Development Of National Literature Research Articles

FOLKLORE BASES OF ALASH LITERATURE

The object of the study in this article was to consider the influence of folklore on the development of new Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century. The formation of new Kazakh literature fell on a difficult period of change and upheaval. A significant part of the works of the national intelligentsia was associated with the development of national literature, literary criticism and folklore studies. In particular, the myth of Alash was laid in the political platform of the Alash movement. At the same time, not to mention their initial research of Alash figures in folklore, their use in folklore literature as a source material in the development of the plot of the work, the creation of character images is studied, it was used in making ideological decisions and also as an ideological means of influencing the masses, which are compared with the work of writers of the Soviet direction. The works of an outstanding representative of national literature, the writer of Alash - M. Zhumabayev were used as analytical material. Attention is drawn to his use of folklore material in his work. What spiritual values did he adhere to and popularize them using folklore heritage for artistic purposes. During the study, attention is drawn to the trends in the use of folklore in other areas of literature. The main attention is paid to the issues of the place of folklore material in the continuity of traditions and the popularization of the idea of independence, its use in expressing the author's position, on the basis of which the results are revealed and the corresponding conclusions are made on the study.

I Всесоюзный съезд советских писателей в истории коми литературы

the article is devoted to the problem of the formation and functioning of the Komi writers’ organization in the period 1920–50s. A significant stage in its history is the holding of the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers (Moscow, 1934) and the participation of the Komi delegation in it. The article examines the forms and degree of influence of the results of the congress on the work of the Komi Writers’ Union, the development of national literature and journalism. Objective: determination of the main trends in the development of the Komi literary process as a result of the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. Research materials: archive documents, articles in periodical press, verbatim report of the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers. Results and novelty of the research: the delegates to the I All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers with the casting vote from the Komi Writers Union were M. P. Doronin and V. T. Chistalev. The article is the first to study in detail the fact of their participation in this event. It has been established that the event influenced the further work of the Komi Writers Union and the process of development of literature. It is concluded that the results of the congress of the Communist Party of Bolsheviks, as well as establishing external literary connections, attracting writers’ attention to national folklore, and organizing work with novice authors.

ПЕРІОДО-ОРІЄНТОВАНА РЕТРАНСЛЯЦІЯ: ЗМІНИ В МАКРОСТРАТЕГІЇ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ УКРАЇНОМОВНОЇ ПРОЗИ, НАПИСАНОЇ МІЖ 1918 І 1939 РОКАМИ

Tendencies in the macrostrategies (domestication and foreignization) concerning translation receive signifi cant attention from the translation studies scholars. A common assumption is that domestication typically precedes all forms of foreignization during the translation of the same literary texts. The main goal of this article is to analyze theoretical material regarding this topic and off er an analysis of the outlined assumption from the standpoint of English translations of Ukrainian prose aimed at the 1918–1939 period. The analysis of the theoretical and practical materials allows proclaiming that the assumptions regarding the transition from domestication to foreignization with the development of national literature are incorrect. Instead, translation macrostrategies change on the basis of objective factors such as ideology. More importantly, they are visible in the case of diverging prose texts with similar ideological topics. Key words: macrostrategy, censorship, retranslation, culture, domestication, foreignization.

Лъэпкъ сабий литературэр зэрызэфIэувар, абы и нэщэнэ нэхъыщхьэхэр

This article examines the historical and cultural stages of the development of Kabardino-Circassian children’s literature. The main attention is paid to the inseparable connection of educa-tion and upbringing of children. The work focuses on the fact that children’s literature is a part of fiction, with its own characteristics arising from its educational and academic tasks: it enriches young readers’ understanding of the past and present of their people, helps to assimilate high mor-al principles, reveals the beauty of a man’s feat in the name of the Motherland. The study of the evolutionary development of children’s literature is dictated by the requirements of deep scien-tific coverage of literary process and tasks of further development of national literature. The rele-vance of the research is determined by the insufficient study of children’s literature, the need to fill the existing gap in modern Adyghe literary studies. This article also defines the term “chil-dren’s literature”, provides views of Russian and foreign scientists, examines the first works in the Adyghe language of Circassian educators. During the study, a set of scientific methods was ap-plied, including comparative-historical, description, literary analysis. The results obtained can be used in further research of the history of Adyghe (Kabardino-Circassian) children’s literature, as well as the development of special courses and research in the field of national philology.

