Moral Judgment Development Research Articles

The development of intent-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity: A cross-cultural study

The current study aimed to investigate the cultural differences in the developmental origins of children’s intent-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity. To this end, we compared how German and Chinese children interpret and react to antisocial and prosocial interactions between puppets. An actor puppet performed either a positive or negative act toward a prosocial or antisocial target puppet with the intention to cause harm or not; 197 three and five-year-old children participated as a third party and were asked to judge the actor puppet’s behavior and to distribute stickers. Results showed that 3-year-old Chinese children were able to take intention and context into account when making moral judgments and distributing resources, whereas German children did not show sensitivity to intention until the age of 5. These findings suggest that culture may mediate children’s intent-based moral judgment and moral behavior in the context of indirect reciprocity.

Modelos de educación moral y víctimas

Ya desde la antigüedad griega se han formulado propuestas para la educación moral. Llama la atención que, a pesar de su pluralidad y del tiempo transcurrido, las víctimas no hayan tenido cabida significativa en ellas. Esto, además de alimentar una injusticia por implicar no reconocimiento de sus derechos, ha supuesto una merma grave en la calidad de dicha educación. En este trabajo se afronta tal carencia indagando cómo quedan transformados los modelos educativos hoy relevantes cuando se hace centralmente presentes a las víctimas en los diseños formativos de cada uno de ellos. Se tienen en consideración concretamente los enfoques clásicos de la formación del carácter y el desarrollo del juicio moral, y los más recientes de la relación de cuidado y la alteridad. Siempre con el horizonte de lograr una educación moral fundada y sólida que se sustenta en la recepción del impacto de las víctimas y acoge sus derechos.Recibido: 24 enero 2020Aceptado: 08 abril 2020Publicación en línea: Artículos en Prensa 07 abril 2020; Núm. 5 (2020) 26 junio 2020

Association Between Severity of Adolescents’ Peer Problems and Moral Judgment Development

Previous studies supported that adolescents’ moral judgment decreases as their peer problems increase in severity. The objective of the present research was to examine peer problems as a predictor of adolescents’ moral judgment development based upon Jessor’s problem behavior theory and Gibbs moral development theory. It was hypothesized that moral judgment increases with growing age and thus, older adolescents are expected to be at higher stages of moral judgment development than younger adolescents. It was also assumed that adolescents with severe peer problems will be at lower level of moral judgment development than their counterparts. The younger adolescents (n = 140; M = 13.1 year) and older adolescents (n = 147; M = 19 year) were compared on measures of Index of Peer Relations and Padua Moral Judgment Scale. The findings showed that adolescents’ moral judgment development declined with an increase in peer problems, particularly during late adolescence. Adolescents who reported having moderate and severe peer problems had lower level of moral judgment development than those with no and mild peer problems. Findings provided guideline for future researchers and practitioners.

Conceptual continuity in the development of intent-based moral judgment

When asked to say whether an agent is morally good or bad, younger preschoolers tend to rely more on the outcomes of agents’ actions than on agents’ intentions, whereas older children show the opposite bias. Children aged 3 to 5 years were examined with a novel task that facilitated the selection and expression of response by means of response generation training. In two experiments, we found that 3-year-olds succeeded in generating intent-based judgments when the task was simplified, whereas older preschoolers succeeded also without the help of response generation training. Results are inconsistent with views positing a conceptual change occurring in the moral domain at about 4 years of age and provide support for alternative accounts positing conceptual continuity.

The Development of Moral and Social Judgments: Social Contexts and Processes of Coordination

The research presented in this essay is grounded in Social Domain Theory. Research provides substantial evidence that children’s social development is characterized by the formation of distinctly different systems of thought, including those in the moral, social-conventional, and personal domains. A main focus here is on morality, defined as involving understandings of welfare, justice, and rights, which are applied across societal contexts. Social conventions are uniformities within social systems, serving to provide uniform expectations. The domains constitute different configurations of thinking and developmental changes occur within each domain. However, decisions in social situational contexts often involve coordination, which is a process of weighing and balancing different and sometimes conflicting considerations. Such social contexts can include conflicts between different moral goals or between moral and societal goals. Processes of coordination are examined in social psychological experiments, as well as developmental studies of topics like honesty, rights, and social inclusion. Coordination is also considered in people’s perspectives on cultural practices of unfairness and inequality. Psychological research in patriarchal societies shows that females, who are subjected to inequalities evaluate those cultural practices as unfair. Anthropological research documents that females engage in acts of opposition and moral resistance regarding perceived unfair cultural practices.

