Development Of Neurology Research Articles

The effect of outdoor air pollution on Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

Abstract Air pollution is one of the largest global environmental risks to public health. Over recent years, neuroimaging techniques have started to uncover the detrimental impact air pollution has had on brain health, including the development of Alzheimer’s Diseases (AD). We systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the effects of long-term exposure (months to years) to outdoor air pollutants on the development of AD-like neurology. This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023482979) and followed PRISMA guidelines. Four large databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL) were searched in November 2023 using terms associated with air pollution, neuroimaging, and AD. Only peer-reviewed primary research articles using neuroimaging data to examine AD-like pathology after long-term exposure to air pollutants (Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10), SO2, NO2, O3, and/or CO) were included. Titles, abstracts and full-texts were screened, and included articles were quality assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. A narrative synthesis was conducted to analyse the studies. Our search yielded 397 results, of which eight articles met our inclusion criteria. Articles focused on changes to white matter (n = 5), cortical thickness (n = 6), and grey matter (n = 2). Exposure to PM2.5 was commonly associated with white matter reductions, and PM10 and NO2 exposure was associated with reduced cortical thickness. The effect of exposure to different outdoor pollution on grey matter was inconclusive, with both increases and decreases in grey matter volume observed. This review highlighted how PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 exposure was associated with neurological changes commonly seen in AD. These findings can be used by policymakers and researchers to identify specific pollutants that need greater restrictions and regulations to improve population health. Key messages • PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 exposure are associated with neurological changes commonly seen in AD. • Greater restrictions and regulations are needed on specific pollutants to improve population health.

Integration and development of acupuncture and neurology: interviewing Professor SUN Shentian, Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine

The semi-structured interview was adopted to in-depth interview Professor SUN Shentian, a Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, on the integration and development of acupuncture and neurology. In the interview, we traced the first "ward of acupuncture and neurology" in China, established by Professor SUN Shentian and the origin of his proposal, "transcranial repeated needling stimulation therapy", aiming at advancing the development of acupuncture discipline. Professor SUN Shentian explained that the ward of acupuncture and neurology was established under specific historical conditions, on account of the relationship between acupuncture and nerves and the characteristics of the neurological diseases, as well as the personal practical knowledge and his unique clinical experience. In order to specify the point selection of scalp acupuncture and further expound its mechanism, he innovated "transcranial repeated needling stimulation therapy" that is advantageous at preciser operation, clearer theoretic foundation and better therapeutic effect of scalp acupuncture. Professor SUN Shentian pointed out that the deepening development of acupuncture is firmly based on "inheritance, practice and innovation", and constant exploration practice along with inheriting the experience of predecessors to propel the innovation and development of acupuncture and move towards a new historical stage.

The founder of the Kazan neurological school, Professor L.O. Darkshevich and his influence on the development of neurology and neuromorphology in Yekaterinburg

The article is dedicated to a world-famous scientist, a major clinician, teacher and public figure, one of the founders of the Kazan neurological school, Professor Liverii Osipovich Darkshevich, who occupies a prominent place in the history of Russian medicine. July 17, 2023 marked the 165th anniversary of his birth. Liverii Osipovich was the chairman of the Kazan Society of Doctors and, together with Professor V.M. Bekhterev in 1893 participated in the creation of the society of neuropathologists and psychiatrists in Kazan. On his initiative, in 1901, the “Diary of the Society of Kazan Doctors” was reorganized into the monthly “Kazan Medical Journal”, and Liverii Osipovich became its first editor-in-chief. In Kazan, he organized the first clinic in Russia for people who abuse alcohol, where he often gave popular lectures. The article highlights the main stages of the life and work of Professor L.O. Darkshevich, his significant contribution to the development of neurology and neuromorphology, reflects his professional and personal qualities. The influence of this outstanding doctor and scientist on the development of neurology and neuromorphology in Yekaterinburg has been studied and shown.

Education and training in neurology: developments and future challenges.

Training and education is essential for best practice medicine and is especially important in a rapidly evolving field such as neurology. Due to improved imaging techniques and laboratory testing, there is a better understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases. As a result more treatments have become available. The most important developments in neurology over the last two decades and their effect on training and education are described. In addition, how future training should be aware of the challenges ahead of us is described. This is a narrative review describing developments and challenges based on personal experience and the literature. Due to major developments in radiological and immunological testing, major changes have been seen in different subspecialties of neurology, including but not limited to, the treatment of ischaemic stroke, the development of new entities in the field of demyelinating diseases and auto-immune encephalitis, and diffuse glioma. These developments challenge the education and training in neurology with, ahead of us, technological developments, an aging population, and potentially more superspecialization. Although there are differences in the training curricula between European countries, the developments and future challenges within the field of neurology are very similar. In the development of future curricula it is important to face these developments and challenges and to adapt to them.

