Development Of Marine Aquaculture Research Articles

Multi-source remote sensing big data mining reveals cross-regional correlation between aquaculture and Enteromorpha disaster outbreaks

ABSTRACT Marine aquaculture is one of the most important marine resource utilization types, widely distributed in seashore areas. Because mass marine aquaculture development will lead to the eutrophication disaster of macroalgae blooms (green tide), it is imperative to discover the latent relationship. Inspired by the big data analysis theory, the spatiotemporal correlation change in 2017 and 2019 of the marine aquaculture and macroalgae blooms in Jiangsu Shoal in the West of the Yellow Sea and its adjacent seas were monitored and extracted respectively based on multi-source remote sensing images. Through optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, the imaging characteristics of marine aquaculture in different growth cycles and sea conditions are analyzed. The relationship between the green tide and marine aquaculture harvest was explored from the early green algae distribution and spatiotemporal distribution changes. The earliest harvest area of marine aquaculture is the exact location of the outbreak of green tide. Along with the rapid reduction of aquaculture area, the distribution range of green tide gradually increased. The two showed opposite trends through many multi-source remote sensing data statistical analyses. Therefore, they have a strong correlation, which can be utilized to offer a significant value for the balance of marine environmental protection and resource development.

Evaluation of China’s Marine Aquaculture Sector’s Green Development Level Using the Super-Efficiency Slacks-Based Measure and Global Malmquist–Luenberger Index Models

Given China’s rapidly expanding marine aquaculture industry, the associated ecological issues have garnered widespread attention. Therefore, it is crucial to speed up the green growth of marine aquaculture in order to save the environment and use resources sustainably. In order to statically assess and dynamically analyze the green development efficiency levels of marine aquaculture in nine coastal provinces of China from 2012 to 2021, this study uses the non-expected output super-efficiency Slacks-Based Measure model and the Global Malmquist–Luenberger index method. Additionally, it integrates input–output redundancy rates to analyze the causes of efficiency loss. Static efficiency primarily reflects whether a region’s inputs and outputs at a given point in time reach an effective efficiency level, while the level of dynamic efficiency mainly gauges the dynamic changes in the efficiency of green production. The results show that, from 2012 to 2021, China’s marine aquaculture industry’s average static efficiency of green output was 0.705. The southern marine economic zone exhibited the highest static efficiency value in the green development of marine aquaculture, displaying a stepped distribution pattern of “south–north–east” in decreasing order. The input–output redundancy analysis reveals that the primary causes of static efficiency loss in China’s marine aquaculture industry are attributed to varying degrees of redundant inputs and carbon emission outputs. Looking through the lens of the GML index, the annual average growth rate of the green total factor productivity in China’s marine aquaculture stands at 11.1%, with an annual average change in technical efficiency of 1.8%, while the annual average change in technological progress amounts to 9.1%, suggesting that technological advancement is the primary driver of the rise in green total factor productivity in China’s marine aquaculture sector. According to the study, in order to encourage China’s marine aquaculture industry to grow sustainably, efforts should be made not only to accelerate technological advancements but also to enhance technical efficiency. Policies that are specifically designed for the local environment should be developed to support the sustainable development of the marine aquaculture sector and to make resource allocation easier.

A comprehensive approach to strategic planning for marine aquaculture in Egypt: SWOT-AHP analysis

Egypt, a leading producer of aquaculture in the Mediterranean, faces challenges in developing its marine aquaculture sector. To address these issues, this study utilized the SWOT-AHP methodology for a quantitative assessment of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Interviews were conducted with 26 experts, including marine fish farmers, academics, and officials. The results revealed Egypt's global leadership as the largest producer of meagre and the third-largest producer of marine species such as seabass and seabream. This success can be attributed to strengths such as competitive pricing for meagre, extended marine aquaculture sites, suitable weather conditions, and moderate winters not available to competitors, contributing to the production of high-quality marine fish with a large market size. This provides a significant marketing opportunity when focusing on this high-priced large-size category. However, experts' concerns about the development of marine aquaculture lead them to believe that weaknesses and threats outweigh strengths and opportunities. These concerns include reliance on limited and costly trash fish, a decrease in demand for aquafeed due to rising prices, poor water quality, and a dependency on wild seeds. Pollution and climate change are also major concerns. In summary, the implementation of the SWOT-AHP approach ensures the development of an effective strategic plan for marine aquaculture in Egypt. This approach contributes to maximizing opportunities and addressing challenges that may hinder the sector's future growth. Collaborative execution among stakeholders (farmers, academics, and officials) is expected to facilitate a transition to sustainable practices, promoting innovation, and continuous improvement of the strategy.