Accounting Student’s Moral Judgment and Integrated Cultural Religious-Based Ethics Concept

Research aims : Despite its widely recognized importance, there is a lack of today's business ethics education regarding the method used for teaching ethics to college students. The conventional business ethics courses are criticized for applying learning approaches limited to the abstract, impersonal moral logic of secular ethics that is less natural, meaningful, and motivating, which cannot have a significant and lasting impact on the moral judgment of its graduates. This current study addresses the issue by investigating the effect of integrating cultural and religious-based ethics concept, named Tri Kaya Parisudha (the Three Holy Deeds—think good, speak good, and do good) into ethical training toward moral judgment development of accounting students. Design/Methodology/Approach : Data were collected from 46 accounting undergraduate students of a large public university in Bali Province of Indonesia by conducting Pre-test-Post-test Control Group experimental design. Research findings : The results showed that participants who were receiving ethical training integrate with the Tri Kaya Parisudha concept (treatment group) exhibited higher moral judgment development (that is, have significantly higher DIT p-score) than those who did not (control group). Besides, there was evidence of a statistically significant increasing DIT p-score in the treatment group from pre to post-test, but not in the control group. Theoretical contribution/Originality : This research contributes to the development of academic studies on Tri Kaya Parisudha and its integration to ethical learning on the development of students’ morality. Practitioner/Policy implication : The results of this study indicate the importance of integrating the value of local wisdom and religiosity values into ethical learning at universities to improve students’ morality. Research limitation/Implication : Although this study found that ethical education at the college level will be more effective if the aspect of religiosity is included within the education process, there are some limitations of this study. First, this study used an experimental method using cases that did not reflect the actual condition and have not been sufficiently related to ethical cases occurring in the business world. Secondly, this study has not been able to fully capture the influence of Tri Kaya Parisudha on students’ behavior. Thirdly, this research did not consider another demographic variable that could affect students’ moral judgment.

Lawrence Kohlberg y la psicología moral: trayectoria y variaciones conceptuales

Lawrence Kohlberg fue un pionero en el estudio del desarrollo del juicio moral, de las acciones de responsabilidad, de las apreciaciones de justicia, de la solidaridad y del compromiso con los otros. Su trayectoria, sin embargo, estuvo marcada por múltiples giros y reconceptualizaciones. En este artículo presentamos algunas de estas variaciones asociadas a la descripción y caracterización de los estadios y comprensiones de lo moral en los sujetos en desarrollo. Se abordará el cambio en la caracterización de los estadios del desarrollo desde sus formulaciones iniciales propuestas en su tesis doctoral y su trabajo de la década de los 60s (época marcada por una clara influencia de la perspectiva piagetiana), hasta su última conceptualización expuesta en la posteridad de su obra y donde se retoman planteamientos de las teorías del ciclo vital y teorías del desarrollo no piagetianas. Se concluye que, a pesar de las múltiples críticas y conflictos que se señalaron a su teoría, es importante resaltar como su formulación lucha por dar cuenta de una tensión permanente en los abordajes psicológicos que tienen que ver con el desarrollo moral, por abordar algunas de las tensiones entre los abordajes estructuralistas y los abordajes hermenéuticos y por ofrecer una formulación novedosa frente a la tradicional discusión entre formas y contenidos. Se cierra el texto afirmando que la obra de este autor determinó los diferentes caminos que siguieron los posteriores desarrollos de la psicología moral y fue generadora de ideas y de vías variadas que sus continuadores han recorrido en las décadas más recientes.

Morality in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review.

Moral reasoning and decision making help guide behavior and facilitate interpersonal relationships. Accounts of morality that position commonsense psychology as the foundation of moral development, (i.e., rationalist theories) have dominated research in morality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Given the well-documented differences in commonsense psychology among autistic individuals, researchers have investigated whether the development and execution of moral judgement and reasoning differs in this population compared with neurotypical individuals. In light of the diverse findings of investigations of moral development and reasoning in ASD, a summation and critical evaluation of the literature could help make sense of what is known about this important social-cognitive skill in ASD. To that end, we conducted a systematic review of the literature investigating moral decision making among autistic children and adults. Our search identified 29 studies. In this review, we synthesize the research in the area and provide suggestions for future research. Such research could include the application of an alternative theoretical framework to studying morality in autism spectrum disorder that does not assume a deficits-based perspective.

Social Stories to Enhance Communicative Strategies Among Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Children

The use of strategies by children with developmental disabilities in repairing their communicative breakdowns has received little attention in the research literature to date. These children may also have fewer strategies available to them. By using Tarone’s Taxonomy (1980) of communicative strategies, this current study was trying to further unravel and discuss how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could enhance their spoken communicative intent in conversing about moral values. Audiotaped, semi-structured conversational data was collected from four children (two low functioning autism and two Asperger Syndrome) with autism ASD. They were seven to nine years old from Sekolah Kebangsaan Desaminium, Seri Kembangan, Selangor. Two social stories were told to the subjects; Visiting atuk and nenek in Kampung and Being Kind to Animals with two moral values underpinned in each social story. Findings revealed that all four ASD children were using almost all the nine communicative strategies except for word coinage. The study concluded that Tarone’s Taxonomy (1980) of communicative strategies was really helpful in unravelling the communicative intent of a group of ASD children in talking about moral values based on the social stories told to them. Having said so, future research still needs to consider how these strategies or perhaps other communicative strategies could be used as attempts to repair communicative breakdowns among ASD children. It is hoped that the impairment in understanding others’ mind hinders the development of an intent-based moral judgment in ASD children. Keywords: Tarone’s taxonomy, communicative strategies, social stories, moral values, autism .