Henry Hun and his family: Three foundational stories in the history of nineteenth-century American neurology, Part I. Thomas Hun (1808–1896): Nineteenth-century patriarch, neurophilosopher, and proto-neurologist

ABSTRACT Thomas Hun (1808–1896)—along with his sons Edward (1842–1880) and Henry (1854–1924)—were prime movers in establishing the clinical practice and academic discipline of neurology in the Hudson River Valley of New York in the ninteenth and early-twentieth centuries. This article outlines the life of the family’s semi-aristocratic patriarch, beginning with Thomas’s unusual educational background and his six-year post-graduate hiatus in Paris of the 1830s, where he came under the influence of P. C. A. Louis (1787–1872). It lays out his subsequent career as professor of the Institutes of Medicine and ultimately as dean of an American medical school that was not situated in a major metropolis. It also will demonstrate how Thomas Hun’s career as a medical practitioner, academician, neurophilosopher, and “proto-neurologist” recapitulates the evolution of clinical and academic neurology in nineteenth-century America.

Exploring the Ethical and Technical Data of Machine Consciousness: Hazards, Implications, and Future Directions

The study of machine consciousness has a wide range of potential and problems as it sits at the intersection of ethics, technology, and philosophy. This work explores the deep issues related to the effort to comprehend and maybe induce awareness in machines. Technically, developments in artificial intelligence, neurology, and cognitive science are required to bring about machine awareness. True awareness is still a difficult to achieve objective, despite significant progress being made in creating AI systems that are capable of learning and solving problems. The implications of machine awareness are profound in terms of ethics. Determining a machine's moral standing and rights would be crucial if it were to become sentient. It is necessary to give careful attention to the ethical issues raised by the development of sentient beings, the abuse of sentient machines, and the moral ramifications of turning off sentient technologies. Philosophically, the presence of machine consciousness may cast doubt on our conceptions of identity, consciousness, and the essence of life. It could cause us to reevaluate how we view mankind and our role in the cosmos. It is imperative that machine awareness grow responsibly in light of these challenges. The purpose of this study is to provide light on the present status of research, draw attention to possible hazards and ethical issues, and offer recommendations for safely navigating this emerging subject. We want to steer the evolution of machine consciousness in a way that is both morally just and technologically inventive by promoting an educated and transparent discourse.

Abstract WP72: National Assessment of Trainee and Non-Vascular Neurology Acute Stroke Decision-Making at StrokeNet Regional Coordinating Centers

Background: The impact of acute stroke treatment changes, including development of Vascular Neurology, advances in neuroimaging, and endovascular treatment (EVT), on stroke team trainee utilization and decision-making are unknown. For insight into high-performance teams, we surveyed StrokeNet Regional Coordinating Centers (RCCs). Methods: A confidential, self-administered, pilot-tested survey was distributed to the site PIs of all 27 StrokeNet RCCs. The survey assessed in-person acute stroke response staffing, involvement of trainees, decisional autonomy, and attitudes regarding decision-makers. Absent data fields excluded. Descriptive statistics presented. Results: 18 of 27 RCCs completed the survey (gross response rate 66%). 67% (12/18) reported trainees (Resident and/or Fellow) always respond to ED and inpatient activations and 39% (7/18) that trainees always respond to EVT activations. 44% (7/16) and 27% (4/15) reported Nurse Practioner (NP) and Physician Assistant (PA) involvement in ED stroke responses, respectively. Thrombolytic decision-making authority (prior to attending staffing) rested with Fellows and Residents in 61% (11/18) and 18% (3/17), respectively. No NP or PA independent use was identified (0%). 89% (16/18) reported attending Emergency Physicians did not order thrombolytics prior to stroke team consultation. Apart from Vascular Neurology, which was universally acceptable, acceptability by attending specialty for thrombolytic ordering was: Emer Med (88%), Gen Neurology (75%), Neurosurgery (33%), Fam Med (12%), Int Med (11%) and Radiology (6%). Acceptability for EVT decisions was Neurosurgery (94%), Gen Neurology (59%), Radiology (50%), Emer Med (44%), Fam Med (12%) and Int Med (11%). Conclusions: At StrokeNet RCCs, acute stroke teams have significant trainee involvement in both ED and inpatient acute stroke responses and allow trainees significant autonomy. Stroke team involvement likely occurs early in the ED, as few reported attending emergency physicians ordering thrombolytics prior to consultation. Respondents varied in acceptability of different specialties as decision-makers for both thrombolytics and EVT. These findings have potential workforce, education, and training implications.

