Maritime Development Research Articles

Navigational Insights during the Reign of Cyrus the Great: A Comprehensive Examination Based on Archaeological Findings Such as Clay Tablets, Reliefs, and an Analysis of Historical and Literary Texts

One of the earliest indications of Iranian navigation during the Achaemenid period is a relief found in the audience hall of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae, bearing the appellation “God of Water and Sea.” The primary focus of this article is to investigate whether navigation and maritime activities during the reign of Cyrus the Great were influenced by and expanded upon Phoenician techniques and Mesopotamian regions. Prior studies have generally taken a historical and overarching approach to this subject. Since complete trust cannot be placed in historical references and texts, and given the existence of certain deficiencies and even contradictions in the writings of ancient historians such as Herodotus, Xenophon, and others, this research aims to shed new light on the obscure aspects of navigation and seafaring during this era, relying on archaeological findings such as the clay tablets, relief, and a reexamination of previous literary and historical texts. This article employs an analytical-descriptive methodology and a library-based approach. Among the archaeological findings from this period, a total of two reliefs in Pasargadae and two clay tablets are subject to investigation and research. The examination of the artifacts and findings from Pasargadae demonstrates that the Achaemenids indirectly came under the influence of Phoenician art and Mesopotamian regions concerning navigation. Furthermore, in the pursuit of maritime development, trade, and shipping, they were directly influenced by the Phoenicians. With the acquisition of maritime power, they successfully annexed many neighboring lands to their powerful empire.

Open Space and Ocean Grabbing: The Sea in the Geographic Opening of the Galápagos

The sea has long been a barrier guaranteeing the ecological isolation of the Galápagos. When Ecuador annexed the archipelago, the sea became an obstacle, because neither the state nor the island residents had ships to maintain regular relations with the mainland. On the contrary, the Galápagos Islands are an open space for foreign actors who, having adequate transport, freely use its natural resources and strategic location. At the end of the twentieth century, air travel overcame the oceanic distance and led to the unlimited development of maritime and land tourism in the archipelago’s protected areas. The needs of the Galápagos’ growing population are supplied by cargo ships and, through a process of ocean grabbing, its sea is exploited by various forms of tourism and export fishing. The sea is thus the main vector of the geographical opening of the Galápagos, a process characteristic of globalization that causes profound spatial, ecological, and social changes in a once isolated region.

Analisa Strategis Kesiapan Operasional TNI Angkatan Laut dalam Menghadapi Dinamika Lingkungan Maritim

Indonesia, as the largest archipelagic nation globally, faces significant strategic challenges in its maritime domain. The Indonesian Navy's preparedness is paramount in safeguarding the nation's interests amid evolving geopolitical dynamics, resource competition, and maritime security threats such as piracy and terrorism. This paper examines the role and importance of the Operational Ready Force (ORF) within Indonesia's maritime defence strategy. By employing strategic analysis, the study evaluates the Navy's operational readiness, focusing on resource allocation, technological advancements, and international cooperation necessary to enhance the ORF's effectiveness. The research utilizes a comprehensive methodology, including literature review, official documents, and expert interviews, to provide an in-depth understanding of the Indonesian Navy's readiness to address dynamic maritime environments. The paper also explores the strategic implications of global, regional, and national maritime developments, emphasizing the necessity for an adaptive and resilient maritime strategy. The findings suggest that ORF is crucial in bolstering the Indonesian Navy's capabilities, enabling rapid and effective responses to maritime threats while protecting national sovereignty. The study concludes with recommendations for further development of ORF, ensuring Indonesia's continued maritime security and regional stability through integrated technology, strengthened international collaboration, and adaptive threat response strategies.

