Development Of Mood Research Articles

Paradigm formation: Changes of function and structure in German and Danish mood systems

Recent studies in semantic change have agendas in common with the theory of grammaticalization and thus focus on processes of central interest to grammaticalization theory, namely generalization, bleaching and subjectification. One typical outcome of such processes is the addition of new diachronic meanings (“layering”), leading to a content side that involves more and more sprawling polysemic clusters. The study of morphological changes, however, provides instances of many other types of processes. This article discusses two such types: (1) a regrammation process, namely a change in paradigmatic organization, and (2) a specification of meaning, i.e. reduction rather than proliferation of meaning variants. Both will be illustrated with reference to the development of mood in German: it is a split from what was still in Middle High German one inflectional mood paradigm into three different mood paradigms in the modern standard High German language – and each of the separate paradigms involve a specification rather than proliferation in meaning. Our focus is on the characterization of semantic structure, but as in any usage-based grammatical model, the relation between structure and function is also considered. Former main functions of the subjunctive are promoted to the rank of structurally distinctive features between the modern paradigms, but the modern paradigm structure also contains content variation that was not grammaticalized in the older language – while other forms of content variation remains a matter of context of use. A comparison is offered with Middle Danish (showing a similar split of the older paradigm) and Modern Danish (the reverse process: loss of the distinction between the tense and mood paradigms). Again, regrammation processes like the ones studied show the importance of specification in semantic change and also of the importance of fine-grained language-specific analysis of grammatical content and its paradigmatic organization.

A single episode of maternal deprivation impairs the motivation for cocaine in adolescent mice

Early-life adverse events, like maternal deprivation (MD), have been associated with the later development of mood and anxiety disorders. Scarce data are available describing behavioural and endocrine alterations in maternally deprived (DEP) animals during the periadolescent period. We hypothesize that a single episode of MD early in life would alter reward function and lead to a long-lasting behavioural and neuroendocrine changes during adolescence. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of a single episode of MD in CD1 adolescent mice (postnatal day 35) on a range of tests for anxiety- and depression-related behaviours (open field, elevated plus maze and tail suspension test). We further assess whether these effects could affect cocaine self-administration behaviour. In order to correlate behavioural and neuroendocrine responses to stress, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed in brain structures related to emotional and cognitive processes. During the cocaine self-administration, the time required for achieving the acquisition criteria was significantly increased and the breaking point values in progressive schedule were significantly reduced in DEP adolescent mice, suggesting impairment in rewarding functions. The behavioural tests also confirm an increase in anxiety- and depression-related behaviours in DEP adolescent mice. The results on BDNF level indicated a decrease in response to MD in amygdala and hippocampus, confirming the behavioural data. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that a single episode of early MD can impair the motivation for cocaine consumption in adolescent mice and can be associated with anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour.

Toward a Novel Endogenous Anxiolytic Factor, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

Toward a Novel Endogenous Anxiolytic Factor, Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

The procognitive effects of leptin in the brain and their clinical implications

Background:Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone produced mainly by the adipose tissue. Its most well-known effect is to regulate food intake and energy metabolism within the hypothalamus. More recently, several peripheral and extra-hypothalamic effects have been described, expanding leptin's actions far beyond energy balance.Aims:To review the extra-hypothalamic effects of leptin and their possible clinical implications.Methods:We did a PubMed search using the terms “leptin” AND “brain” AND “neuron” AND “glial”, and selected the most relevant articles.Results:In extra-hypothalamic sites, leptin has remarkable effects on neurogenesis, axon growth, synaptogenesis, denditric morphology, development of oligodendroglial cells, neuron excitability, neuroprotection and regulation of beta-amyloid levels. Those effects have been shown to improve cognition and mood in animal models of depression and anxiety. In lean humans, leptin levels have been negatively correlated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease.Conclusions:Leptin has extra-hypothalamic effects that may protect the brain against the development of mood and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Better understanding of those effects may lead to the development of potential leptin-based therapies against such conditions.

Apokrypher Modernismus: Thomas Mann und die klassische Moderne by Stefan Börnchen, Claudia Liebrand

