Military Development Research Articles

The Indonesianization of West Papua: Development of Indonesia's Attitudes and Policies towards West Papua and the Dynamics of the Papua Freedom Movement

The Indonesianization of Papua project, which has been going on since 1963, has not yet reached the ideal stage. The rise of the post-2000s separatist movement indicates a need to re-read the relationship between Indonesia and West Papua, an examination of past and current events. This study aims to examine the dynamics of Indonesia's attitude and policy towards West Papua, the discourse, and the tension between Indonesia and the Papua freedom movement. This study uses a historical approach by diachronically reviewing how the Indonesian occupation and the Indonesianization project began and its relation to resistance from the Papuan community with the manifestation of the existence of the Papua Freedom Organization. In addition, to capture the synchronic dimension of the current situation, the writer also interviewed several key figures in the integration-and-disintegration of Papua as the primary data source. Indonesia has had a very monochromatic perspective of Papua throughout history, and they tend to ignore Papua as an entity with a will. The military approach and inappropriate development carried out by the Indonesian Government caused the strengthening of the Papuan independence movement. At this point, the Indonesian Government needs a new approach to negotiate its position with the West Papuan community and change the militaristic approach still being used in West Papua. The development approach taken by the current President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, towards West Papua does not seem to be reflected when we see how the stigmatization of Papua continues in the Government's political communication practices related to Papua.

Research on Pattern Extraction Method of Underwater Acoustic Signal Based on Linear Array

Underwater acoustic signal is an important reference data for marine information research. The research and application of underwater acoustic signal have been widely concerned and valued by countries and enterprises. With the needs of modern military development and the development of marine industry, the research and application of underwater acoustic signal will develop faster and faster. In order to better understand marine information, it is necessary to collect seawater acoustic signal data. Aiming at the purpose of recording underwater acoustic signals placed in the ocean for a long time, this study innovates the calibration and recording of large dynamic range of long-time underwater acoustic signals, improves the circuit setting methods such as receiving, amplification, and sampling, designs a large dynamic series of long-time underwater acoustic signal recording device, and adopts the linear array extraction method, so that it can monitor the underwater acoustic biological sound under the condition of low power. It can also monitor the blasting sound of offshore engineering. Hardware circuit design mainly includes main control chip selection, amplification circuit design, filter circuit design, analog-to-digital conversion circuit design, storage circuit design, and some auxiliary circuit design. The fourth chapter introduces the software development process of large dynamic range underwater acoustic signal recorder and mainly introduces the system development tool, system clock working method, real-time clock module working method, underwater acoustic signal acquisition method, data storage scheme design, and the use of FatFs file system. The underwater acoustic signal data is stored on a MicroSD in the form of TXT file; linear array extraction method is used for feature extraction. Compared to other methods, the transformer will suppress DC and low-frequency interference signals, thus achieving high-pass filtering characteristics. Finally, the performance and experimental results of the whole underwater acoustic signal recording device are analyzed. After testing, the underwater acoustic signal recording device designed in this paper works stably and can record underwater acoustic signals with large dynamic range for a long time in low-power mode.

Military Innovation as the Result of Mental Models of Technology

Heightened political tensions and advances in technological development have prompted Scandinavian countries to increase investment in military research and capability development. The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of why actors sharing similar strategic cultures implement new technology for military purposes differently. The research is founded on a cognitive-psychological perspective comparing two cases of innovation processes: Swedish nuclear weapons development during the Cold War and developments in Swedish cyber defence during the first decades of the 21st century. The main finding is that military innovation is better explained through a consideration of shared mental models of new technology than it is through a consideration of strategic cultures. The analysis shows there are implications for capability development. First, military innovation processes are only initiated if and when new technology appears militarily relevant to an actor; thus, the ability to correctly assess the military relevance of technology at an early stage is crucial. Second, the forming of shared mental models can both contribute to and counteract military innovation and, thus, decision-makers need to be aware both that mental models can be shared and that confirmation bias affects actors on a collective level. Third, it is likely that military innovation processes benefit from mental models being challenged and from diverging mental models being made evident. Consequently, it is good practice, also from this study’s perspective, to diversify and welcome different views on the use of new technology. Further studies are solicited in order to develop practical guidelines.