Digital medicine in neurological research-Between hype and evidence

The rapid advancement of digital medicine and health technologies in neurology offers both significant potential and challenges. This article outlines fundamental aspects of digital medicine related to neurological research and highlights application examples of digital technologies in neurological research. To provide acomprehensive overview of current digital developments in neurology and their impact on neurological research. In this narrative review articles from various sources and references related to digital medicine and health technologies in neurology were compiled and analyzed. The data presented indicate that digital health technologies and digital therapeutics have the potential to decisively shape neurological care and research; however, it is emphasized that acritical evaluation and evidence-based approach to these technologies are essential to determine their actual value in neurology.

GLIOCYTES OF THE BRAIN: CYTOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES (LECTURE)

The lecture is devoted to modern data on the types and functions of glial cells (gliocytes), which belong to the auxiliary cells of nervous tissue. A detailed description of the following types of gliocytes is given: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells. Previously, it was believed that the cause of the emergence and development of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system is the dysfunction of synapses and neurons. However, the analysis of the scientific literature of recent years allows us to state that a special role in the development of pathological processes of the central nervous system is assigned to the glial system of the brain. The change of this scientific paradigm took place gradually and at this time there is no doubt or active opposition among specialists – neuroscientists of the whole world. It is known that gliocytes are needed not only to support the normal activity of neurons, they provide nutrition and protection of nerve cells against the impact of harmful pathogenic factors. The lecture offers a modern view of the function and role of different types of gliocytes in the nervous system under normal and pathological conditions of the brain. The described research data prove the importance of glial cells in coordinating the functions of neurons and open up opportunities for further research in the field of developing therapeutic (targeted) approaches. Understanding the role of gliocytes in neuropathological processes can help in the development of new treatments for various diseases of the central nervous system. This is important, given the large number of neuroprotective, or rather neuroprotective pharmacological agents and at the same time the absence of specialized pro-astrocytic, pro-oligoglial, pro-ependymar and specific medicinal substances to inhibit the function of microgliocytes. This significantly impedes the practical aspects of the treatment of various neurotraumatic, cerebrovascular and, especially, age-related neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. It should be emphasized the significant contribution of Ukrainian neurocytomorphologists to the development of the foundations of solving this problem, among which are: O.H. Chernyakhivsʹkyy, M.I. Zazybin, A.K. Kolomiytsev, Yu.B. Chaykovsʹkyy, et al. Thus, the research of glial cells and their functions is one of the directions of modern neurobiology and neuroscience, which has great potential for further development of neurology and improvement of treatment of patients with brain diseases.

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria: 80 years.

In June 2023, the Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria (ANP) will complete 80 years of uninterrupted publication. The ANP was envisioned by the students of Professor Enjolras Vampré, founder of the São Paulo neurological school, who died prematurely.[1] The first edition of the ANP was in June 1943 and was presented by Professors Aderbal Tolosa (professor of Neurology at the University of São Paulo Medical School –USP), and Paulino Longo, (professor of Neurology at the Paulista School of Medicine – currently UNIFESP).[2] Dr. Oswaldo Lange (professor of Neurological Clinics at the University of São Paulo Medical School) was appointed editor-in-chief of the journal. Lange continued this noble work with mastery and dedication until 1986.[1] [3] [4] From 1987 to 2010, the editor-in-chief of ANP was Professor Antonio Spina-França, who was dedicated to making the ANP the leading journal of neurology in Latin America.[1] [3] [4] He was succeeded by his colleagues Professors Luís dos Ramos Machado and José Antonio Livramento, both from the Hospital das Clínicas at the University of São Paulo. They served as the editors-in-chief of the ANP between 2010 and 2017 with great harmony and dedication.[1] [3] [4] The editors chosen in 2018 were Professor Paulo Caramelli (full professor of Neurology at the University of Minas Gerais) and Hélio A. Ghizoni Teive (currently full professor of Neurology at the Federal University of Paraná).[1] [3] [4] This year, Professor Ayrton Massaro (Neurologist at the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, in São Paulo) replaced Professor Paulo Caramelli as editor-in-chief of the ANP. Demonstrating the great scientific evolution of Brazilian neurology in recent years, the ANP, the official journal of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (BAN), has achieved an exponential increase in its impact factor, reaching 2.035.[5] This unprecedented achievement encourages even more its editors-in-chief, as well as all of its associated editors and the Brazilian neurological community, with the support of the BAN, to improve the scientific level of the journal, with the primary objective of reaching levels of excellence in the Latin American and world context of neurosciences.[5] This year, 2023, as current and past editors-in-chief of ANP, we are organizing a major scientific event to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Journal, as well as the publication of a special issue of the ANP, with a series of scientific articles, covering topics of great interest in different subspecialties of neurology.