The role of marine aquaculture in contributing to the diversity and stability of U.S. seafood production

Seafood systems are likely to face increasing environmental, economic, and political stressors, leading to disruptions to marine ecosystems and to the communities that depend on harvest of marine resources. Drawing from portfolio theory, we suggest that a more diverse industry might be more stable and resilient in the face of these stressors; and one important source of diversification could be from increasing and broadening marine aquaculture production. This is one argument for encouraging development of marine aquaculture within the United States, where the industry currently accounts for < 10% of domestic seafood value. Using regional production data, we explore the evidence that marine aquaculture development helps diversify the seafood system in the United States and make it less vulnerable to outside stressors, while also highlighting data limitations that hinder a more rigorous analysis. Our results suggest that a seafood strategy that focuses on diversity – both within marine aquaculture and by increasing the sector’s contribution to U.S. seafood production – may help achieve a more stable and resilient national seafood industry.

Distribution characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes and microbial diversity in the inshore aquaculture area of Wenchang, Hainan, China

The rapid development of marine aquaculture has led to the increased use and release of antibiotics into the marine environment, consequently contributing to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Information on antibiotic resistance in nearshore marine aquaculture areas remains limited, and research on the microbial composition and potential hosts of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in marine aquaculture areas is scarce. This study used SmartChip real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and qPCR to quantitatively analyze 44 ARGs and 10 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) genes in 12 sampling points in the nearshore aquaculture area of Wenchang. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to study microbial diversity in the study area, to clarify the correlation between ARGs, MGEs, and microbial diversity, and to determine the possible sources and potential hosts of ARGs. The results showed that a total of 37 ARGs and 8 MGEs were detected in the study area. The detection rate of 9 ARGs (aac(6′)-Ib(aka aacA4)-02, catA1, cmlA, cfr, sul1, sul2, sulA/folP-01, tetC, tetX) was 100 %. The absolute abundance of ARGs in the 12 sampling points ranged from 2.75 × 107 to 3.79 × 1010 copies·L−1, and the absolute abundance of MGEs was 1.30 × 105 to 2.54 × 107 copies·L−1, which was relatively high compared to other research areas. ARGs and MGEs were significantly correlated, indicating that MGEs play an important role as a mediator in the spread of ARGs. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria were the dominant bacteria in the study area, with HIMB11 and unidentifiedChloroplast being the dominant levels, respectively. Network analysis of ARGs and microorganisms (genus level) revealed that Cognatishimia, Thalassobius, Aestuariicoccus, Thalassotalea, and Vibrio were significantly correlated with multiple ARGs and were the main potential hosts of ARGs in the nearshore waters of Wenchang.

DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF AN OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO COMBINED WAVE AND CURRENT CONDITIONS

Abstract The reliable design of offshore aquaculture structure (OAS) for fish farming in the open ocean is vital to the marine aquaculture industry in the future. However, the lack of easy-to-access numerical tools for the dynamic analysis of OAS challenges the development of marine aquaculture. This article presents a newly developed numerical library under an open-source, finite-element analysis code, Code_Aster, enabling the dynamic analysis of OAS. A numerical model of OAS is first developed using the present numerical library, and then validated against published experiments. The validation shows a good agreement in terms of structural motions and tensions in mooring lines. Subsequently, the dynamic responses of this model are analyzed under irregular waves and current conditions from field measurements on an offshore fish farm site. The results indicate that a negative mean pitch angle will occur when the current velocity is large.

