Development Of Mobile Communications Research Articles

Balancing Technological Innovation and Environmental Sustainability: A Lifecycle Analysis of 6G Wireless Communication Technology

Wireless communication has revolutionized the evolution of humankind. The rapid growth and development of mobile communication has created an ecosystem better than what has been before. However, issues such as ample energy consumption and resulting carbon emissions, a lack of proper disposal mechanisms for large amounts of electronic waste, and the recycling of electronic materials interrupt growth. When the world is waiting for the implementation of 6G mobile communication technology, it is mandatory to resolve these issues for the sustainability of 6G technology. In this review, we present the superiority of 6G over previous generations accompanied by issues that cause extensive damage to the environment. To mitigate this adverse effect, we present a lifecycle analysis of 6G wireless communication technology from production to disposal, focusing on issues surrounding electronic waste, energy consumption, and environmental impact. This study explains the intricacies of electronic parts, toxic compounds, and the dangers of incorrect disposal techniques. It also investigates energy consumption issues specific to 6G technology, such as manufacturing processes and network infrastructures that require considerable energy. We also present a quantitative evaluation of the 6G lifecycle in detail. In addition, we present a comprehensive strategy and insights to make 6G sustainable. Furthermore, we suggest an ecological policy for all stakeholders for the sustainability of 6G. We also present political and commercial implications for 6G. As the process of 6G development continues, we show the impact of network fragmentation on standardization, which helps improve sustainability. Finally, we conclude that while the existing research has made significant advances in 6G, there is a need for correct disposal techniques to refine the key government policies for managing e-waste. New cooling technologies and renewable energy sources must be adopted to reduce the current greenhouse emission of 200 g of CO2 and energy consumption of 2.5 kWh per GB for 6G networks.

5G Radiation Source Location Based on Passive Virtual Aperture Technology by Single-Satellite

With the development of 5th-Generation Mobile Communication (5G) technology and the deployment of low-Earth orbit satellites, using satellites to locate 5G radiation sources is of great significance in commerce and the military as an important task of integrated sensing and communication. Recently, passive virtual aperture technology has been introduced into passive location to improve accuracy, but the existing method, using matched filters to search the Doppler information to realize the location, has the disadvantages of high complexity and poor range resolution. In this paper, an improved 5G radiation source location based on a virtual aperture is proposed, which uses the improved Golden Section search-fractional Fourier algorithm (GSS-FRFT) to improve the existing passive virtual aperture location methods. First, the received signals are coherently accumulated to convert the time gain into spatial gain, and the subcarrier phase information is extracted by Fast Fourier Transform based on the 5G signal characteristics to obtain the azimuth signal. Then, an improved high-order GSS-FRFT algorithm is proposed to analyze the Doppler information, and signal focusing and satellite ephemeris data are used to estimate the effective velocity and solve the radiation source location. The simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the location accuracy compared with other single-satellite location methods and has high resolution, high accuracy and low complexity compared with the existing passive virtual aperture location method.

Sustainable entrepreneurship through customer satisfaction and reuse intention of online food delivery applications: insights from China

Advancements in the online food delivery market in China have resulted from the rapid development and popularity of mobile communications and smartphones, which are currently applied by mobile and online application developers to restaurants and food delivery services for high sales revenue and fulfilment of Chinese consumers at home. The current work aims to thoroughly examine the four information quality dimensions (i.e. intrinsic quality, contextual quality, representational quality and accessibility quality), perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and perceived convenience and their subsequent implications on user satisfaction and reuse intention of online food delivery applications. By analysing the roles of these factors, we underscore how innovative technology and entrepreneurial strategies can drive customer engagement and satisfaction in the rapidly evolving online food delivery market. The theoretical model proposed in this study was tested through partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Resultantly, intrinsic quality, contextual quality, representational quality, accessibility quality, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use showed a positive and statistically significant effect on user satisfaction, whereas contextual, representational, and accessibility quality, perceived usefulness, perceived convenience, and customer satisfaction positively and significantly affected users’ intention to reuse the online food delivery applications. The key determinant of reuse intention was customers’ personal satisfaction. In order to improve the continuous usage intention of online food delivery applications, application developers and the food industry should therefore focus on providing accurate and up-to-date information, which is expected to boost user satisfaction and reuse intentions.