Indian Navy – the guardian of the Indian Ocean

ABSTRACT For long India has aspired to take leadership in the Indian Ocean region and emerge as, firstly the regional ‘net security provider’ and later as the ‘preferred security partner’ for regional states. But it seems to have fallen short of expectations by not asserting itself as a major naval power, perhaps overshadowed by a large presence of the US Navy which has been traditionally seen as the underwriter of regional security. However, this may no longer be the case as recent maritime developments indicate that the Indian Navy has now emerged as not just the most preferred security partner for most regional states but also the ‘go to’ navy for extra-regional navies. This paper looks at how India’s view of the Indian Ocean has evolved since independence from a vocal advocate of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace leading to its transformation under the current BJP-led Modi government that we now witness as the ‘guardian of the Indian Ocean’.

Social network analysis of foreign research in the field of automation of cargo container transportation

The relevance of the topic is caused by the following. Improving automation and digitalization of technological processes of transshipment complexes is one of the priorities for development of maritime and river transport in the Russian Federation in the coming years. The importance of scientific research aimed at finding solutions to this problem, undoubtedly, increases already accumulated knowledge and the rate of emergence of new ones in this area. As a result, there is a need to update and systematize newly obtained theoretical and practical developments in review studies, which undoubtedly form the foundation of all academic research activities, as they are aimed at identifying current problems and links of future scientific developments with existing ones. The work analyzes the scientific area research in the field of automation of technological processes of container terminals regarding the dominant thematic areas of foreign scientific schools over the past ten years. The source of information flow for the analysis was secondary open scientific data posted in the GoogleScholar system. The objectives of the study included searching for publications corresponding to the stated topic, clustering the authors of these articles based on the principle of co-authorship, identifying scientists who contributed most to the new scientific developments, determining the scientific interests of researchers by analyzing the texts of their scientific works. The method of edge clustering, as well as structural and positional analyses were used to solve the tasks. As a result, a network graph was generated for the authorship of scientific works, a cross-citation graph of scientific publications, as well as a graph for comparing the research results of scientists with one of the thematic directions of the subject area of research. Graph construction and analysis were performed using Gephi software.

Preface

Abstract It is highly delighted to introduce the proceedings dedicated to the 2nd International Conference on Maritime Development (ICMaD 2023), which was successfully held on October 4-5, 2023 in Makassar, Indonesia and hosted by Research Centre, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Makassar. ICMaD 2023 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of maritime environmental. The goal is to provide a forum for researchers, practitioners, academics, and stakeholders in building collaborative relationships and partnerships between governments, the maritime industry, academic institutions and the rest of the world in order to promote sustainable and efficient maritime development. About 150 participants from academic, high-education institutes and other organizations took part in the Conference. The conference model was divided into two sessions, including oral presentations and keynote speeches. In the first part, keynote speakers were each allocated 20 minutes to hold their speeches. Then in the second part, parallel sessions whose submissions the papers, were given 15 minutes to perform their oral presentations one by one. We were very honored to have Prof. Dr. Paul Tae Woo Lee from Ocean College, Zhejiang University, China and Prof. Ir. Dr. Ab Saman Abd Kader, P.Eng, MIEM, CILT from University Teknologi Malaysia. In the keynote presentation part, we invited two professors and three practitioner as our keynote speakers. The first keynote speaker, Dr. Capt. Antoni Arif Priadi, M.Sc. shared a speech: Eco port (environmental port) and Green shipping. The second keynote speaker, Prof. Dr. Paul Tae Woo Lee, his presentation entitles Transforming Ports for a Sustainable Future: Embracing Smart Port Functions, Decarbonization, and Digitalization. The third keynote speaker , Prof Ir Dr Ab Saman Abd Kader, P.Eng, MIEM, CILT, Professor in Marine Transport and Safety his presentation entitled Smart and Green Solution on Port Operations. The four keynote speaker: Budi Cahyono, M.Sc shared a speech JICT digitalization journey commenced in 2001 until 2023 introducing Terminal Booking Systems (TBS) and Optical Character Recognized (OCR) platforms. The fifth keynote speaker, Captain Hari Subramaniam, M.B.A, from Singapore Office The Shipowners’ Club, Singapore, his presentation entitled Decarbonizing Shipping and Port. The proceedings present a selection of high-quality papers submitted to the conference by researchers from universities. All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members. The papers were selected based on their quality and their relevance to the conference. The proceedings present recent advances in the fields of maritime environmental and other related research. I would like to express special gratitude to members of the conference committee and organizers of the conference. I would also like to thank the reviewers for their valuable time and advice which helped in improving the quality of the papers selected for presentation at the conference and for publication in the proceedings. Finally, I want to thank the authors, the members of the organizing committee, the reviewers, the chairpersons, and all other conference participants for their support of 2nd ICMaD 2023.