THE STUDY OF THE WORK OF THE GREAT GOETHE IN UZBEKISTAN (BASED ON THE TRANSLATION OF “FAUST” BY GOETHE INTO UZBEK)

The productive value of a literary work depends on its functioning; it is included in the context of social, cultural and literary factors of the world, reflects socio-cultural landmarks. The development of national literatures itself is impossible without interconnection with other literatures, mutual influence and mutual enrichment. The best works of outstanding representatives of German literature - Goethe, Schiller, Heine, Becher, Brecht, Brelyd, and Zweig - were translated into many languages of the world, including Uzbek translators. The traditions of organizing such events were formed back in the 60s and 70s of the last century. In the 70s, attempts were made to translate the works of Goethe. The writer M. Shaikhzade first acquaints the Uzbek reader with the work of Goethe “Southwest Divan”. In 1972-1974, the talented Uzbek poet and translator Erkin Vakhidov translated “Faust”, which became a sensation in the literary life of Uzbekistan and contributed to the popularization of Goethe's legacy in Uzbekistan. The translation of the sentimental novel “The Suffering of Young Werther” into Uzbek by the Uzbek translator Yanglish Egamova in 1975 opened a new page in the history of the Uzbek translation school. The genius of the German poet Goethe is vividly embodied in his famous tragedy “Faust”. “Faust” is a deeply philosophical work about man's eternal striving for good, about the bright dream of people about happiness and love. This is the pinnacle of his creativity. There are several options for translating this work. One of the best, in our opinion, should be considered the translation of Erkin Vakhidov (1972 - 1974). In 1975, the Uzbek reader had the opportunity to read the story “The Suffering of Young Werther” in their native language, which was translated by Yanglish Egamova directly from the German original. The undoubted merit of the translators was the development and improvement of the translation business in Uzbekistan.

Genre-thematic features of a fiction-documentary story in the adyghe (adyghe, kabardian, and circassian) literatures

The study of the moral, aesthetic, spiritual, historical, and cultural characteristics in any nation through the analysis of national fiction is an essential method to understand modern society since reality is the object of its representation. Therefore, in this presented article, attempts are made to identify the peculiarities of the worldview of a modern artist, stable models for constructing a fictional documentary text, and the variety of authentic and conventional imagery in the genre of the story.It should be emphasized that this genre recreates a holistic picture of the ethnocultural development of the Adyghe peoples (Adyghe, Kabardians, Circassians), reflecting their spiritual heritage, which makes it possible to take a worthy place in the literary process of the 20th century. The relevance of the research is determined by its innovative nature associated with the analysis of unexplored works of the Adyghe literature. According to the study results, it was concluded that the study of the tendency in the development of national literature from the point of view of borrowing aesthetic experience, structural models, motives, images, artistic and visual means, and methods of oral folk art, it also has features that bring them closer to the documentary prose of the literature North Caucasus folks. The results obtained have theoretical significance for the further coverage of national literature. They can provide significant practical guidance during the research of the historical dynamics of national literature in the context of interaction with the literature of other ethnic groups of the Russian Federation and in the preparation of special courses in universities and colleges.

Russophone literature

According to the papers of late 20th and early 21st centuries devoted to the belles-lettres written in Russian, a term “Russian literature” or “Russian-language literature” is used along with another term “Russophone literature.” The different understandings of the word “Russophonia” are presented, the views of scientists on the spatial and temporal boundaries of this phenomenon are studied. Additionally, the author provides and analyzes various classifications that allow the users to determine the text corpus attributable to the Russophone literature, as well as the place of this literature in the modern literary process. Based on the study of relevant works by both domestic and foreign scientists, it was concluded that the term of Russophonia dated back to the times of the Russian Empire's colonial expansion in Central Asia and the Caucasus. The development of national literatures and the ideology of people's friendship during the Soviet period, the collapse of the Soviet Union (when people living in one state became the citizens of different countries) contributed to the development and widespread dissemination of Russophonia. This phenomenon, as well as the Russophone literature, is not limited to the geographical boundaries of the states. It can be also assumed that the “Russophone literature” is fairly synonymous with the expression “Russian-language literature.” Still, the use of the “Russophone literature” is considered to be the most suitable and reasonable in relation to the modern Russian-language literature since, according to a number of researchers, it has no ethnical, political and geographical correlation. It is more neutral and harmonious (for example, when translated into English).