Logistics Supply Chain Management and Control Based on Mobile Communication Technology

With the development and application of 5G technology, more efficient and faster mobile communication has become an essential tool in logistics transportation and warehousing processes. Logistics supply chain management (SCM) is a logistics management system centered around the core products or business of the supply chain, as well as a logistics management system organized around the core logistics business. As an important part of logistics SCM, logistics control requires real‐time monitoring and adjustment of transportation, warehousing, distribution, and other links. Mobile communication technology can provide real‐time positioning, tracking, monitoring, and data transmission functions, which provides strong technical support for logistics control. It can also optimize logistics scheduling and improve logistics efficiency and accuracy, thereby reducing transportation costs and improving logistics quality and efficiency. This article aimed to explore the relationship between mobile communication technology and logistics SCM and control, and to use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for research. The research results indicated that under the same other conditions, 38 and 37 people rated the X system as liked by companies A and B, accounting for 95% and 92.5% respectively; only 4 and 1 people rated the Y system as liked, accounting for 10% and 2.5% respectively; the likes and dislikes of the X system were much higher than those of the Y system. This indicated a positive relationship between mobile communication technology and logistics SCM and control systems. Logistics SCM and control based on mobile communication technology has become an important direction and development trend in current research on logistics SCM and control. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Mobile association scheme based on auction algorithm in heterogeneous wireless networks

With the rapid development of mobile communications, the dense deployment of small base stations (SBSs) in heterogeneous wireless networks (HW-Nets) has met the explosive growth in demand from terminals. However, due to the irregular deployment of SBSs, users frequently handover base stations in pursuit of high-quality services, which inevitably leads to load imbalance among SBSs. To alleviate load imbalance in HW-Nets and improve the efficiency of seamless handover, this paper proposes a distributed auction algorithm scheme based on dual active protocol stack (DAPS), which transforms the wireless access selection of terminals into the terminal-base station association process during movement to globally optimize network resource utilization. At the same time, this paper constructs a terminal-base station association graph and uses auction algorithms to solve the maximum weighted matching of the graph. The DAPS-based scheme can effectively avoid the problem of excessively long outage time caused by handovering outages. Simulation results show that compared with general distributed algorithms, the distributed auction algorithm based on DAPS can effectively balance the load of base stations and reduce the mobile outage latency by 59% .

Design and Study the Performance of a CMOS-Based Ring Oscillator Architecture for 5G Mobile Communication

Oscillator circuits are used to make accurate and reliable clock signals for systems as simple as a wristwatch and as complicated as satellites, which are important for long-distance communication. There are many ways to build an oscillator circuit, using either passive or active parts. Each option has pros and cons, but at the current level of mobile communication development, the most important things are interoperability and low power use. This need has driven the development of compact, battery-operated electronics, and Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)-based ring oscillators provide the ideal solution. These oscillators ought to dissipate less power, have a large tuning range, and be compact. The paper presents a novel Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon (CMOS) ring oscillator that serves as a Voltage Controlled Oscillator. The suggested architecture utilizes the advantages of both a current-starved ring oscillator and a negative-skewed delay by combining their constituent parts. The proposed architecture has a control voltage of 1.15 V and a supply voltage of 2 V, generating a 9.35 GHz dominant frequency with a 13.82% harmonic distortion between the inputs and outputs. The proposed architecture can implement 5G-based applications that require high frequency and low power by carefully selecting the passive components within the design. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-01-020 Full Text: PDF

Progressive Collaborative Method for Protecting Users Privacy in Location-Based Services