Military tourism as a peculiarity of tourism development in a post-conflict territory


 
 
 
 One peculiarity of tourism development in the post-conflict territories of the Ukraine-controlled part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions is the possibility of development of military tourism and this is the urgent problem considered in the proposed article. The relevance of the article lies in the possibility of exploiting the existing negative factors in certain eastern territories and turning them into a source of interest and a point of no return. Military tours can have an enormous educational and instructive value both for the younger generation and for all people’s understanding of what conflict situations can lead to. The aim of the work is to develop proposals for the creation of innovative military tours as a feature of post-conflict tourism development in the affected area. General scientific methods, namely analytical, comparative-geographical, historical and marketing analysis are applied. World experience in organizing military tourism was analyzed and some recommendations for organizing such tours in Ukraine, and particularly in Luhansk and Donetsk regions, were revealed. The author’s classification of possible military tours in our country is offered. Recommendations on development of military tours to Ukraine are formed. Ukraine-controlled parts of Luhansk and Donetsk regions are evaluated as potentially promising areas for military tourism development. We have suggested specific tourist locations for creating military tours and developed proposals for creating innovative military tours as a feature of post-conflict tourism development in the affected areas in Ukraine’s eastern regions. The organizational mechanism of creating and promoting military tours on the tourism market on the example of the eastern territories of Ukraine has been studied. It is determined that military tours in the post-conflict times can become one of the promising directions of economic development of the eastern regions of Ukraine. The key provisions, factual material and conclusions of the article can be used for further research into the process of tourism development in Luhansk and Donetsk regions in order to develop the national tourism industry. In the future, similar tours may be developed throughout the region after the reintegration process.
 
 
 

Revisiting Institutional/Occupational Model in Turkish Military

This article questions the applicability of Moskos’ institutional/occupational model in a non-Western country whose modernization process resembles that of Western countries. This may be important for two reasons: First, most military sociologists have based their theories on the military’s position and development in Western societies. Whether the historical military development in Turkey resembles Western militaries due to the 19th-century military modernization efforts through Western experts’ guidance with the military as leader in the nation’s modernization or whether this historical military development had a unique structure and mission involving founding the country is debatable. Second, most existing studies on the Turkish military and civil-military relations in Turkey have been conducted by journalists, political scientists, and historians and lack a background in sociological theory. Instead, these studies have discussed the direct or indirect interventions of armed forces in politics. This paper begins building the theoretical foundation for a discussion of the opportunities and challenges of reorganizing Turkey’s civil-military relations by examining the applicability of one Western model to this non-Western country.

Analyzing the Impact of Chinese Military Development to the Indian Arm Force in 2015-2020

China and India are two countries with major military powers in Asia that are currently competing with each other to become the largest military power in Asia. The authors have an interest in researching matters related to the object of research on china's military influence on the Indian military in 2015-2020. The purpose of this research is to look at the link between the Chinese military increasing the budget for arms purchases, strengthening troops to its military movements against the Indian military which continues to catch up so that there is no security dilemma between China and India. To analyze the question, researchers apply an International Security perspective on the theory of security dilemmas and concepts of national interest. The theoretical framework of this research is guided by qualitative explanatory methods. Writing techniques through library research. The data sources used are collected from books, journals and other official publications. The results showed that China's change in attitude regarding its country's military had an impact on India. The impact could be felt from India's increasing military arms purchase budget following China's military reforms in 2015. In addition, India also began to open a path of military cooperation to pursue balance of power.

The Impact of Digital- Driven Warfare on Africa

Modern warfare is becoming more technological and increasingly employs advanced technologies. Advances in precision location,targeting and strike, navigation, large data transmission, weapon-system range and manoeuvrability, and the growing importance of the outer space and cyber domains are collectively altering the ‘spatial dimensions’ of warfare. But are these rapidly evolving technologies and their use in defence and warfare relevant to developing nations and Africa in particular? There still exist high barriers to implementation, especially in countries with weak military research and development infrastructures. This article examines these 4IR-induced shifts in warfare thinking and practice, and focuses on the implications for Africa. It also probes the options open to states to prepare for the use of digital technologies in the warfare domain, in particular drones and their application. It concludes with a number of recommendations for African security decision-makers to enhance innovative, effective, and efficient security sectors [1].

Causes of the Second Karabakh War: Analysis of the Positions and the Strength and Weakness of Armenia and Azerbaijan

ABSTRACT The article aims to demonstrate main causes of the Second Karabakh War by considering power and proximity factors as triggering elements. It depicts the positions of Armenia and Azerbaijan on shifted economic and military development within three-decades. It also asserts that the failed negotiation process played a crucial role in the war occurrence as the protracted conflict generates escalation risk. Given the structural attributes, it emphasizes importance revisionist and status quo-based policy-making processes of the parties. Arguing that alteration of power parity might bring a devastative war, this article offers that both sides can utilize opportunities for regional balance on the way to a peace settlement.