Sailing Towards Excellence: Revamping the Education Policy to Foster Maritime Leadership in Indonesia

Abstract
 The maritime sector in Indonesia stands at a crucial juncture, demanding a nuanced understanding of the current state of maritime education, its challenges, and the pathways toward fostering maritime leadership. This research, titled "Sailing Towards Excellence: Revamping the Education Policy to Foster Maritime Leadership in Indonesia," employs qualitative research methods using secondary data to explore these dimensions comprehensively.
 The study begins by examining the current features of maritime education programs in Indonesia and assessing their alignment with the dynamic needs of the maritime industry. It investigates the challenges educational institutions face in delivering quality maritime education and explores their repercussions on the development of maritime leadership. Furthermore, the research delves into industry professionals' perceptions of graduates' preparedness for maritime education programs.
 Identified regulatory barriers within the current education policy are scrutinized to understand their impact on the evolution of maritime education in Indonesia. The research concludes by formulating specific policy recommendations to address the identified gaps and enhance maritime leadership development.
 Keywords: maritime development,maritime education, maritime leadership, policy recommendations

New Maritime Development: Towards the Theory and Practice of Transformable Area Systems

New Maritime Development: Towards the Theory and Practice of Transformable Area Systems

Maritime Diplomacy in Realizing the Vision of Golden Indonesia 2045 through the Concept of World Maritime Axis

Indonesia plays an important role in global maritime dynamics. The maritime sector is critical to international trade and regional security. The concept of the World Maritime Axis has been introduced as the basis for Indonesia's maritime development. The Golden Indonesia Vision 2045 is Indonesia's long-term roadmap to become a major economic power. It focuses on the optimal use of the maritime sector, with maritime diplomacy playing an important role in achieving this vision. This article examines the research objectives to answer the main question: "How do the projections and strategies of maritime diplomacy contribute to the achievement of Indonesia's Golden Vision 2045 through the World Maritime Axis Concept?". This study uses a qualitative approach to examine the projected achievement of the Golden Indonesia Vision 2045 through the concept of the World Maritime Axis. The data collection technique is a comprehensive literature review, including government policy documents, international reports, and relevant academic publications. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques to identify, analyze and report patterns (themes) in the data. The research findings show that Indonesia must navigate shifts in global power competition. Indonesia's maritime diplomacy will play an important role in optimizing maritime resources for national and international interests. To strengthen these efforts, a strong defense and security posture is needed amidst regional dynamics.

Low-carbon technology selection and carbon reduction potential assessment in the shipbuilding industry with dynamically changing grid emission factors