904 Reviews it iswell worth our attention. This is a lively and insightful work of criticism, scholarship, and creative translation. University of California, Los Angeles Kathleen L. Komar Apokrypher Modernismus: Thomas Mann und die klassische Moderne. Ed. by Stefan Bornchen and Claudia Liebrand. Paderborn: Fink. 2008. 333 pp. 39.90. ISBN 978-3-7705-4673-2. 'Apocryphal Modernism* as a label forThomas Mann seems like a reading against the grain'. The deliberately counter-intuitive titlemay cause surprise among the agreeably non-fashionable majority ofMann scholars, yet nevertheless has a lot to offer.This essay collection can be read as an innovative addition and not simply as a mannered counter-reaction to Riidiger Gorner's Thomas Mann: Der Zauber des Letzten (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2005; reviewed inMLR, 102 (2007), 896-98). Thomas Mann is seen not only as a 'Spatling der Zeiten', but also as an author of classical modernism and consequently as an author of the twentieth-century avant-garde. Notions of lateness and endings are followed by new beginnings; arriere-garde and avant-garde are inextricably intertwined. The ingenious neologism Apokrypher Modernismus tries to highlight the subtle layers ofmodernism inThomas Mann's writings, fromwhich new strands of research can be excavated. The aim of the underlying concept of avant-garde in thevolume is at least twofold: a plausible connection between Thomas Mann's literarywritings and the experimental avant-garde is established and given unprecedented emphasis. Moreover, avant-garde forms of literary theory and methodologies come into play as a new research agenda. This essay collection has high methodological ambitions and incorporates relevant developments in literary theory into Mann scholarship, from post structuralism and deconstruction to cultural studies, gender studies and inter sections between literature and politics, economy, and ethnography. The opening essay by Bernd Hamacher turnsGorner's Zauber des Letzten into a 'Zauber des Ersten' and 'Zauber des Nachsten'. His reflections on Thomas Mann as an author of the literary avant-garde from the perspectives of reception and production and Mann's inherent understanding of an epigonal 'Genieasthetik' are original and cast a new light on Mann's ingenious transformations of his literary idols, especially Dostoevsky. An interesting, but at times far-fetched, reading of Mann as a postmodernist is provided byMichael Butter.While literary strategies of postmodernism are undeniably applicable toDoktor Faustus, Butter's bold as sertion thatMann is neither a realist nor an author on the verge between realism and modernism and his argument forMann's neorealism are problematic and cannot convince as a whole. Stefan Bornchen's in-depth reading of Buddenbrooks through the lens of cultural theory focuses on the two school scenes, emphasizing the themes of phallocratic law and order, emergent chaos, ambivalence of the signifiers, and a carnivalesque undermining of the symbolic order, which result in MLR, 105.3, 2010 905 amodern crisis of representation. Oliver Kohn provides a rewarding interpretation ofWalsungenblut as a paradigm of 'ApocryphalModernism'. He gives a fascinating account of the concatenated discourses of anti-Semitism and aesthetic decadence, which ismainly based on a literal reading of Nietzsche's Antichrist, where Jews are depicted as theatrical decadents and life-affirmingnon-decadents alike. Kohn then focuses onMann's modernist innovation in the incest scene, which breaks the Freudian fatherly law by following a late Romantic, theatrical father's imperative: Wagner's incestuous mythical act of foundation ismimicked and results in an act ofmodernist fiction.Claudia Liebrand presents a substantial interpretation of Lotte inWeimar with a threefold agenda. She firstfocuses on Mann's wordplays with his signifiers and shows a disturbingly close connection toKafka andWalser. As a second step, she examines the complex interplay of individual, collective, and cul turalmemory ofGoethe. Thirdly,Mann's novel is explored on the level of genre?a virtual etude on facts and fiction between Alexandrianism and avant-garde. Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht draws analogies between the alluring atmosphere, the shiftingweather conditions, and sensual moods inDer Tod inVenedig and the psy chological self-reflection of the protagonist. He strongly argues for the?hitherto underrated?significance of the aesthetic category of 'Stimmung' both in general and in relation to the dramatic development ofmoods in the novella. His observa tions end on a slightly anachronistic twist, as Thomas Mann's...

Interaction of Childhood Maltreatment with the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene: Effects on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Reactivity

Variation in the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRHR1) gene has been shown to interact with early life stress to predict adult depression. This study was conducted to determine whether CRHR1 polymorphisms interact with childhood maltreatment to predict hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity, which has been linked to both depression and early life stress. One hundred twenty-nine White, non-Hispanic adults completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (DEX/CRH) test, and provided blood samples for genotyping of two CRHR1 polymorphisms. Both rs110402 and rs242924 (which were in tight linkage disequilibrium, D' = .98) showed a significant interaction with maltreatment in the prediction of cortisol response to the DEX/CRH test (p < .05). For subjects with maltreatment, the GG genotype of each single nucleotide polymorphism was associated with elevated cortisol responses to the test. Variation in the CRHR1 moderates the effect of childhood maltreatment on cortisol responses to the DEX/CRH test. Excessive HPA axis activation could represent a mechanism of interactions of risk genes with stress in the development of mood and anxiety disorders.