A modern history of neurosurgery and neurology in India: lessons for the world.

The compendia of medical knowledge of the great ancient Indian physicians Suśruta, Caraka, Jīvaka, and Vāgbhaṭa all attest to the practice of neurosurgery and neurology starting in the 1st millennium bce. Although a period of scientific stagnation ensued between the 12th and 20th centuries ce, Indian medical neurosciences once again flourished after India's independence from British rule in 1947. The pioneers of modern Indian neurosurgery, neurology, and their ancillary fields made numerous scientific and clinical discoveries, advancements, and innovations that proved influential on a global scale. Most importantly, the efforts of Indian neurosurgeons and neurologists were unified at the national level through the Neurological Society of India, which was established in 1951 and enabled an unprecedented degree of collaboration within the aforementioned medical specialties. The growth and success of the Indian model bears several lessons that can be applied to other nations in order to garner better collaboration among neurosurgeons, neurologists, and physicians in related fields. Here, the authors elaborate on the origins, growth, and development of neurosurgery and neurology in India and discuss their current state in order to glean valuable lessons on interdisciplinary collaboration, which forms the basis of the authors' proposal for the continued growth of societies dedicated to medical neurosciences across the world.

Autonomous Neurology within the University Hospital of LMU at 50 years

Establishment of the Chair of Neurology at the University of Munich in 1971 as well as the opening of the Neurology Department at the newly built Großhadern campus (1974) provide an occasion to review the 50 years that have passed since. Further, the early history of Munich neurology is described, with its slow pace of separation (in comparison to e.g. Heidelberg, Frankfurt and Hamburg) from the parent disciplines, psychiatry and internal medicine. In Munich, they were long shaped by psychiatrists such as Bernhard von Gudden, Emil Kraepelin, Kurt Kolle and Hanns Hippius and by Friedrich von Müller and, in particular, by Gustav Bodechtel in internal medicine.Once independent, further development of neurology in Munich was characterized by fast-paced, almost revolutionary changes in neuroimaging, electrophysiology, sonography, and engineering as well as in basic neuroscience, neurogenetics included. The new department thrived under the leadership of Adolf Schrader (from 1971), Thomas Brandt (from 1984) and Marianne Dieterich (from 2008) who enjoyed the support of an ever-increasing specialised clinical-scientific staff.Evidence-based treatment of neurological disorders became the overarching and internationally visible focus of Munich neurology, with respect to both practical implementation and to research. The exemplary diseases and syndromes of multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, movement disorders, dizziness and disorders of balance and gait as well as diseases of the musculature and peripheral nerves are cared for not only within the inpatient and outpatient sections of the Neurology Department but also by units such as the Friedrich Baur Institute (FBI), the German Dizziness and Balance Centre (DSGZ), the Institutes for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD) and for Clinical Neuroimmunology as well as in the interdisciplinary Department of Palliative Care.

Multiparametric Ultrasound Examinations in the Diagnosis of Intraventricular Cerebral Hemorrhages in Children

Intraventricular cerebral hemorrhages in children in the structure of pediatric morbidity in Uzbekistan account for about 8-15% of newborns (Statistical materials on the activities of healthcare institutions of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017). For the further development of perinatal neurology, it is necessary to search for new objective methods for assessing the functional and structural state of the brain. Topical diagnostics is possible with the help of radiation research methods. The present work was based on the results of a neurosonographic examination of 90 sick children with VVC. All patients underwent brain ultrasound using standard and polypositional neurosonography (stNSG and pNSG) techniques. All children in the hospital population had an increased risk of developing VVC. The ratio of newborns and children aged 1-12 months of life was approximately the same (52.5 and 47.5%), boys significantly prevailed (71.2%). More than half of the children (61.8%) were born from natural childbirth in the head presentation. In 15 children with grade II VVC, the CNS depression syndrome is more pronounced. There may be a disorder of consciousness, sopor, and in more severe cases – coma, 4 children have anomalies of pupillary reactions, 7 children oculomotor disorders were often combined with bulbar disorders (violation of sucking, swallowing, pathology of breathing and cardiac activity.) Differences with the comparison group were significant only in relation to the frequency of convulsive syndrome in 5 children.