Developmental Level of Moral Judgment Influences Behavioral Patterns During Moral Decision-Making

We developed and tested a behavioral version of the Defining Issues Test-1 revised (DIT-1r), which is a measure of the development of moral judgment. We conducted a behavioral experiment using the behavioral Defining Issues Test (bDIT) to examine the relationship between participants’ moral developmental status, moral competence, and reaction time when making moral judgments. We found that when the judgments were made based on the preferred moral schema, the reaction time for moral judgments was significantly moderated by the moral developmental status. In addition, as a participant becomes more confident with moral judgment, the participant differentiates the preferred versus other schemas better particularly when the participant’s abilities for moral judgment are more developed.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ УРОВНЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ МОРАЛЬНОГО СОЗНАНИЯ, ЛИЧНОСТНОЙ АВТОНОМИИ И ЦЕННОСТНЫХ ОРИЕНТАЦИЙ У ПОДРОСТКОВ И ЮНОШЕЙ

In this article, from the position of the age-psychological approach, the results of the study of the moral and value sphere in groups of adolescents and young people are presented. Adolescence and youth are sensitive periods in terms of the formation of a moral and value orientation that performs a regulatory function and defines sustainable value preferences and life principles that characterize a person’s life choices. A comparative analysis of the levels of development of moral judgments, personal autonomy and value orientations of adolescents and young people revealed the differences in the selected groups.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ УРОВНЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ МОРАЛЬНОГО СОЗНАНИЯ, ЛИЧНОСТНОЙ АВТОНОМИИ И ЦЕННОСТНЫХ ОРИЕНТАЦИЙ У ПОДРОСТКОВ И ЮНОШЕЙ

In this article, from the position of the age-psychological approach, the results of the study of the moral and value sphere in groups of adolescents and young people are presented. Adolescence and youth are sensitive periods in terms of the formation of a moral and value orientation that performs a regulatory function and defines sustainable value preferences and life principles that characterize a person’s life choices. A comparative analysis of the levels of development of moral judgments, personal autonomy and value orientations of adolescents and young people revealed the differences in the selected groups.

Stages of moral judgment development: Applying item response theory to Defining Issues Test data

ABSTRACTThe Defining Issues Test (DIT) has been the dominant measure of moral development. The DIT has its roots in Kohlberg’s original stage theory of moral judgment development and asks respondents to rank a set of stage typed statements in order of importance on six stories. However, the question to what extent the DIT-data match the underlying stage model was never addressed with a statistical model. Therefore, we applied item response theory (IRT) to a large data set (55,319 cases). We found that the ordering of the stages as extracted from the raw data fitted the ordering in the underlying stage model good. Furthermore, difficulty differences of stages across the stories were found and their magnitude and location were visualized. These findings are compatible with the notion of one latent moral developmental dimension and lend support to the hundreds of studies that have used the DIT-1 and by implication support the renewed DIT-2.

Effectiveness of a Philosophy Education Program on Development of Moral Judgment, Pro-social Behavior and Anger Control in Students

Effectiveness of a Philosophy Education Program on Development of Moral Judgment, Pro-social Behavior and Anger Control in Students

Ideological Education of College Students in China: Based on the Distribution Characteristics of Moral Development

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development stage is a research model of moral formation, with the development of moral judgment as the standard to measure the level of moral development. Based on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development stage and the questionnaire experiment method, 167 college students and 411 college students from national colleges and universities are investigated with the restrictive question Test II and moral judgment ability test as tools. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The moral development level of contemporary college students is mainly at the conventional level and post conventional level of morality. (2) Contemporary college students mainly prefer the fifth stage and the sixth stage in moral emotion. (3) The moral judgment ability of college students is generally at the middle level. According to the present situation of ideological education in colleges and universities in China, the following suggestions are put forward: firstly, the teaching form needs to be innovated; secondly, the work enthusiasm of the teaching staff in the student department needs to be improved; and thirdly, the life management of the students should be relaxed appropriately.