Women, anxiety and mood: a review of nomenclature, comorbidity and epidemiology

Women experience a high prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders, and comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders is highly prevalent. Both mood and anxiety disorders disturb sleep, attention and, thereby, cognitive function. They result in a variety of somatic complaints. The mood disorder continuum includes minor depression, dysthymia, major depression and bipolar disorder. Chronobiological disorders, such as seasonal affective disorder as well as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, occur in some women, with comorbid seasonal affective disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in just under half of these individuals . Early life experience, heritability, gender, other psychiatric illness, stress and trauma all interact dynamically in the development of mood and anxiety disorders. The epidemiology, nomenclature and clinical diagnostic issues of these illnesses in midlife woman are reviewed.

Immigrant Youth at Risk for Disorders of Mood: Recognizing Complex Dynamics

The number of youth immigrating to the United States from Latin America and the Caribbean has consistently and dramatically been increasing. However, little research or epidemiological data that capture the mental health status of these youth from their countries of origin or once they enter the United States exist. As a result of migration and the acculturation process, these youth are at risk for exacerbation of preexisting mood disorders or development of mood or other psychiatric symptoms. Pre-migration social and environmental stressors affecting this population include poverty, exposure to violence, sexual or physical victimization, and substance abuse. Post-migration stressors include loss (of friends, family, country, and lifestyle), changes in social support, negative experiences in the United States, language difficulties, and academic challenges. This review of the existing literature will describe the contextual experiences of immigrant Latin American and Caribbean youth from their country of origin and as new immigrants in the United States, discuss their risk for mood disorders, highlight relevant assessment data that should be obtained, and identify treatment implications for advanced practice psychiatric-mental health nurses working with this population.

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward-related brain circuitry in children and adolescents

Background Functional disturbances in reward-related brain systems are thought to play a role in the development of mood, impulse, and substance-abuse disorders. Studies in nonhuman primates have identified brain regions, including the dorsal/ventral striatum and orbital–frontal cortex, in which neural activity is modulated by reward. Recent studies in adults have concurred with these findings by observing reward-contingent blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses in these regions during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigms; however, no previous studies indicate whether comparable modulations of neural activity exist in the brain reward systems of children and adolescents. Methods We used event-related fMRI and a behavioral paradigm modeled on previous work in adults to study brain responses to monetary gains and losses in psychiatrically healthy children and adolescents as part of a program examining the neural substrates of anxiety and depression in youth. Results Regions and time-courses of reward-related activity were similar to those observed in adults with condition-dependent BOLD changes in the ventral striatum and lateral and medial orbital–frontal cortex; specifically, these regions showed larger responses to positive than to negative feedback. Conclusions These results provide further evidence for the value of event-related fMRI in examining reward systems of the brain, demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in children and adolescents, and establish a baseline from which to understand the pathophysiology of reward-related psychiatric disorders in youth.

Stimmungen des Kindes und die Chronizität depressiver Symptome: Der einzigartige schöpferische Prozess des Zusammenseins führt zu Wohlbefinden oder in die Krankheit

The ontogenesis of moods and the process that establishes them is addressed. Moods arise out of normal developmental processes at both a macro- and micro-developmental level. Moods are part of normal development as well as a component of pathological processes and they are a ubiquitous presence that gives meaning to experience in infant and adult during daily life and therapy. In this first part of a two-part paper I will address the normal development of moods; in the second part I will to address issues related to psychopathology and therapy, especially depression and the intergenerational transfer of mood. I argue that moods are dyadic phenomena--something that develops out of the chronic co-creative interactions of two individuals--rather than solely being an intrapsychic process. I will also argue, especially when one considers the development of moods in infants, that moods make sense of the world as components of states of consciousness that give unique meaning to the individual's engagement with the world and further that moods function to bring the past into the present.

A Model of Infant Mood States and Sandarian Affective Waves

There has been little or no research on the establishment of infant moods or the mechanisms underlying them. One reason may be our difficulty in entertaining the idea that there are affective processes in infants that have long-lasting organizing continuous effects. It is this possibility that is considered in this paper. I attempt to address the questions of how moods are created and what some of their functions are. My model of moods is that infants have long-lasting (e.g., hours, days, and even longer) mood states. Mood states are dynamically changing yet distinct assemblages of affective behaviors. Mood control processes are modified by affective input from others. Thus moods are cocreated by the interplay of active, self-organized, biorhythmic affective control processes in the infant and the effect of the emotions expressed by others on mood control processes. In recognition of the importance of Sander's thinking to this work, I have named one of these processes the Sanderian Affective Wave. Mood states organize behavior and experience over time. Critically, moods serve an anticipatory representational function by providing directionality to an infant's behavior as he “moves” into the future. Thus they provide continuity to infants' experiential life. Furthermore, moods fulfill the Janus principle of bringing the past into the future for the infant, but as a noncognitive/symbolic/linguistic process—that is, as a purely affective–memorial process. Moreover, I believe that consideration of the development of moods opens the way for thinking about dynamic conflictual emotional processes in infants. Lastly, thinking about moods has important implications for understanding the development of pathology and for therapy.