A Modern Buryat Author as a Translator of National Character

Modern Buryat literature written in Russian still preserves the natural-historical boundaries of the writer’s ethnic nature. In the process of globalization, the problem of national character has become of particular interest, because the establishment of standard universal norms of human behavior gradually leads to the loss and blurring of the boundaries of national individuality, the uniqueness of one’s own culture. The diversity of Russian reality is especially interesting in the work of the author of the Buryat ethnicity, as the special approach and psychology of his own nationality is transmitted. Relevant for the present is the designation of a crisis situation for modern literature, including Buryat literature, since the process of unification of the national principle leads to the loss of ethnic self-consciousness and national self-identification. The main goal of the study is to identify and describe the main ways of creating the national character in modern Buryat prose in Russian. The hypothesis of the study is that the national character exists and can realize its properties as an intermediary between society and the manifestation of the ethnic unconscious, which contributes to the preservation of the identity of the nation in the conditions of globalization processes. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the definition of techniques and methods for the translation of the national character by the author. Cultural-historical and comparative-typological analysis were used as research methods. According to the results of the work, a whole complex of means and methods of the author’s transfer of national identity in the works of modern Buryat national prose has been identified, motives, cultural code and architectonic lines of the works have been considered. Literary searches for a solution to the problem of national character in the prose of writers, representatives of Siberian ethnic groups, are of great interest to literary researchers. Therefore, we see the prospects for further study of the problem in a more detailed study of the manifestation of the national character in modern Buryat prose, which will make it possible to more clearly see the vector of development of national literatures in the aspect of preserving a sense of the national.

Зарубіжна / світова література: проблема номінативного визначення

The terminological load of the phrase “foreign / world literature” is outlined. The attention is focused on the semantic, cultural-historical, epistemological features of this concept. Literature as a verbal art, being formed since the time of oral folk creativity, reflects the corresponding established canon in the national expression, accordingly, the dynamics of the world literary process. It is emphasized that the development of national literatures had strengthened the nature of explicit-implicit literary relationships. It contributed to the formation of new genres, artistic tastes, as well as to the expansion of the recipient`s worldview, and, accordingly, literary concepts. Controversial interpretations of Goethe’s term “Weltliteratur” are considered: supporters who perceived literature as one general world synthesis (F. Moretti) and scientists who predicted the collapse of the views of the German classics (E. Auerbach). The scientific discourse of the 20th century is assumed. Diverse interpretations of the “world literature” paradigm is understood as a collection of all works from antiquity to modern times; an anthology of the best literary texts (a kind of canonization); as a high-quality cultural and intellectual mutual enrichment. The significant contribution to the formation of the “world / foreign literature” paradigm of comparative studies and sociocultural research is emphasized (the works of P. Sorokin, O. Biletsky, L. Gumilyov, G. Gachev, D. Dyuryshin, A. Volkov of the Chernivtsi TPI School). Outlining the term world / foreign literature in the general literary process, the modern concepts of Western literary critics (E. Auerbach, P. Casanova, K. Prado and T. Samuayo, F. Moretti, D. Damrosch, R. Thomsen, J. David, N. Esenlilioglu, S. Uhliga and C. Zhang) are assumed. It is concluded that the diversity of the interpretation of the term “world / universal / foreign” literature directly depends on the historical, cultural and epistemological approaches to considering this issue; however, for all researchers there are common criteria for the nominative definition of the given paradigm – comprehensiveness, canons of a certain method, anthropological value, and participation in globalization processes.

