Development Of Nuclear Medicine Research Articles

Status and Development of Nuclear Medicine Over One Decade in Beijing.

Objective Our objective was to investigate the basic information of the personnel and facilities of nuclear medicine in Beijing. Methods This survey was performed by the Beijing Quality Control Center in 2018. The investigation included personnel, equipment, and clinical applications, and data were then compared with previous surveys. The paper questionnaires were used for the survey, which required information about the personnel, devices, and clinical applications. Results About 38 nuclear medicine departments in Beijing were involved in the survey. The number of nuclear medicine staff was 531 in 2018, showing an increase of 58.7% over the past decade. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) represented the main nuclear medicine facilities, and the total number of surveyed departments was 18, 24, and 34, respectively. The quality control results showed significant improvement from the 2005 levels. The total number of scintigraphy procedures was estimated at 199,607 (153,185 SPECT and 46,422 PET/CT). The estimated annual number of scintigraphy images was 8.9 per 1,000 population for SPECT and 2.7 per 1,000 population for PET/CT during 2018. The most frequent radioiodine-targeted therapy was 131 I-targeted therapy for hyperthyroidism in 2018. Conclusion Nuclear medicine has experienced rapid growth in the past 10 years in Beijing, either in personnel, equipment, and scintigraphy. Future efforts will focus on the use of new isotopes in the diagnosis, implementing quality strategy, and enhancing training.

Terbium radionuclides for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine: from atom to bedside.

Terbium features four clinically interesting radionuclides for application in nuclear medicine: terbium-149, terbium-152, terbium-155, and terbium-161. Their identical chemical properties enable the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals with the same pharmacokinetic character, while their distinctive decay characteristics make them valuable for both imaging and therapeutic applications. In particular, terbium-152 and terbium-155 are useful candidates for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, respectively; whereas terbium-149 and terbium-161 find application in α- and β--/Auger electron therapy, respectively. This unique characteristic makes the terbium family ideal for the "matched-pair" principle of theranostics. In this review, the advantages and challenges of terbium-based radiopharmaceuticals are discussed, covering the entire chain from radionuclide production to bedside administration. It elaborates on the fundamental properties of terbium, the production routes of the four interesting radionuclides and gives an overview of the available bifunctional chelators. Finally, we discuss the preclinical and clinical studies as well as the prospects of this promising development in nuclear medicine.

From Bench to Bedside: Patient-Oriented Radiopharmaceutical Development in Nuclear Medicine Based on the Example of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-DFO.

The interdisciplinary possibilities inherent in nuclear medicine offer an opportunity for the patient-centered development of radioactive pharmaceuticals based on specific research questions. This approach provides radiopharmaceutical manufacturers with a robust scientific foundation on which to navigate the regulatory requirements for drug approval laid down by the law. A vivid illustration of this interdisciplinary cooperation has been the development of a Zr-89-labeled PSMA ligand where reliable results have been obtained across various domains, including chemistry, radiochemistry, biochemistry, and preclinical research. This comprehensive process extended to feasibility studies conducted with carefully selected patients from a single nuclear medicine clinic. The approach demonstrates how far close collaboration between different disciplines within nuclear medicine can further the move towards patient-oriented radiopharmaceutical treatments while simultaneously meeting regulatory demands. With such a strategy, innovative radiopharmaceutical solutions can be brought to the market more swiftly and efficiently, in line with the needs of patients.

Trends in the development of nuclear medicine in the Russian Federation for 2015–2020

The federal forms of statistical reporting (3-DOZ form , form No. 30 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and radiation-hygienic passports of the subjects of the Russian Federation for 2015–2020) were analyzed in order to estimate the current status of nuclear medicine and assess the perspective and developing proposals for improving the national system of radiation protection in nuclear medicine . Over the past six years , the number of radionuclide examinations in the Russian Federation has been at the same level : on average 530 thousand per year . In 2020 the number of examinations decreased that was caused by the epidemic of coronavirus infection . The largest number of examinations in 2015-2020 were performed in Moscow (21%) and St. Petersburg (11%). Federal medical centers equipped with high-tech equipment are located in these cities , and patients from different regions are examined in these centers . The examination of bone is the most common examination in Russia: 40% from all of nuclear medicine examination ; there is a moderate increase of that examinations . There is a high number of renal examinations (17%). The next most frequent are examinations of myocardium , thyroid , liver and lungs ; the number of these examinations are decrease . Due to the development of modern diagnostic technologies , installation of new positron emission tomography departments and replacement of the old equipment with the new one ( decrease in the number of renographs and increase the number of positron emission tomographs ), the number of “ other ” examinations are increased with a factor of 3.7 since 2015 but the number of “ functional ” examinations is decreased . About two thousand studies per year were examined on a scanner ( renograph , gamma camera , single-photon emission tomography ), and about 0.6 thousand hybrid imaging examinations per year were performed on a single-photon emission tomography combined with computed tomography . The annual collective dose of radionuclide diagnosis in the country has increased from 1.2 to 3.7 thousand man-Sv since 2015. The main contribution to the collective dose in Russia was associated with “ other ” examinations , which include hybrid imaging and whole body positron emission tomography : 55% (39% in St. Petersburg , 60% in Moscow). Due to the limitations and heterogeneous content of the federal forms of statistical reporting it is difficult to assess the current state of nuclear medicine in the Russian Federation. The authors of the study were updated of the data collection system in the radionuclide diagnosis in 3-DOZ forms ; it is under approval . For detailed and reliable assessment of the nuclear medicine in the country , it is necessary to conduct a separate survey to determine the types of nuclear medicine examinations , the gender and age profile of patients and patient doses . That survey should be conducted in St. Petersburg or Moscow, as model subjects of the Russian Federation.