The role of early adverse life events in the etiology of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Focus on corticotropin-releasing factor.

The remarkable progress in neurobiological research techniques has now been applied to investigate the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. A large body of literature has confirmed an important biological basis for a majority of severe psychiatric disorders, such as affective and anxiety disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).' At the beginning of this century, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical theory was the major etiological approach for the explanation of psychopathology. According to this theory, conflicts in early life constitute a causal factor for the development of psychological disorders.* In addition to convincing evidence for a genetic contribution in the development of mood and anxiety disorder^,^ evidence for a preeminent role of psychosocial stressors in the pathogenesis of these disorders has also been obtained. For example, episodes of major depression are often preceded by stressful life events6 or are mutually related to episodes of stress.' In a study of identical twins by Kendler et a1.,* lifetime stressors, including childhood abuse and neglect as well as stressful life events in adulthood, were identified as predictors of major depression. In the case of PTSD, a stressful life event outside the range of usual human experiences is required for a diagnosis of the disorder according to DSM-IV criteria.' The inclusion of a stressful event as an etiological factor in the DSM-IV differentiates PTSD from other psychiatric disorders. However, less than one quarter of traumatized individuals subsequently develop syndromal PTSD, suggesting that the disorder does not merely represent a normative reaction to extreme stress.'' Increasing evidence indicates that the Occurrence and persistence of PTSD in response to trauma depends on many factors including other stressful life events- as well as minor psychosocial stressors and daily stressors14 before or after the onset of the traumatic event. Furthermore, recent studies suggest a strong relation between early adverse life events, that is,

Comparing the Cognitive Effects of Phenytoin and Carbamazepine in Long‐Term Monotherapy: A Two‐Year Follow‐Up

We compared the cognitive effects of randomly prescribed phenytoin (PHT) and carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy on newly diagnosed patients with epilepsy in a 2-year parallel group follow-up study. Fifteen patients were receiving PHT and 16 were receiving CBZ. Neuropsychological assessments were conducted before the treatment and after 6 and 24 months of steady-state drug therapy. Differential effects of PHT and CBZ during follow-up were observed in 3 of 32 measurements. PHT appeared to have negative effects on visually guided motor speed of both hands. In addition, the performance of the PHT group as compared with the CBZ group developed less positively in one visual memory task. The development of mood as measured by Profile of Mood States (POMS), was quite similar in both drug groups; Tension, Depression, and Bewilderment decreased and Vigor increased during the follow-up. The results suggest that the long-term effects of PHT as compared with those of CBZ on cognition are few and restricted mainly to some visually guided motor functions. The effects of PHT on cerebellar function as a possible mechanism for these changes is discussed.

Social and solitary drinking: Effects on consumption and mood in male social drinkers

Rates of alcohol consumption and mood development were studied in four male social drinkers serving as their own controls: (a) in a real life social drinking situation of the subject's choice, and (b) under artificial solitary drinking conditions. Almost twice as much alcohol was consumed during party drinking, while solitary drinking was experienced as aversive and failed to induce the euphoric effects reported at the party. Implications for tension reduction theory and adjunctive behaviour theory were discussed.

Oral contraceptives: depression and frigidity.

An attempt was made to correlate use of oral contraceptives with the development of mood and/or sexual disturbances and, if a relationship were found, to determine whether such disturbance fell into any predictable pattern. Hypotheses were chosen in seven broad categories: 1) previous history of psychiatric disorders; 2) current life stresses; 3) attitudes toward contraception; 4) symptoms due to expectations of the effect of the pill; 5) marital and sexual adjustment; 6) physiological alteration secondary to pill usage; 7) reaction to pregnancies. Thirty-nine women from a private patient population were studied. Sixteen experienced adverse psychological symptoms. Twenty-three had no emotional difficulty and were used as controls. This is a nonrandom sample, in that subjects with difficulties were sought. The women were studied by means of interviews and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Of those who had difficulty, eleven showed depressive reactions and five had loss of sexual interest and pleasure not related to depression. All developed these symptoms while on the oral contraceptives and lost them after discontinuance. The affected women could not be differentiated from their controls by means of any of the hypothesized variables. However, two factors tended to correspond with the development of adverse reaction: 1) use of the combined (as opposed to sequential) type of contraceptive pill and 2) age of the subject. The results suggest that women who have adverse reactions to oral contraceptives might represent a biochemically different subgroup in whom estrogen-progesterone steroids are the triggering mechanisms for mood and sexual disturbances.