The development of new mobile communication and information service technologies has opened up exciting possibilities for location-based services. Users of location-based services (LBS) can access vital data from their service providers by utilizing their location data. Maps and navigation, information services, tourist information services, social networking, and many more popular applications are available. A user's location and other personal details must be submitted to the providers of location-based services in order for them to work. For example, details about one's whereabouts and identity. By "location privacy," we mean the idea that third parties shouldn't be able to track a user's precise whereabouts. It is important that users' sensitive information be hidden from unauthorized individuals when communicating. Most difficult in LBS location-based are concerns about communications and data. Each peer does their duty reciprocally in a collaborative method, which is a completely distributed technique. For the most secure and private location-based services (LBS), it employs cryptographic methods. The number of people using LBS is growing at a rapid pace these days. At this time, there isn't a single method available that has scalability capabilities. Building a realistic and computationally efficient solution that offers high privacy while decreasing processing overhead and improving scalability is a challenging task. The suggested method is cost-effective, supports scaling, is highly resilient against security and privacy assaults, and ensures privacy.

A review on evolution, expectations and key enabling techniques of 5G

For the transmission of data at high speed, the requirement of using a larger bandwidth increases due to the rise in wireless communication technologies like smart devices, mobiles, etc. An abrupt increase in the requirement for internet data due to an increase in internet users demanded time-to-time upgrades in available techniques. A significant modernization has been done by technology in mobile and wireless communication and networking fields. Therefore, the development of mobile communication began with the First Generation (1G) and has progressed continuously to the Fifth Generation (5G). To address the weaknesses of previous generations, each successive generation has been developed with improvements. Fifth Generation (5G) is the latest technology in wireless communication cellular systems, providing the highest internet speeds to everyone, anywhere, anytime. 5G has attracted many global researchers, universities, and research institutes to invent new techniques for enhancement in channel capacity and spectrum utilization of communication systems. This paper describes the evolution of cellular networks, expectations from 5G, the challenges and advantages of 5G, and the techniques on which 5G relies.

Design and Evaluation of the Compact and Autonomous Energy Subsystem of a Wave Energy Converter

This paper presents the results of the design process focused on the development of the energy subsystem (ES) of a wave energy converter (WEC). The ES is an important electrical part that significantly affects the energy reliability and energy efficiency of the entire WEC device. The designed ES was intended for compact WECs powering IoT network devices working in the distributed grid. The developed ES is an electronic circuit consisting of three cooperating subsystems used for energy conversion, energy storage, and energy management. The energy conversion subsystem was implemented as a set of single-phase bridge rectifiers. The energy storage subsystem was a battery-less implementation based on the capacitors. The energy management subsystem was implemented as a supervisory circuit and boost converter assembly. The designed ES was verified using the physical experiment method. The model experiment reflected the operation of the designed ES with a piezoelectric PZT-based WEC. The experimental results showed a 41.5% surplus of the energy supplied by ES over the energy demanded by the considered load at a duty cycle of ca. 6 min—37.2 mJ over 26.3 mJ, respectively. The obtained results have been evaluated and discussed. The results confirmed the designed ES as a convenient solution, which makes a significant contribution to the compact WECs that can be applied among others to a distributed grid of autonomous IoT network devices powered by free and renewable energy of sea waves. Finally, it will also enable sustainable development of mobile and wireless communication in those maritime areas where other forms of renewable energy may not be available.

Multi-perspective approach for developing sustainable 6G mobile communications

Digitalisation and the green transition are driving change to societies at large. These intertwined processes play a key role in the broader topic of sustainable development, which is making its way into different sectors of society. Sustainable development is not only about technology development but involves several business and regulatory decisions that have a fundamental impact on our future society. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are important enablers in this sustainability transition and the ICT sectors own sustainability role is yet underdefined. To help scholars, industries, and regulators to better structure the complex topic of connecting sustainable development and the ICTs, this paper discusses development of sustainable 6G mobile communications with a multi-perspective approach including environmental, social and economic sustainabilities, business, regulation and technology dimensions, and academia, industry and regulator stakeholder perspectives. The paper presents findings for 6G development from the three identified perspectives. This paper further explores an illustrative case study of spectrum management in 6G, which has a fundamental role in defining the future mobile connectivity market.