Chinese Hybrid Warfare Approach and the Logic of Strategy

The geopolitical, military, and economic development of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) represents a challenge to the world order that international actors will have to manage in the coming years. The destructuring approach of the current international system, based on US pre-eminence, is attacked simultaneously in three fields. It is a method that does not respect the rules of strategic logic and is capable of leading to the collapse of the Chinese regime due to the strong international friction it will create. The strategic realignment of the United Kingdom, USA, Japan, and Australia that has been in place since 2021 to contain China's international activism is a signal of a highly protective containment strategy currently deployed by the western allies led by Washington, but it is especially proof that Chinese policies are creating counter-reactions.

Military Experience and School Leadership Development in North Carolina

This phenomenological study explores six principals’ and assistant principals’ military experience and leadership development. The participants were purposefully selected based on being a principal or assistant principal and having a minimum of 4 years of military service as a Non-Commissioned Officer or Officer in any United States military branch. The participants, from two counties in North Carolina, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview protocol. The resulting themes were (a) accountability to family, superiors, subordinates; (b) the need for special programs aiding with transitions; and (c) Military Occupational Specialties (MOS) versus Military Training. The findings revealed that specific MOS did not influence the participants’ leadership development. However, military training influenced the leadership development from their military career to education leadership. This research extends previous investigations about military experience and principalship in the United States and Israel. The results are discussed, and recommendations for superintendents and local educational agencies are provided.

Military Education – Between Tradition, Modernity and Finding a Purpose

"Leadership, along with discipline, ethics, organisational culture and specific socialisation practices, is one of the most important pillars (Brown, Treviño, 2006) of the military profession. As such, professional military leadership is one of the key aspects emphasised at strategic level. One prominent example in this respect is the Romanian Military Strategy of 2021 (2021, pp. 3-4) which views it as one of the means of securing organisational and national resilience in a volatile, complex, and uncertain environment. Furthermore, as the 2020-2024 Romanian National Defence Strategy states (2020, p. 32), resilience is one of the key areas targeted by the NATO-EU cooperation agenda where Romania pledges to contribute. Following the strategic acknowledgment that professional military leadership is needed in order to meet future challenges in the defence and security field, the current article discusses the ways and means by which professional military leadership development can further the end of securing organisational resilience in the defence and security field, and hence that of consolidating national resilience."

Formarea profesională a liderilor militari din perspectiva rezilienței naționale

"Leadership, along with discipline, ethics, organisational culture and specific socialisation practices, is one of the most important pillars (Brown, Treviño, 2006) of the military profession. As such, professional military leadership is one of the key aspects emphasised at strategic level. One prominent example in this respect is the Romanian Military Strategy of 2021 (2021, pp. 3-4) which views it as one of the means of securing organisational and national resilience in a volatile, complex, and uncertain environment. Furthermore, as the 2020-2024 Romanian National Defence Strategy states (2020, p. 32), resilience is one of the key areas targeted by the NATO-EU cooperation agenda where Romania pledges to contribute. Following the strategic acknowledgment that professional military leadership is needed in order to meet future challenges in the defence and security field, the current article discusses the ways and means by which professional military leadership development can further the end of securing organisational resilience in the defence and security field, and hence that of consolidating national resilience."

Great Leadership is Timeless

On November 26, 2021, Dr. Michael Hennessy, Professor of History and War Studies at Royal Military College of Canada, presented on Great Leadership is Timeless: Lessons from Outstanding Military Leaders. The presentation was followed by a question and answer period with questions from the audience and CASIS Vancouver executives. The topics discussed included gaps in military leader development, valued traits of successful military leaders, and examples of great senior leaders.

Koncepcje ustrojowe polskiego obozu narodowego w XXI wieku na przykładzie Ligi Polskich Rodzin i Ruchu Narodowego

This article analyses the political concepts of the contemporary Polish national camp, represented by the League of Polish Families (2001–2011) and the National Movement (since 2012). Both parties strived to create a national state in which the Polish nation would have a dominant position and pursue its own interests. According to the leaders of both parties, only a nation-state can pursue a policy of comprehensive internal social, economic and military development, making Poland an important player in international politics and ensuring the security and prosperity of its citizens.