Preparation of [18F]Alkenyl Fluorides Using No-Carrier-Added [18F]AgF via Silver-Mediated Direct Radiofluorination of Alkynes.

We have developed a versatile method for the radiosynthesis of [18F]alkenyl fluorides using no-carrier-added [18F]AgF via the silver-mediated direct radiofluorination of alkynes. A variety of electron-deficient internal alkynes were compatible with this strategy and gave the desired product in good regioselectivity and RCY. This method could also be applied to the late-stage radiofluorination and showed potential in nuclear medicine development.

A roadmap for the development of “Training system of specialists for nuclear medicine facilities at the Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University”

In this paper, we present part of the discussion materials, as well as general conclusions about the training system of specialists for nuclear medicine facilities during speeches and reports at the Scientific and Practical Forum, which was held in person at Saint Petersburg Chemical and Pharmaceutical University (SPCPU) in June and December 2021 on the following topics: Environmental protection. Environmental Risk Assessment at Nuclear Medicine Facilities and Experimental Pharmacology Centers and Environmental Protection. Environmental Risks Assessment in the Radiopharmaceuticals Waste Management.
 The main goal of the Scientific and Practical Forum was to determine approaches to improving and harmonizing masters programs and to develop new programs of additional education at SPCPU in the field of training masters and qualified specialists for nuclear medicine infrastructure facilities, the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency and the Rosatom State Atomiс Energy Corporation.
 At the core of our work is the solution of the problem of training personnel for nuclear medicine facilities - the development of an integrated system for monitoring the science progress, technology and innovation in Russia and abroad, forming an information base on promising trends in scientific and technological development, as well as the identification global technological trends that may have the greatest impact on the development of nuclear medicine.
 For a clear solution of the tasks to achieve the goal of training specialists for nuclear medicine facilities, we propose approaches to develop a roadmap for the development of the Training system of specialists for nuclear medicine facilities at the Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University and tools for collecting and processing statistical data and other elements, in accordance with the regulatory legal acts, federal and local regulatory documents.

Personalized molecular visualization and radiotheranostics of adrenal tumors

Th e diagnosis of adrenal tumors has improved signifi cantly over the past decades thanks to laboratory research and anatomical imaging techniques. In some cases, these methods make it possible to distinguish a benign tumor from a malignant one, and in combination with invasive methods, the accuracy of such diagnostics varies from 80 to 100%. However, in cases of pheochromocytoma, this invasive intervention can induce a hypertensive crisis. Hybrid molecular imaging techniques such as single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), coupled with CT or MRI, have come to the rescue. Molecular imaging techniques are non-invasive and safe for patients, and the information obtained allows you to more accurately determine the optimal treatment tactics. Purpose: in our review, we will try to cover all modern and promising methods of molecular imaging of adrenal formations and radionuclide therapy, which constitute a new trend in the development of nuclear medicine in the world - radiotheranostics (radionuclide therapy based on radionuclide diagnostics). Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature obtained from the open databases Scopus and Pubmed describing the latest methods of radiotherapy of adrenal tumors. We then classifi ed the findings based on mechanism of action, point of application, and relevance of radioactive tracers, comparing their effectiveness and availability.