Design of an Autonomous IoT Node Powered by a Perovskite-Based Wave Energy Converter

Abstract This paper presents the results of experimental research focused on wave energy harvesting and its conversion to power Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The harvesting and conversion process was performed using a wave energy converter (WEC) consisting of a lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic perovskite material and a prototype power electronic circuit. The designed WEC was considered as a power supply for an end node device (END) of an IoT network. The END consisted of a long-range radio module and an electronic paper display. A set of physical experiments were carried out, and the results confirmed that an energy surplus was supplied by WEC compared to the energy consumed by the END. Hence, the proposed scheme was experimentally validated as a convenient solution that could enable the autonomous operation of an IoT device. The use case presented here for the proposed WEC was analysed for selected sea areas on the basis of wave statistics. The novelty of this paper arises from an investigation that confirms that WECs can significantly contribute to the development of wireless and mobile IoT communication powered by freely available sea wave energy.

Why the Discovery of the Overlapped Multiplexing Principle is Bound to Cause a Revolution in Communication and Information Technology?

Abstract This article firstly introduces the overlapped multiplexing principle discovered by Prof. Daoben Li, and the new channel capacity derived from it, which is far beyond the capacity of Shannon's channel, and then introduces the characteristics and superiority of the waveform coding theory and the brand-new communication system, OVXDM, which is the cornerstone of his work. The article exposes two paradoxes and major errors of Shannon's information theory that violate the basic principles of physics, and makes predictions about the future development of communication and information technology. It criticizes several erroneous views on the development of 6G mobile communications: 6G should move to millimeter-wave terahertz band, the only means to improve the spectral efficiency of mobile communications is ultra-large-scale MIMO, and exposes that the U.S. Starlink and StarShield satellites can realize the global Internet 6G communications when the deception, the essence of which is the seizure of space resources and maintenance of the U.S. space hegemony. He emphasizes the great advantage of overlapped multiplexing waveform coding over Shannon coding, and points out that the Internet is only a network built under the guidance of the old Shannon multi-user network theory, which is as outdated as Shannon's information theory and should be eliminated. The Internet and GPS are the kingpin espionage tools of the United States to control the global information hegemony and steal information from other countries. In order to abandon the U.S. information hegemony, our country must leave the GPS in addition to the Internet! Under the guidance of the theory of subversive overlapped multiplexing multi-user network, the author puts forward suggestions on the establishment of our country's independent ultra-large-capacity wide-area Ov information network, which is a brand-new integrated network including space, sky, ground, ground to underwater, underwater and other categories, with a capacity much higher than that of the Internet.

Emojis Generation Based on Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Network

With the development of information technology and mobile communication, people's usage of emoji is increasing. However, designing emojis by artists can be time-consuming and costly. Therefore, this study attempts to use the Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN) method in deep learning to automatically generate emojis. DCGAN is a combination of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). It introduces convolutional networks into the generative model for unsupervised training, which can improve the learning effect of the generator network. DCGAN consists of two different models: a generator model and a discriminator model. The generator's role is to produce fake images that are similar to the training images, and the discriminator's role is to judge whether the fake image is the same as a real image. During training, the generator continuously tries to defeat the discriminator by producing better and better fake images, while the discriminator tries its best to distinguish between real and fake images. Through continuous optimization of the generator and discriminator, this study can finally obtain clear new emojis. Overall, the images generated by DCGAN can largely fulfill our purpose. Many novel emojis could be obtained to replace the work of human artists. However, the quality of the generated emojis has some defects, and it is still necessary to screen out images with strange shapes that are not suitable for daily life.