Two faces of the teacher: Comparing editions of Charcot’s Leçons du mardi

ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot, renowned teacher and clinical neurologist of the nineteenth century, held a unique set of impromptu “show and tell” case presentations that were transcribed as professor–patient dialogues. These lessons, known as the Leçons du mardi, were hand transcribed by his students and published as a limited-edition lithograph in 1887–1888, but reprinted for wider circulation with modifications in 1892, one year before Charcot died. This study highlights several important differences between the two versions of the work, with interpretative commentary on the importance of studying them side by side to more completely understand Charcot, his career, and the development of early clinical neurology.

Становлення та розвиток неврології в Києві

Стаття присвячена історичним фактам на шляху становлення та розвитку неврології у Києві. Автором були опрацьовані фонди Київського міського архіву, Київського державного архіву вищих органів влади та архівів ряду медичних установ міста. Наведений аналіз історичних подій, фактів дозволяє дослідити в хронологічному порядку становлення та розвиток неврології в місті Києві.

Historical aspects of the study of dementia

Currently, life expectancy is increasing every year, and with it the diseases that are characteristic of the elderly. Dementia is one such condition. According to statistics, there are 9 people with dementia per 100 healthy people aged 60 and over. However, it is important to understand that dementia can also be viewed in a historical context. Over time, ideas about this condition, approaches to its management, as well as the attitude of society towards patients with dementia have changed. The article describes the history of the study of dementia, which went along with the development of medicine, anatomy, neurology and psychiatry. In different historical periods, people's understanding of the mechanisms of development, etiology and pathogenesis of this condition has changed. Ethics and deontology gradually developed, which undoubtedly played an important role in improving the life of not only patients with dementia, but also the relationship between the doctor and the patient as a whole. The main stages in the study of dementia have become the basis for the modern understanding of this condition.

46th Annual Conference of the German Neuropaediatric Society (GNP) and 17th GNP Training Course Academy

After the long break in 2020 due to the pandemic we were pleased to once again offer not only a professional exchange on the latest developments in child neurology but also social networking opportunities at this year's Annual GNP Conference in Salzburg from 5 to November 7, 2021. In early 2020 we were eagerly putting the finishing touches on the planned 46th Annual GNP Conference in Dornbirn, when the developments of the pandemic forced us to cancel the meeting. According to the motto “Turning the crisis into an opportunity”, the 46th Annual GNP Conference and GNP Training Course Academy were therefore also designed as hybrid events to avoid having to completely cancel everything again in these uncertain times.

46th Annual Conference of the German Neuropediatric Society (GNP) and 17th GNP Training Course Academy.

After the long break in 2020 due to the pandemic, we are pleased to once again offer not only a professional exchange on the latest developments in child neurology but also social networking opportunities at this year's Annual German Neuropediatric Society (GNP) Conference in Salzburg from November 5 to 7, 2021. In early 2020, we were eagerly putting the finishing touches on the planned 46th Annual GNP Conference in Dornbirn, when the developments of the pandemic forced us to cancel the meeting. Over the last year, we all had to show a lot of flexibility in our everyday lives, and we learned to appreciate the possibilities of virtual participation. According to the motto “Turning the crisis into an opportunity,” the 46th Annual GNP Conference and 17th GNP Training Course Academy were therefore also designed as hybrid events to avoid having to completely cancel everything again in these uncertain times. In Salzburg, the three main tracks of the scientific program will be livestreamed so that the planned topics can reach a large virtual audience. Moving the originally planned venue from Dornbirn to Salzburg is to help create an incentive for attending in person. Unfortunately, the GNP's popular “Skills Lab” with its practical training has fallen victim to the pandemic again this year due to the necessary safety concept.

Role of the all-union institute of experimental medicine in the development of neurology in the Soviet Russia

Since 1930, on the initiative of the writer Maxim Gorky, idea of the director of the Iinstitute of experimental Medicine in Leningrad L.N.Fyodorov was being worked out on organization of All-Union Institute for comprehensive study of man. By decree of Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated October 15, 1932 “On the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine in Moscow.”

Clinical Histories Animate Muybridge and Dercum's Original Photographic Study of Neurologic Gait.

In 1885, while working at the University of Pennsylvania, Eadweard Muybridge and Francis Dercum used nascent photographic technology to perform the first-ever motion picture study of neurologic patients. To date, our clinical understanding of the Muybridge-Dercum project has been limited to those clinical details included in a handful of contemporaneous publications by Dercum et al. In this study, recently rediscovered clinical notebooks from the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania's Dispensary for Nervous Diseases were reviewed and found to contain the original clinical records of 9 of Muybridge and Dercum's photographic subjects. These records add new clinical insights into our understanding of this historic photographic study and revive the zeitgeist of a foundational period in the development of neurology as a medical subspecialty in the United States.