Scaled-up production of 131I radioisotope using dry distilation method for radiopharmaceutical application

The development of nuclear medicine is increasing every year, including the need for diagnostic or therapeutic radioisotope sources. Iodine-131 (131I) radioisotope is used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in patients with thyroid cancer or neuroblastoma. Research and Technology Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical - National Research and Innovation Agency (RTCRR-NRIA) has been able to produce 131I radioisotope with radioactivity up to 18.5 – 29.6 Gbq/month. This study aims to scale-up the production capacity of 131I radioisotope by using dry distillation method and to determine the radionuclide and radiochemical purity of the 131I radioisotope. The scaled-up production of 131I radioisotope was carried out in a hot cell facility of Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory (RRL). 50 grams of TeO2 was used as target material. The TeO2 was irradiated at the Central Irradiation Position (CIP) facility at G.A Siwabessy multipurpose reactor. The post-irradiation target was heated up to 800° C for ± 5 hours under a vacuum condition in the distillation system of -2 incHg to -3 incHg. In this study, the 131I radioisotope was produced with radioactivity of 192 – 344 Gbq/month, radionuclide purity of 99%, and radiochemical purity of 95%. The scaled-up production 131I radioisotope has been successfully carried out with an increase of more than 12 times the initial capacity. In the future, the production of 131I radioisotope will be used for domestic needs in the oral dosage form.

The Influence of Noise on the Exact Solutions of the Stochastic Fractional-Space Chiral Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation

In this paper, we consider the stochastic fractional-space Chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equation (S-FS-CNSE) derived via multiplicative noise. We obtain the exact solutions of the S-FS-CNSE by using the Riccati equation method. The obtained solutions are extremely important in the development of nuclear medicine, the entire computer industry and quantum mechanics, especially in the quantum hall effect. Moreover, we discuss how the multiplicative noise affects the exact solutions of the S-FS-CNSE. This equation has never previously been studied using a combination of multiplicative noise and fractional space.

The application value of contrast-enhanced computed tomography in cervical lymph node metastasis of oral carcinomas: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Oral carcinomas is a concerning condition around the world. Globally, it is the 11th most common form of cancer. Over 90% of oral carcinomas are squamous cell carcinomas. Smoking, tobacco intake, smokeless tobacco (snuff or chewing tobacco), excessive sunlight exposure, alcohol, betel nut consumption, human papillomavirus, and reverse end smoking are the most common causes of oral carcinomas. Oral carcinomas are prone to neck lymph mode metastasis, which has an impact on the prognosis of patients and the five-year survival rate. Thus, precise lymph node metastasis and staging of oral carcinomas are critical. With the development of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, an increasing number of studies have found that Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) has high diagnostic value for tumors.Methods and analyses:The reviewers will conduct a thorough search for related literature in 6 online databases, including The Cochrane Library, PubMed, WanFang database, Web of Science, Chinese biomedical literature database, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The authors will obtain full text of studies deemed to be eligible to extract and synthesize data. The present systematic review will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Project (PRISMA-P) of the 2015 System Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.Results:The present systematic analysis will pool the results of individual studies to assess the value of CECT in cervical lymph node metastasis of oral carcinomas.Conclusion:The results in the proposed research will determine whether CECT is an efficient diagnostic method for cervical lymph node metastasis of oral carcinomas.Ethics and dissemination:This study will utilize secondary data from pre-published studies. Therefore, an ethical clearance is not required. The research outcomes shall be disseminated in conference reports and peer-reviewed publications.OSF registration number:Oct 13, 2021.osf.io/k5nr9. (https://osf.io/k5nr9/).

KSNM60 in Non-thyroidal Radionuclide Therapy: Leaping into the Future

This year, the Korean Society of Nuclear Medicine (KSNM) is celebrating its 60th anniversary. Treatment, as well as diagnosis, has played a very important role in the development of nuclear medicine. Since I-131 was used for thyroid therapy in 1959, other radionuclide therapy is still being used, and attempts to use new radionuclide are increasing. In this review, we briefly summarize and introduce the therapies such as radioimmunotherapy, transarterial radioembolization, radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumors, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, control of metastatic bone pain, radiation synovectomy, radionuclide brachytherapy, alpha particle therapy, and boron neutron capture therapy, which has been being attempted so far in the field of nuclear medicine.

CERN-MEDICIS: A Review Since Commissioning in 2017.