The Style of the 18th Century German Poetry Book

The article considers a question mainly unexplored — the history of German book art of the 18th century. There are outlined the main trends in the evolution of German books and highlighted their stylistic varieties. The “archaic” style, inherited from the 17th century, has its characteristic disharmony, rough types, and eclectic ornamenting. It remains relevant until the 1770s. From the 1730s, a style called here the “Leipzig classic” strives to overcome the limitations of the archaic. Its development is related to the partnership of the poet J.C. Gottsched and the publisher B.K. Breitkopf, and to the short period in German literature when classical standards prevailed. Probably, the Leipzig publishers’ practice directly affected the Russian book style of the third quarter of 18th century. In the 1750s, the literary program of the writer J.J. Bodmer and the circle of Zurich writers, opponents of J.C. Gottsched, fused with the publishing program associated with an attempt of some fundamental reforms. Bodmer himself, and later the poet Salomon Gessner, were co-owners of the largest Zurich publishing company. Through that, the original “Zurich” style appeared, heralding the future book “empire” style. Its most characteristic features are the Roman-faced type instead of the Gothic type and the lack of ornamentation. The end of the century typography is marked by some further evolution of the “Leipzig classic” style, the Gothic type standardization, and later the Roman-faced type standardization as well (“Walbaum” type). Consequently, German books of the 18th century represent a complex and uneven evolution, with huge regional differences and directly or indirectly related to the development of national literature, which is a phenomenon that cannot be observed in other European countries.

On The Question Of The History Formation Of Uzbek-German Literary And Cultural Relations (1960-1975)

The productive value of a literary work depends on its functioning. The very development of national literatures is impossible without interrelationships with other literatures, mutual influence and mutual redemption, the study of interethnic literary contacts has acquired special significance and relevance. Literary ties between Uzbekistan and Germany have their own history and interesting facets of modern interaction. German fiction is well known in Uzbekistan. The interaction and relationship of literatures are associated with the cultural and economic interaction of peoples.

Drip the role and importance of tradition in literary succession (on the example of the work of abdullaqahhor)

The centuries-old vast and inexhaustible treasure trove of Uzbek literature has served as a basis for the emergence of the artistic potential of countless famous prose writers, playwrights and poets. In this article, the relationship of inheritance and tradition in fiction, the role of national and world literary experience in the development of Uzbek literature, traditions and innovations, literary communication and literary influence, creative use of traditions in the development of national literature, literary imitation and the artistic and aesthetic laws that apply in the process of renewal are revealed in the work of Abdulla Qahhor. The article is intended for philologists dealing with various issues offiction and a wide range of readers interested in art.

КОНТРАСТИВЫ КАК ОСОБЕННОСТЬ КАРАЧАЕВО-БАЛКАРСКОЙ ПРОЗЫ ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XX ВЕКА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТВОРЧЕСТВА С. ХОЧУЕВА)

The article is devoted to one of the stable parameters of the aesthetic thinking of the Karachai-Balkarian people - the desire for absolute statues of what is described in literary texts. Using the example of S. Khochuev's creativity, the process of axiological identification of the heroes of Karachai-Balkarian prose at the initial stage of its development is considered and a conclusion is drawn about the extremely stable nature of the modal definitions of national writers. This situation is explained by the obvious continuity: the standards of epic positioning of heroes of solar and chthonic origin in folklore remained in demand at the initial stages of the development of national literature, which developed during this period due to the understanding of problems of a class-ideological nature and needed systems of clear distinction and identification of heroes.

ABOUT THE CREATIVE WAY AND THE ARTISTIC PHENOMENON UZBEK POET AZAM UKTAM

In the article deals with of the novel Azam Uktam is considered thequestion about the contribution of the writer in development of national literature.

FEATURES OF POEMS-SONGS OF THE UDMURT POET AIVO IVI

This article discusses the features of the functioning of the song genre in the creative practice of Aivo Ivi. The appeal of the Udmurt poets of the beginning of the XX century to the creation of literary songs, which were alterations, imitations, re-singing and stylization of folk songs, was a common phenomenon and played a positive role in the development of national literature. In this work, on the example of Aivo Ivi's creativity, the characteristic features of the poems-songs created by him are revealed. It is determined that his texts represent improvisation of folk songs with preservation of traditional plots, complicated by signs of time. In some cases, the popular melody of Russian songs was attracted by the Udmurt poet to "service" his compositions. In building the text on the basis of a simple plot line, the calculation for the ease of perception of information by the reader is obvious. It is established that the author's songs of Ivo Ivy went beyond the book existence. It is summarized that the song texts created by him as a whole were formed under the influence of socio-cultural trends and the previous song-poetic tradition. The "folk" form of poems, their adaptation to the tunes understandable to the illiterate population allowed the poet to realize ideological and educational meanings, were a way of creative self-realization, introducing the reader to the artistic word.