제약회사의 스마트 공급망 관리에 영향을 미치는 요인 및 효과에 대한 분석

With the current surge in information, big data is no longer a distant concept, but is closely related to and close to everyone. With the rapid development of mobile communication and the Internet, big data has gradually influenced and penetrated various fields, resulting in new service and business models. In this study, we focused on the problems in the medical supply chain through a big data background and empirically examined how technology, organization, and environment factors affect the utilization and business effect of big data-based supply chain management systems in pharmaceutical companies. Our results revealed that all three independent variables (organization, technology, and environment) positively affect both the supply chain management of pharmaceutical companies and, furthermore, the overall business effect.. Therefore, the overall business value of a company can likely be realized through dynamic adoption of big data in terms of organizational, technical, and environmental aspects, and that it can respond quickly through various surveys and systematic analysis in the rapidly changing market.

Adaptive Resource Allocation for Blockchain-Based Federated Learning in Internet of Things

The fast development of mobile communication and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies greatly promotes the prosperity of the Internet of Things (IoT), where various types of IoT devices can perform more intelligent tasks. Considering the privacy leakage and limited communication resources, federated learning (FL) has emerged to enable devices to collaboratively train AI models based on their local data without raw data exchanges. Nevertheless, it is still challenging for guaranteeing any FL models to be effective due to the sluggish willingness of IoT devices and the model poisoning attacks in the FL. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce blockchain technology and propose a blockchain-based FL framework for supporting a trustworthy and reliable FL paradigm in IoT. In the proposed framework, we design a committee-based participant selection mechanism that selects the aggregate node and local model updates dynamically to construct the global model. Moreover, considering the trade-off between the energy consumption and the convergence rate of the FL model, we perform the channel allocation, block size adjustment, and block producer selection jointly. Since the remaining resources, handling transactions, and channel conditions are dynamically varying (i.e., stochastic environment), we formulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) and adopt a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based algorithm to solve it. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework and show the superior performance of the DRL-based resource allocation algorithm compared with other baseline methods in terms of energy consumption.

Extremely Lightweight Constant-Round Membership-Authenticated Group Key Establishment for Resource-Constrained Smart Environments toward 5G

AbstractWith rapid development of next-generation mobile networks and communications (5G networks), group-oriented applications in resource-constrained smart environments (RSEs), such as smart homes and smart classrooms, have attracted great attentions. Due to the insecure communications between resource-constrained devices, secure group communications in RSE toward 5G face many challenges. In RSE toward 5G, lightweight communications and low computational overheads are crucial. Besides, the private tokens used to generate the group key are expected to be reused multiple times. However, the conventional frameworks for secure group communications cannot meet these requirements. A practical construction of extremely lightweight constant-round membership authenticated group key establishment framework is proposed in this paper for RSE toward 5G, which not only implements identity authentication among the members and group key establishment but also ensures extremely lightweight computation and communication costs by each group member. In our proposed scheme, the increase in the number of group members will not lead to a linear or logarithmic increase in the communication and calculation costs at the member side. Our framework also resists external and internal attacks and meets all the desirable security features. In this framework, the privacy of tokens can be well protected, so that they can be reused for multiple times. Therefore, our scheme significantly reduces the costs of communication and calculation, and it is more efficient compared with the related schemes in the literature. This proposal is fairly suitable for lightweight membership authentication and group key establishment in RSE toward 5G.

On the security of ring learning with error‐based key exchange protocol against signal leakage attack

AbstractDue to the rapid development of mobile communication and hardware technologies, several mobile‐based web applications have gained popularity among mobile users. Mobile users can utilize these devices to access numerous services over the Internet. To ensure secure communication, different key exchange and authentication (KEA) protocols are proposed and frequently used. However, due to the advent of quantum computers, numerous quantum‐safe KEA protocols are also developed using various complex mathematical problems in ideal lattices. As it is an emerging and developing area, we analyze the security of recently suggested ring learning with error based KEA protocols. The goal of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of quantum‐safe KEA mechanisms. For our study, we have considered Dharminder's LWE‐based KEA mechanism and Dharminder and Chandran's LWE‐based KEA mechanism. These protocols enable effective communication and provide a better means for safely transmitting messages between user and server. However, we have discovered that a fundamental security weakness in these methods makes them vulnerable to signal leakage attacks (SLA). Based on our analysis, we demonstrated security weakness against SLA and provide the road‐map for secure construction.