The CERN-MEDICIS (MEDical Isotopes Collected from ISolde) facility has delivered its first radioactive ion beam at CERN (Switzerland) in December 2017 to support the research and development in nuclear medicine using non-conventional radionuclides. Since then, fourteen institutes, including CERN, have joined the collaboration to drive the scientific program of this unique installation and evaluate the needs of the community to improve the research in imaging, diagnostics, radiation therapy and personalized medicine. The facility has been built as an extension of the ISOLDE (Isotope Separator On Line DEvice) facility at CERN. Handling of open radioisotope sources is made possible thanks to its Radiological Controlled Area and laboratory. Targets are being irradiated by the 1.4 GeV proton beam delivered by the CERN Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) on a station placed between the High Resolution Separator (HRS) ISOLDE target station and its beam dump. Irradiated target materials are also received from external institutes to undergo mass separation at CERN-MEDICIS. All targets are handled via a remote handling system and exploited on a dedicated isotope separator beamline. To allow for the release and collection of a specific radionuclide of medical interest, each target is heated to temperatures of up to 2,300°C. The created ions are extracted and accelerated to an energy up to 60 kV, and the beam steered through an off-line sector field magnet mass separator. This is followed by the extraction of the radionuclide of interest through mass separation and its subsequent implantation into a collection foil. In addition, the MELISSA (MEDICIS Laser Ion Source Setup At CERN) laser laboratory, in service since April 2019, helps to increase the separation efficiency and the selectivity. After collection, the implanted radionuclides are dispatched to the biomedical research centers, participating in the CERN-MEDICIS collaboration, for Research & Development in imaging or treatment. Since its commissioning, the CERN-MEDICIS facility has provided its partner institutes with non-conventional medical radionuclides such as Tb-149, Tb-152, Tb-155, Sm-153, Tm-165, Tm-167, Er-169, Yb-175, and Ac-225 with a high specific activity. This article provides a review of the achievements and milestones of CERN-MEDICIS since it has produced its first radioactive isotope in December 2017, with a special focus on its most recent operation in 2020.

USE OF <sup>177</sup>Lu-PSMA FOR RADIONUCLIDE THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH CASTRATE-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose of the study: to present current data regarding challenges in treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and the relationship between CRPC and the expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen (psma).Material and Methods. The search for relevant sources was carried out in the Pubmed, elibrary, Medline databases. The review included 43 publications, most of which were published over the past 5 years.Results. Currently, prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common cancers in men. Moreover, over time, most patients develop resistance to therapy, which significantly worsens the prognosis of the disease. Psma is one of the molecular markers of prostate cancer; a number of studies have demonstrated a direct correlation between the level of psma expression and the tumor grade, stage and aggressiveness. Numerous studies indicate that psma represents an excellent target for radionuclide therapy of prostate cancer. 68Ga or 18F-psma Pet/Ct is the most common method for diagnosing PC. It should be noted that modern trends in the development of nuclear medicine are closely related to theranostics; therefore, the creation of highly specific theranostic pairs for diagnosis and subsequent therapy of malignant tumors is of great significance. The data obtained indicate that 177lu demonstrates the most optimal radiation and physical characteristics for therapeutic radionuclides, while psma-617 is one of the most studied ligands for radionuclide therapy.Conclusion. Currently, there are several studies covering radionuclide therapy with various psmacompounds labeled with 177lu. Radionuclide therapy with 177lu-psma has been shown to be recommended for patients with metastatic CRPC, who have no benefits from alternative therapies or have contraindications to them.

Radiotheranostics: fresh impetus of personalized medicine

Radionuclide therapy is a radionuclide therapy based on molecular imaging using various radiopharmaceuticals (RP), allowing in vivo visualization (SPECT, PET) and selectively affecting pathological metabolic processes caused by a tumor. Using the paradigm of theranostics since the 1950s with the help of radioactive iodine, thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer have been successfully treated. In recent years, thanks to advances in the development of nuclear medicine (an increase in the number of cyclotrons, SPECT/CT and PET/CT in medical institutions) and, above all, radiopharmaceuticals, radiotherapy is developing very rapidly in the world. The emergence of new radioligands based on 177Lu, 225Ac and other radioisotopes stimulated a huge number (more than 300) clinical studies on radioligand therapy for prostate cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, pancreatic cancer, and other malignant neoplasms. One of the most promising areas of radiotherapy is the development of radioligands based on targeted anticancer drugs, which makes it possible to summarize in one radiotherapy two effects: inhibition of signaling cascades and radiation damage. Radiotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature, technologically complex, a priori integral (isotopes, radiopharmaceuticals, RFP, SPECT, PET), requires high competence and teamwork. The development of radiotherapy and the development of targeted radiopharmaceuticals in our country is in its infancy. The main problems are the lack of specialists in this field: doctors, physicists, chemists, radiopharmaceuticals, biologists, geneticists, engineers, programmers. The low awareness of doctors and patients about the possibilities of radio therapy is also a big brake on its development and introduction into clinical practice in the country.

Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging in clinical practice: yesterday, today and tomorrow

Over the past 40 years, nuclear medicine has grown to be the largest non-invasive diagnostic and therapeutic industry in the world, playing a pivotal role in various fields and disciplines of clinical practice and contributing to improved quality of life and patient prognosis. Over the first 20 years of the XXI century, the number of radionuclide procedures in the world has increased significantly, primarily due to innovations in radiopharmaceuticals, continuous improvement of the technical properties of equipment and the expansion of the boundaries of multimodal imaging. The review examines the historical and current trends in the development of nuclear medicine in the world and in Russia, including those related to radionuclide diagnostics, therapy and theranostics.

Experience of Enhancing Cross-Border Collaboration in professional training of industry personnel

The article considers the problem of the fourth industrial revolution influence on changing the forms and educational technologies of personnel professional training of industry personnel and justifies the importance of cooperation between educational organizations of different countries in coordinating professional training programs. The authors explain the importance of harmonization and coordination processes of the Bologna project by the factors of the objective pattern of changing the technological paradigm and the formation of technoscience, diversifying educational technologies, which is actualized by the growing need for new generation specialists. The article emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and international interdisciplinary interaction in the development of forms and technologies of professional training in the logic (The Project of the Digital Competition of EU). On the example of educational projects of Russia and China in nuclear energy, the authors show the mutual influence of factors for the development of professional education in different countries. The article analyzes promising areas of professional training, based on the experience of mutual cooperation and the practice of diversifying programs in Russia and China, including the development of nuclear medicine, wind energy, ASU SMART- cities, the creation of digital products and environmental projects. The methodology of the article is based on research in the field of professional education in the context of informatization and the strategy of digitalization of production technologies, noting the special importance of engineering training in China.

Current Applications for Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Pulmonary Disease.

Purpose of ReviewThe main goal of the article is to familiarize the reader with commonly and uncommonly used nuclear medicine procedures that can significantly contribute to improved patient care. The article presents examples of specific modality utilization in the chest including assessment of lung ventilation and perfusion, imaging options for broad range of infectious and inflammatory processes, and selected aspects of oncologic imaging. In addition, rapidly developing new techniques utilizing molecular imaging are discussed.Recent FindingsThe article describes nuclear medicine imaging modalities including gamma camera, SPECT, PET, and hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT, PET/CT, and PET/MR) in the context of established and emerging clinical applications. Areas of potential future development in nuclear medicine are discussed with emphasis on molecular imaging and implementation of new targeted tracers used in diagnostics and therapeutics (theranostics).SummaryNuclear medicine and molecular imaging provide many unique and novel options for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary diseases. This article reviews current applications for nuclear medicine and molecular imaging and selected future applications for radiopharmaceuticals and targeted molecular imaging techniques.

Nuclear Medicine from the past to the present: A brief story of its development, key impact areas in current times and its potential for the future

In this review, we briefly outline the journey and development of Nuclear Medicine in the Western world in contrast with its development in India and highlight the key areas where this modality has an impact today and likely to develop in the near future. A special mention of the recent developments in clinical Nuclear Medicine including Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) which form the backbone of personalised medicine is made.

Appraisement of 186/188Re-HEDP, a new compositional radiopharmaceutical

Undoubtedly radionuclide therapy is the next phase of nuclear medicine development. 188Re-HEDP and 186Re-HEDP are therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals which have been used to treat bone metastases. With regard to their complementary features, in this study, as new idea their combined effects have been investigated with preparing the cocktail of 188/186Re-HEDP with radiochemical purity nearly 99%. The 188/186Re-HEDP biodistribution was checked in rats’ tissues up to 72 h. The produced 188/186Re-HEDP properties suggest a new bone palliative radiopharmaceutical to overcome bone metastases.

Future of nuclear medicine- an overview

The development of nuclear medicine has led to an entire subset of extremely effective strategies in diagnosis and disease therapy. The emerging advancements in nuclear medicine are vast and diverse. Nuclear medicine tests and treatments involve the use of small amounts of radioactive material in order to diagnose and determine the severity of a variety of conditions and diseases. Basically, nuclear medicine involves the use of the latest imaging facilities such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography scans and positron emission tomography which will find in many modern medical institutions today. One significant advantage of using nuclear medicine is the ability to make complex medical procedures simpler and safer for patients. With this technology, physicians and medical professionals are able to examine in great detail the most sensitive areas. All examinations can happen without subjecting patients to possibly dangerous and invasive procedures and surgeries. This medical technology has enabled the development of treatment options for patients suffering from serious illnesses, such as cancer either through radiation or chemotherapy. Health care professionals now face many challenges in their profession such as new rules and the latest practices that enable them to learn new skills and new ways of practicing their daily tasks in nuclear medicine areas. As a result, they are confronted with new skills and new ways of practicing in nuclear medicine area every day.