2,208 to 14,500 × 10 9 cu ft] and they will increase further after the reserves in the South Basin have been estimated fully. These reserves include 1.13 × 10 9 m3 [40 × 10 9 cu ft] estimated reserves in the Nagaland and Tripura gas fields. Production Gas production has more than doubled between 1980 and 1983. Production. Gas production has more than doubled between 1980 and 1983. The production breakdown by location for 1980–81 and 1982–83 is shown in Table 5. Presently, this production represents only 1% of total energy resources. JPT p. 868

The Adaptation of Rural Residents to the Offshore Oil and Gas (Exploration Phase) Labour Force, Newfoundland and Labrador, 1981

In response to interest and concerns about the effect which oil industry development would have in the province of Newfoundland, a number of studies were initiated, including attempts to assess the impacts on rural residents. An analysis of the offshore labour force indicated that Newfoundland residents represented 60% of the offshore force; however, their participation was predominantly in the junior drilling, junior marine and junior service positions. The provincial workers differed from the non-resident workers on a number of factors. Also of interest, the 35% of the Newfoundland workers interviewed had come from water transport occupations and were attracted by the perceived advantages of work in the oil industry, while the 34% who had come from the fishing industry, cited financial insecurity and poor working conditions of the fishery as their reasons for changing jobs.

Development of fish oil industry in the United States

AbstractThe American Fish Oil Industry began in 1811 in Rhode Island using extremely crude manufacturing procedures. By 1855 many of the current‐day processing methods were being used, and by 1911 most of such procedures had been adopted. In the intervening years since 1911, most progress has been toward improving quality of the oil and in increasing mechanization. Menhaden oil makes up almost 90% of current American production. Much American fish oil is exported for hydrogenation for use abroad in margarine and shortening. Modern refining techniques have led to improved characteristics and uniformity of specifications permitting many industrial uses without most of the former problems associated with fish oil applications. Protective coatings and fatty acid and fatty acid derivatives are among the most important industrial uses. Some potential uses in the pharmaceutical field may widen demands for fish oil in the future. One such promising possibility, although requiring additional supportive research, is the use by the medical profession of fish oil or fish oil fatty acid fractions in capsule form for prolonging the life of heart patients.

Development of the Iranian Oil Industry: International and Domestic Aspects. By Fereidun Fesharaki New York: Praeger; London: Martin Robertson, 1976. 315 pp. $19.50.

<i>Development of the Iranian Oil Industry: International and Domestic Aspects.</i> By Fereidun Fesharaki New York: Praeger; London: Martin Robertson, 1976. 315 pp. $19.50.

The World Oil Industry

A history of the world oil industry is presented, including discussions of the formation of the major American Oil Companies, production and profits, and the formation and functioning of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The author has covered the complex history of the oil industry development in the Near East in his book, ''Making Democracy Safe for Oil,'' Atlantic Monthly Press-Little, Brown and Co., Boston (1975). (JTE)

Arctic Engineering For the Petroleum Industry

Abstract THE ARCTIC has been defined in a variety of ways by latitude or tree line, by isotherm or permafrost. For this paper, it will be considered simply as that part of Canada lying north of the 60th parallel. Most of what is discussed here will apply specifically to the sedimentary basin, the prospective oil country bring in the Northwest Territories; other countries, however, also have very prospective arctic areas, and many of their problems will be similar (Figure 1). Long before the current surge of interest in the north, major construction projects had been successfully undertaken in arctic Canada. One of the most outstanding was a railway from Skagway to Whitehorse: built seventy years ago, it is still hauling freight and is an important part of the transportation system supplying the Yukon Territory. In northern Manitoba, the Churchill railway was begun in 1910, through most difficult permafrost conditions. War halted construction for a time, but the line was completed in the late nineteen twenties. Since then we have had various hydropower developments, the construction of major transmission lines and, in the military field, the Early Warning system and the DEW line. The oil industry development along the Mackenzie was started over 50 years ago, and an outstanding achievement during the war years was the construction of some 660 miles of pipeline from Norman Wells to Whitehorse. These represent only a few of the major construction projects on which, over the past several decades, nearly five billion dollars has been spent. The engineering problems discussed here will be those that are unique to the north. They include climate, permafrost, ice and snow, terrain, and remoteness. Although these problems are not new to Canadian engineers, when they have to be faced together they call for new approaches to the engineering development of large-scale oil and gas reserves. To add to the challenge, these developments are going on at a time when everyone is aware of "ecology" and "pollution" as matters of grave public concern. Development of northern Canada will go on, but every effort must be made to establish a proper balance between resource development and environmental protection. This paper will outline our present state of the art and suggest some new approaches to work that will be required. Climate We share our Canadian arctic climate with Russia, Alaska and the Scandinavian countries (Figure 2). In winter it features intense cold, high winds and darkness, in summer long hours of daylight and very little precipitation – so that without the permafrost, the Canadian arctic would be largely a desert. Although we have most of the know-how to be able to design equipment suitable for these conditions, very often what is available has been made for warmer climates and simply moved north for its useful life. We should not be surprised, then, if it performs badly, or fails from such causes as brittle fracture of steel.