An Online Orchestration Mechanism for General-Purpose Edge Computing

In recent years, the fast development of mobile communications and cloud systems has substantially promoted edge computing. By pushing server resources to the edge, mobile service providers can deliver their content and services with enhanced performance, and mobile-network carriers can alleviate congestion in the core networks. Although edge computing has been attracting much interest, most current research is application-specific, and analysis is lacking from a business perspective of edge cloud providers (ECPs) that provide general-purpose edge cloud services to mobile service providers and users. In this article, we present a vision of general-purpose edge computing realized by multiple interconnected edge clouds, analyzing the business model from the viewpoint of ECPs and identifying the main issues to address to maximize benefits for ECPs. Specifically, we formalize the long-term revenue of ECPs as a function of server-resource allocation and public data-placement decisions subject to the amount of physical resources and inter-cloud data-transportation cost constraints. To optimize the long-term objective, we propose an online framework that integrates the drift-plus-penalty and primal-dual methods. With theoretical analysis and simulations, we show that the proposed method approximates the optimal solution in a challenging environment without having future knowledge of the system.

Analysis of 5G Smart Communication Base Station Doppler-Smoothed Pseudorange Single-Point Geodesic Positioning Accuracy

With the continuous development of mobile communication and satellite navigation technologies, the positioning requirements of 5G smart communication base stations are becoming higher and higher. With the opening of GNSS raw observation data, research on the positioning of a 5G smart communication base station has become a research hotspot in the surveying and mapping disciplines. In this paper, based on the GNSS observation data of the 5G smart communication base station, the quality of the original GNSS observation data of the 5G smart communication base station is studied and analyzed. A method based on Doppler smoothing pseudorange solves the problem that the original pseudorange observation values of the 5G smart communication base station are noisy and prone to multipath errors due to the limitations of the base station chips and processes, which makes the traditional data processing methods unable to meet the demand for higher accuracy positioning. This method uses Doppler observations to smooth the pseudorange and determines the Doppler smoothing strategy and closure values to improve the data quality. The experimental data show that Doppler smoothing pseudorange can improve data quality and positioning accuracy by 67.9% in the E direction, 64.8% in the N direction, and 65.5% in the U direction. The future world will develop in the direction of intelligence, and the wireless network 5G technology used to support the construction of this intelligent system will become the core driver for the development of a leading intelligent society. 5G network signals have higher reliability and lower latency and can meet the specific needs of smart manufacturing, autonomous driving, and other industrial applications. This new base station product can meet the construction needs of future 5G base stations, adapt to the future intensive, miniaturized, intelligent station construction mode, and realize safe and fast station construction, providing the necessary hardware support for 5G network coverage.

Case Studies with the Contiki-NG Simulator to Design Strategies for Sensors' Communication Optimization in an IoT-Fog Ecosystem.

With the development of mobile communications and the Internet of Things (IoT), IoT devices have increased, allowing their application in numerous areas of Industry 4.0. Applications on IoT devices are time sensitive and require a low response time, making reducing latency in IoT networks an essential task. However, it needs to be emphasized that data production and consumption are interdependent, so when designing the implementation of a fog network, it is crucial to consider criteria other than latency. Defining the strategy to deploy these nodes based on different criteria and sub-criteria is a challenging optimization problem, as the amount of possibilities is immense. This work aims to simulate a hybrid network of sensors related to public transport in the city of São Carlos - SP using Contiki-NG to select the most suitable place to deploy an IoT sensor network. Performance tests were carried out on five analyzed scenarios, and we collected the transmitted data based on criteria corresponding to devices, applications, and network communication on which we applied Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) algorithms to generate a multicriteria decision ranking. The results show that based on the TOPSIS and VIKOR decision-making algorithms, scenario four is the most viable among those analyzed. This approach makes it feasible to optimally select the best option among different possibilities.