Наедине со всеми: художественный мир лесного ненца Юрия Вэллы

Creative work of the Nenets poet Yuri Vella occupies a special place in the literary community of the peoples of Russia. On the one hand, it fits into the main paradigms of the development of national literatures at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries (rapid increase of the dominance of the Russian language in the ethnohumanitarian environment; urbanistic motivic and figurative cluster; the relevance of the environmental topics; representative value of social narratives; a high level of ethnographic writing, etc.). On the other hand, Vella’s poems highlight one of the possible trajectories of the poetic traditions of the peoples of Russia in the near future (increased significance of the free verse; increased attention to ethnolinguistic “ornamentation” of texts; expansion of the visual component in the structure of the book; coexistence of different languages under one cover). The life and poetry of Yuri Vella confirm that the most important catalyst for the development of national literature is the author’s own active and creative personality. At the same time, the study of Yuri Vella’s work has interest in the context of broader studies of the national literature of the peoples of the Far North and its current state.

СТАНОВЛЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ ФУНКЦІЙ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ СЕРЕДНЬОВІЧНОЇ ПІРЕНЕЙСЬКОЇ РОМАНІЇ

The article focuses on the development of national literature in the process of historical evolution of society and its language, historical relations with other cultures which have some influence on the general literary activity in Medieval Iberian Romania. It was singled out the dominating role of epics as the main genre in the majority of occidental and oriental literatures, which confirms the importance of moral and political meaning of military honor which grew to the scale of the ideal of the epoch. It was stated the significant role of borrowed genres, plots, topics, motives from the polyphonic multinational literary repertoire in the formation of the national contents of poetical and prose works of the epoch of foundation of the national language and literature of Iberian Romania. The cultural phenomenon of the use of Galician Portuguese in poetry was highlighted. The tradition confirmed the lyrical function of Galician Portuguese in poetry and the King of Leon and Castile supported this tradition on the condition of the absence of general national language of Medieval Spain. The high prestige of Galician lyrics was transformed into the language itself which had special poetical internal feature. Bright and complicated phenomenon in Medieval culture of Spain is Arabian-Spanish (Andalusia) poetry of the VIII-XV centuries. It appeared as a result of transference of mighty oriental Arabian (Syrian) tradition onto the Iberian Peninsula. The bearers of the tradition were Muslim Arabs who settled down in Spain after its conquest. The unique historical situation made Iberian Peninsula the arena of interaction of occidental and oriental civilizations. The external impulses made influence on literary life of Medieval Spain, constantly developing the people’s literary imagination, although not destroying but reinforcing the unique character of the national culture.

Вершини української лірики: вірші П. Тичини – І. Драча – Ю. Іздрика

In the article analyzing the impact of major historical events and activities of prominent personalities of the century (1918–2018) on the development of national literature, and the main attention to Ukrainian literature. Considering books of poems by such unique writers as P. Tychyna, I. Drach and Yu. Izdryk in the context of the world literary process, the author notes the depth of the national tradition of the poem, equally they have the tendency to romanticize both political events and social processes. Accession to independence was the impetus to the development of a national culture in countries that had previously been a part of the empire or were dependent on the interaction with certain countries. The evolution of the concept of independence, which for 100 years has significantly expanded its meaning, is also seen in the analyzed collections: “Solar clarinets” (1918), “To the origins” (1968), “Lazy and tender” (2018). The theme of inner freedom, without which outer freedom is an illusion, highlights the mentioned collections among other works by contemporaries of P. Tychyna, I. Drach and Yu. Izdryk. For the effectiveness of the analysis, theories of aesthetes-intuitionists were used: H. Bergson, B. Croce, and H. Read, which open up new ways of understanding fiction.