The shipbuilding industry is a vital sector involved in manufacturing ships and marine structures. It serves critical roles in shipping, maritime development, and national defense, which contributes significantly to employment, international trade, and national security. Nevertheless, the shipbuilding industry is under enormous pressure to curtail carbon emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from both existing and new ships by 2030 compared to the 2008 baseline. This stems from the industry's high-carbon emission nature, making it imperative to adopt sustainable solutions that minimize its environmental impact. Given the capital- and energy-intensive nature of the shipbuilding industry, the implementation of suitable technologies can also improve the overall operational efficiency while meeting shipowners' sustainability standards and enhancing competitiveness. We selected a typical shipbuilding company in South China and categorized the 11 key low-carbon technologies into four categories based on their principles and application scenarios, i.e., equipment improvement, process upgrading, intelligent upgrading, and fuel alternative. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning system (LEAP) model was employed in this study to simulate the energy consumption structure of this shipbuilding enterprise and explore pathways to reach carbon emissions peak under six low-carbon technology scenarios. In addition, the impact of dynamically changing grid emission factors on long-term carbon emission reduction is taken into consideration. The results show that a sustained reduction in grid emission factors will have a positive impact on carbon emission reduction. The shipyard's planned requirements to achieve carbon peak before 2030 and reduce its carbon intensity by 18% from 2020 are only achievable under the application of all low-carbon technologies. The shipyard will achieve carbon peak in 2026, with a maximum emission reduction potential of 13.2 thousand tons. The primary contributors are equipment improvement and process upgrading technologies, with reductions of 6.73 and 3.11 thousand tons, respectively. Therefore, from a technical point of view, these can be prioritized for development, although some of the equipment has a high upfront investment. Notably, the technology diffusion is rapid, with most technologies projected to reach penetration saturation by 2025, leading to a payback period of 3–4 years thereafter.

Mangrove Ecotourism Management in Batam City: Aspects of Sustainable Financing Models

This study aims to determine the role of Mangrove planting in maritime affairs in Batam City. The study uses Qualitative Descriptive which explains the condition of Batam City in relation to maritime affairs, like a potential and geographical conditions of Batam City. The results of the study refer to how Mangrove development in improving maritime quality is seen from the aspects of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, which are explained in the SWOT analysis, and then processed with the TOWS Matrix in order to determine the implications and ways for maritime development to be carried out properly. The results of the study revealed that both the four aspects in the TOWS matrix provide information on how Mangrove can improve the quality of maritime affairs in Batam, have an impact on the population, minimize pollution, improve the economy and social relations of the community, and how the government and the private sector can work together in developing maritime affairs in Batam. In this study, it discusses sustainable funding in efforts to improve maritime quality, where community programs and activities can be monitored and provided with a forum so that the development of Mangrove planting in Batam City can be implemented.

PELABUHAN BARU BATAVIA: TRANSFORMASI PELABUHAN TANJUNG PRIOK, 1883-1925

The article provides a detailed account of the development of Tanjung Priok Port, from its establishment in 1883 to when it was equipped with a station in 1925. The port was built in response to the opening of the Suez Canal in Egypt, which significantly impacted the maritime development of Europe to the Far East, including the Dutch East Indies. The rapidly growing shipping activities, which relied on sea routes, could no longer be accommodated by the Sunda Kelapa Harbour. Consequently, the government decided to construct Tanjung Priok port. This study uses a historical method that includes heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The author discusses various aspects of Tanjung Priok Port, namely the construction process, the port's condition, development, and supporting elements. Additionally, the article covers the port activities before the formal institutional establishment of Tanjung Priok Port

THE EVOLUTION OF CARGO SHIPS IN THE MALAYSIAN MARITIME INDUSTRY

The maritime industry plays an important role in facilitating international trade and economic growth, making it important for Malaysia to remain at the forefront of technological advancements in the design and operation of cargo ships. This abstract investigates the evolution of cargo ships in the context of the Malaysian maritime industry. By examining historical developments, technological innovations, and regulatory changes, this study aims to shed light on the transformative journey of cargo ships and their impact on the nation's trade and shipping sector. This study aims to analyze whether this cargo ship revolution is beneficial to the Malaysian maritime industry and to identify the impact of the evolution of large cargo ships in the Malaysian maritime industry. It explores the transition from traditional wooden ships to steel-hulled ships and the emergence of containers, which revolutionized cargo handling efficiency. The results of this study also talk about the revolution of cargo ships, namely autonomous ships, which have transformed cargo ships into sophisticated and efficient ships. Smart integration into cargo ships not only improves operational efficiency but also optimizes fuel consumption, resulting in a reduced environmental impact. In addition, it also tells the impact of the cargo revolution and cargo revolution beneficial to the existence of automatic ships. In this study, the researcher also conducted an interview session with the operation manager of Lumut Maritime Terminal (LMT), a ship captain from (MISC) company, and a Chief Engineer First Class from the Java Offshore Company. The results of the interviews will be analyzed using content analysis to identify the effects and benefits of this cargo ship revolution. Finally, this research aims to provide valuable insights to industry stakeholders, and researchers who wish to understand the dynamic evolution of cargo ships and their importance in the context of Malaysian maritime development.