Level Keputusan Moral Remaja Berdasarkan Etnis

This study is designed to describe the rate of multiethnic adolescent moral judgement development in West Borneo. The data analysis used is seeking for score P by summing up scores of stages 5A, 5B, and 6 for either each criteria or totality. This score P may be interpreted as score of subject moral judgment in making a decision, then index score is looked for. Furthermore, the index score is conversed into score T. Highest score T obtained by respondent represent the inclination of moral development level. Adolescent moral decision based on the research findings suggest highest Post Conventional level is native ethnic groups of Madura, whereas lowest Post Conventional level is Chinese ethnics. Conclusion in this study is each ethnic having high collectivism culture is not definite yet at high Post Conventional level.

Funciones ejecutivas y juicio moral en alumnos pertenecientes a realidades socio- culturales distintas: Lima, Ayacucho y Huancavelica

<p>El estudio buscó determinar si existen diferencias en los niveles de desarrollo del juicio moral y en las funciones neuropsicológicas ejecutivas en estudiantes de tres instituciones públicas de educación superior del país, considerando su diversa realidad social y cultural.</p><p>Para examinar el Juicio Moral, se evaluó a 48 alumnos de la Universidad de San Marcos, 77 alumnos de la Universidad de Huancavelica y 84 alumnos del Instituto Pedagógico Superior de Ayacucho, con una prueba de Juicio moral (adaptación del SROM de Gibbs y Widaman), y para examinar Funciones ejecutivas, se tomó en cuenta a 23 alumnos de la Universidad de San Marcos, 20 de la Universidad de Huancavelica y 15 alumnos de la Universidad de Huamanga, examinándolos con la Batería de funciones ejecutivas BANFE (Flores- Ostrosky, 2012).</p><p>Los resultados mostraron diferencias importantes en los niveles de desarrollo del juicio moral a favor del grupo de Lima, en contraste a los niveles alcanzados por los alumnos de Huancavelica.</p><p>De otro lado, en la mayoría de dimensiones neuropsicológicas ejecutivas del lóbulo frontal examinadas, los puntajes favorecen igualmente al grupo de estudiantes de Lima.</p><p>En conclusión se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de estudiantes examinados pertenecientes a diferentes realidades socioculturales en su desempeño en el juicio moral y las funciones neuropsicológicas ejecutivas del lóbulo frontal.</p>

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The objective of this paper is to explain and pay special attention to two issues that are resilience and moral judgment, which are factors that influence especially develop behaviors and attitudes of leadership, each of them developed at at high level and complementing each other to excercise in people from an early age a correct understanding and to act on the basis of forging themselves as leader son a personal and social level, which contributes to society influencing and inspiring true leadership. The topic of leadership is treated and studied from an early age, but in many cases it remains only in a theoretical topic and if it is dealt with in a practical way , it is not always in the best way since it is believed that omly by performing dynamics or excercises of competition, leadership is stimulated, the objective is being lost, we must seek and develo pan internal change, a personal development that is based on facting and overcoming the difficulties and adversities of life in a healhy, positive and courageous way, and that we do not lose of view the great importance of exercising behaviors linked to ethics , with the importance that should be given and practice the ethical principles that underlie our conduct of good leadership, empathetic and sensitive towards others. All this is related to the practice and development of resilience and moral judgment, factors thata are addressed in the present work and that contribute to mental health, and greatly to the development of personal and social leadership.

Impact of a Residence Hall Staff Training Class on the Moral Judgment Development of College Students

The everyday dilemmas that residence-hall student staff members (RAs) face have become more challenging for the traditional college-aged student to handle. The need for the decisions and actions of our RAs to have a more solid base in their own moral judgment is important. Helping RAs in their moral judgment development is a task or goal that institutions of higher learning can accomplish in many different ways. One approach includes offering these individuals a preparatory course that addresses various dilemmas and ways they might handle them in their staff positions. How successful is this approach? This study focused on the impact of Resident Assistant training on the development of moral judgment of college students as measured by the Defining Issues Test-2. The research method incorporated pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison-group and posttest-only control group designs. The findings suggest that students who set out to be RAs are predisposed to a higher level of post conventional moral judgment than students who do not pursue RA training, and completing a RA selection course may influence the development of moral judgement.

Динамика развития моральных суждений у кадетов

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the features of the development of the level of moral judgments among the cadets. The study was conducted on the basis of the OGBU "Smolensk Field Marshal Kutuzov Cadet Corps." The material was the results of a survey of two groups of adolescents studying in the cadet corps, representing the younger and older adolescents. The following subjects were included in the sample: cadets only enrolled in the cadet corps (n = 30); Cadets completing their studies (n = 30). As methodologies, a specially developed semi-structured interview was used that simulates situations of moral choice. The Cadets showed positive dynamics in the development of moral judgments and greater differentiation in assessments, and revealed age differences in the semantic sphere. The older cadets are distinguished by a tendency to form a higher - prosocial level of development of moral judgments. It is noted that in carrying out educational work with pupils, efforts should be directed to help in adapting to new social conditions, integration into the cadet collective.