Law at the bifurcation point: discussion of the conceptual study military problems of International Law (Discussion in the format of the “Round Table” based on the materials of Chapter 6 “Military problems of International Law” Volume III of the monograph “Military Law”)

The year 2022 was marked by the publication of a number of interesting conceptual scientific publications in the most popular publishing houses of the country, research institutions and leading universities. One of such scientific works is Volume III of the monograph “Military Law”, published under the auspices of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, under the general editorship of the Director of the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Law, Professor A.N. Savenkov and Doctor of Law, Professor A.V. Kudashkin (I and II volumes published in 2021). The monograph under discussion bursts into the reader’s consciousness with a wide palette of issues under consideration, the theoretical breadth and methodological elaboration of which does not leave him indifferent. The subject of the theoretical discussion is Chapter 6 “Military problems of International Law” of Volume III “Main problems and promising areas of military legal research”, which contains six paragraphs in which current trends in the development of international military and military-technical cooperation, military problems of International and International Humanitarian Law, as well as international State responsibility are consistently studied and other questions. As a result of the discussion, it is noted that the scientific work under consideration is by its nature a conceptual knowledge of military problems of International Law, which accumulates in a systematic form the existing knowledge in the field of military aspects of International Law, opening up broad prospects for its study while studying at universities and conducting further research in this area of military legal knowledge.

Tradeoff among Defense, Environment and Development Expenditure: Evidence from India

This paper is set out to find the relationship, if any, between Defense spending, Economic development spending and environment spending for India, and to discuss the policy implications of the empirical results. Since India has one of the largest defense budgets within the Asian countries as well as Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad). The Quad is a strategic forum of informal nature. It comprises four nations, namely – India, Australia, USA and Japan. One of the primary objectives of the Quad is to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. This question has important implications for India’s future economic well-being and political stability. Taking into account the difficulties present in previous military expenditure studies, an econometric model was specified and empirically tested using Indian data for 2010-2020. Results suggested that there is a positive linkage between military expenditure and economic development, but the relationship between military expenditure and environment cannot be concluded. The part of the empirical study tested the defense-development relationship for India using expenditures on health and education as development proxies. The empirical findings suggested that there are tradeoffs between military expenditures and development expenditure. However, there seems to be a positive relationship between military expenditures and education but has no clear picture for environmental spending compared to both defense expenditure and development expenditure.

The Devshireme System in the Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, as a multi-ethnic empire, was first created by the Turks. In the fifteenth century, the Byzantine Empire was destroyed and the Turks made Constantinople their capital. By the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire had grown to its full potential and reached its peak in the seventeenth century, spanning three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa. In order to rule and administer the empire, the Turkish rulers created a number of unique systems and models of administration, such as the Sultanate, the Tima, the Millet and the Demisheme. The Demesme system was a rigorous selection system that was important to the military and political development of the Ottoman Empire. A study of this system will help us to understand the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire, its institutional structure and management style, and will also be of some value for the present-day employment system.

Организация выбора мест под строительство новых оборонных производств в России в начале XX века (на примере Самарского трубочного завода)

The creation of the domestic military-industrial complex is one of the poorly studied pages of the military history of Russia. The history of the military industry formation and development in the pre-revolutionary period is the least covered. The authors of this publication reveal the issues of choosing a place for the construction of enterprises of the domestic defense industry by the example of Samara Detonator Plant. This company was established in the early twentieth century and produced products for the needs of the artillery department. It included the components of ammunition – tubes and fuses, i.e. the most technologically sophisticated means of initiating artillery shells. The profile archival funds of a number of federal, regional and departmental archives of Russia, as well as published legislative acts were used as a source base. Historical-genetic and systemic methods were used in the preparation of the publication. The authors have consistently studied the subject under consideration and identified the key features of choosing a place for the construction of the plant. The statistical method and the method of schematization were used as auxiliary research methods. In this article the authors investigate the working procedure of a special commission of the Main Artillery Directorate of the Military Ministry of the Russian Empire to select a site for the construction of a second Detonator plant in Samara. The main problems faced by this commission in the course of solving this problem are characterized. The proposals of Russian cities on the placement of a defense enterprise on their territory are analyzed and evaluated. Russian authors come to the conclusion that after the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 the Russian army's need for ammunition and means of their initiation increased dramatically. It was this circumstance that prompted the selection of a place for the construction of a new enterprise. For this purpose, Samara was chosen as a city with a favourable geographical location, sufficient resources and workers. The sites examined, but rejected by the commission, subsequently served to accommodate new defense industries during the First World War of 1914-1917.

Twenty «beginnings» of N.I.Pirogov’s military field surgery, their relevance and development

Twenty «beginnings» of N.I.Pirogov’s military field surgery, their relevance and development

The paradigm of military intelligence development in Ukraine

The paradigm of military intelligence development in Ukraine