Politik Hukum Pembangunan Kemaritiman Dalam Batasan Wilayah Perairan di Indonesia

The importance of maritime development legal politics is because the Indonesian nation until now has not had a national policy on the development of an integrated archipelagic state, weak understanding and awareness of Indonesia as an archipelagic state, has not set the boundaries of territorial waters even though the territorial waters, weak defense and state resilience from the seaside. Based on these problems, efforts to protect and ensure state security by sea are absolute. How is the legal politics of maritime development within the boundaries of territorial waters in Indonesia and how the enforcement of maritime law in Indonesian maritime waters is related to the country's maritime security? This research uses empirical juridical research methods, through tracing and reviewing secondary data, in the form of laws and regulations, academic manuscripts, policy recommendations, and scientific works of experts in the field of maritime development. The results of the discussion of the internationally recognized politics of maritime development law are very important, as a rule that can be used as a reference, especially by countries that have ratified it in determining maritime policy. The government has set various development policies and development of the maritime sector and is still weak in consistency and priority of implementation of these programs. Law enforcement in the maritime sector of Indonesia related to state maritime security is indispensable for the implementation of state maritime security in inland waters, archipelagic waters, Indonesian territorial seas, sea lanes, straits for international shipping of the Indonesian continental shelf, EEZ, and additional zones due to various forms of threats and threats to the Indonesian sea which has abundant natural resource potential and geographical position and strategic geopolitics.

Technological Alternatives for Electric Propulsion Systems in the Waterway Sector

The trend in the development of maritime and river propulsion systems is to make a transition from hydrocarbon to more environmentally friendly solutions. This contributes positively to the solution of the problems identified by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding the high emissions of polluting gases emitted by maritime transportation. Currently, there is a wide variety of systems available due to the development of mobility technologies focused on decarbonization. This paper presents an analysis of technological alternatives for boats with electromobility applications and propulsion systems in the waterway field. First, a description of the operation of boats with electric motors, the different energy sources, and the alternative propulsion options is presented. Then, the electromobility technologies are characterized, analyzing the different configurations between the power source and the propulsion system. The results show a comparative table of technologies and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the most environmentally friendly technologies present significant challenges for large-scale implementation due to their recent development. In the short term, hybrid systems technologies present advantages over the others, as current systems are available, with the addition of equipment with higher efficiency and lower environmental impact.

Harnessing Technology for Environmental Method: Cultivating High Order Thinking Skills for Sustainable Maritime Development Knowledge

There The objective of this research is to identify effective strategies for leveraging technology to enhance the understanding of students and practitioners in the maritime sector regarding Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Furthermore, it aims to underscore the importance of designing relevant and up-to-date curricula while offering suitable learning platforms that align with technological advancements. Employing a quantitative approach, the study indicates that HOTS-based learning has an impact on increasing maritime awareness among students in Bandung city. This study illuminates’ phenomena in the realm of maritime education and the potential integration of technology in fostering High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). The research findings highlight that the integration of HOTS represents an effective approach to enhance analytical capabilities, promote active involvement, enhance creative problem-solving abilities, and ultimately instill enduring environmental consciousness. These research findings provide a robust foundation for concluding that the implementation of Learning-based HOTS methods significantly enhances sustainable maritime knowledge and awareness.

China’s 21st Century Maritime Strategy

Abstract In less than three decades, the People’s Liberation Army Navy developed from a minor coastal-defence force into the largest naval force in the world. China’s rapid rise in seapower has gained significant attention from established naval circles, academia, and the public. In their efforts to explain this development, analysts have often referred to 19th-century naval history, seeking to connect China’s maritime developments to the ideas of influential naval strategists like Alfred Thayer Mahan and Julian Corbett. However, in doing so, these naval thinkers are often used to make a case about long-term developments or strategic implications regarding China’s alleged grand strategy. This paper seeks to turn this methodology around by solely focusing on the reflection of those naval theories—in their own right—against China’s maritime strategy. In doing so, it aims to historicise China’s 21st-century maritime strategy by testing to what extent it is reflected by the ideas of the navalists that are often presumed to influence Chinese strategic circles. It is argued that while on a grand-strategic level, Chinese strategic thinking seems to reflect the essence of Mahan’s seapower argument regarding its focus on the interconnectedness of maritime commerce and national power, a closer analysis reveals significant discrepancies in terms of both implementation and the broader strategic mindset regarding China’s geostrategic situation.

The Hydrodynamic Model Application for Future Coastal Zone Development in Remote Area

Indonesia is an archipelago country with a wealth of marine resources. However, local communities have not optimally utilized the use of natural resources, including those in the coastal zone of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research goal is to identify the potential coastal areas for future development in the coastal zones, such as grouper floating net cage (FNC) culture, seaweed cultivation, and tourism areas. Thus, it is intended to develop the methodology of the hydrodynamic models for decision support systems (DSS) within the analysis hierarchy process. There are a total of 25 parameters criteria to calculate the potential future coastal zone development, including physics, water quality, and zoning properties. This DSS can serve as the foundation for instruction, knowledge, and application in developing rural coastal regions. Because of its breadth, this research endeavor is still ongoing. After calibration and verification, the initial study of the potential area of approximately 98,000 ha indicates that the model meets the accuracy requirement within the range of the root mean square error of approximately 0.184. Then, the outcomes of the hydrodynamic model simulation in DSS can be used as essential information for maritime development at this location. The outcomes demonstrate that the best areas for grouper FNC cultivation, seaweed cultivation, along with marine tourism are 6,163 ha, 91,000 ha, and 9,024 ha, respectively. It is expected that this research will contribute to sustainable future coastal zone development in the vicinity of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-08-02 Full Text: PDF

Sino–Russian Cooperation in Arctic Maritime Development: Expectations and Contradictions

Russia accords high priority to developing its Northern Sea Route while acknowledging substantial investment needs. China has shown increasing interest in Arctic shipping and has finance and technology. Infrastructure cooperation has been highlighted in the context of the warming relationship between the two countries. Russian scholars express considerable concern regarding China’s long-term goals in the Arctic and reluctance to allow China’s influence, but expectations of investment remain high. Chinese scholars have been optimistic about prospects for cooperation, although not satisfied with the conditions Russia seems willing to offer. This background may help to explain the almost total lack of Sino–Russian cooperation in maritime infrastructure.

Ponggawaian Problems in Creating Job Opportunities in the Maritime Sector

The success of maritime development must be felt by the surrounding coastal communities, most of whom work as fishermen and have low education, so it is necessary to pay attention to efforts to improve the standard of living of the people in coastal areas and overcome the problem of unemployment. The fishing community group which is a Bugis-Makassar fisherman organization has been formed for generations. In general, this Bugis and Makassar fishing organization is referred to as Ponggawa-Sawi with all the problems in it. The purpose of this research is to find out how the problem of professionalism is in job creation. The research method used is qualitative with data collection using the in-depth interview method with key respondents and analyzed using the APPAS method. The results of the study show that 1) the problem of employment in creating employment opportunities has been going on for a long time, both in a structured way, in this case mustard (workers) have a low bargaining position because there are not many alternative job opportunities available; 2) business owners have problems in terms of lacking managerial ability so that business results are less than optimal. The use of the APPAS method recommends several things related to the problems that occur, namely 1) make a clear work contract for workers (sawi); 2) carry out training or assistance related to increasing the managerial capabilities of business owners.