The first attempts made towards the domestication of sea cucumbers in Kenya

The potential for culture of sandfish Holothuria scabra in Kenya was investigated based on a sample of 1000 wild individuals with an average weight of 40-80 g. This experiment was conducted to identify suitable methods of collection, transportation, acclimatization, and growth at different stocking densities. Packing methods tested during collection were oxygen filled plastic bags and open basins. For method 1, Sample 1 sandfishes were carried individually in oxygen filled plastic bags with sea water. Sample 2 included a total of five sandfishes per bag, and Sample 3 had a maximum of ten sandfishes. Under method 2 specimens were transported using open basins containing sand and aerated sea water in densities of 10, 20 and 30 individuals per basin. The mean (±SD) percentage evisceration rate during transportation in method 1 was 0 for a density of 1, 3.33 ± 5.77 % for a density of 5, and 20 ± 10 % for a density of 10. In method 2 evisceration occurred at all the three densities; 23.3 ± 15.28 % for the low density, 23.33 ± 2.8 % for the middle density and 36.6 ± 3.33 % for the higher density. The findings of this study provide information to contribute to the development of marine aquaculture of sea cucumber in Kenya.

The IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions™ as a tool for enhancing the sustainable development of marine aquaculture

This paper applies the IUCN Global Standard for Nature based Solutions™ self-assessment tool (published in 2020) to two aquaculture case studies. Data from the case studies were compiled by the authors. In Zanzibar, secondary data were obtained through a previous project, which included a stakeholder workshop in Zanzibar (in 2019) and one deliverable published by the IUCN on Zanzibar of their catalogue “Aquaculture and Marine Conservation”. In Indonesia, the original data were provided by the Blue Natural Capital Funding Facility (BNCFF) and the associated local teams. The analysis of the data, the information provided, and the scoring itself were done by the authors, in association with local teams in both areas. The results of the two assessments, discussed in the paper and presented in detail in the Supplementary materials, can be considered original research, never previously published in a scientific journal. The concept of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) was proposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to protect, restore, and sustainably manage natural and modified ecosystems for achieving a variety of societal benefits. The IUCN released the IUCN Global Standard for NbS™ to help design, assess, strengthen, and upscale NbS interventions. In the current context of growing uncertainties for the future of coastlines and oceans, aquaculture has been recognized as a positive activity for achieving sustainable development in coastal communities; supporting food security, poverty alleviation, and economic resilience; and contributing to the conservation of marine ecosystems in some cases. However, the sustainability of aquaculture systems has often been criticized. Aquaculture initiatives in coastal areas can achieve both nature conservation and sustainable development objectives, but reflection on the conditions under which this would happen is needed. This article examines aquaculture systems through the lens of the NbS concept and the IUCN Global Standard for NbS™, along with other sustainability concepts and instruments currently used in the context of aquaculture. The application of the IUCN Global Standard for NbS™’s to two case studies is explored: seaweed farming in Zanzibar in marine conservation areas and shrimp farming coupled with mangrove restoration in Indonesia. The results show that the NbS concept underpinning the IUCN Global Standard for NbS™ could help in the overall assessment of aquaculture systems and improve their sustainability by highlighting both their positive outcomes and issues requiring further examination in relation to marine biodiversity benefits, socio-economic development, and/or governance. The IUCN Global Standard for NbS™ could provide an operational framework to implement existing concepts, such as the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture, contribute to clarifying critical issues in aquaculture development, and provide guidance for the development of a new type of aquaculture project, specifically designed as NbS. This finding advocates the context-dependent exploration and promotion of aquaculture projects as NbS.

From “Common Pools” to “Fish Pools”: Shifting Property Institutions in Traditional Waters of Norway and Canada

Although exclusive common pool resource management regimes have locally been applied since time immemorial in many coastal and fjord areas, in the legal conceptualization of space, the oceans and their living resources were traditionally treated as a “global commons.” The idea of restricting access to coastal oceanic resources and delegating their governance to state instruments has become increasingly popular since the middle of the previous century when political economy models predicted the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. While state jurisdictions overall continue to preserve the idea of common access to marine living resources for a state’s people, the rapid privatization of marine living resources and the subsequent development of aquaculture over the last few decades, often confront this understanding, leading to enclosure of a delineated maritime area that was initially intended to be accessible to the public. Enclosing the sea for the purpose of aquaculture development leads to a semantic change in property institutions that govern coastal areas and provides for a form of enclosure of the commons in key locations designated for marine aquaculture development. This article explores the concept of “ocean commons” and debates how the enclosure of common areas for the purposes of aquaculture development may collide with Indigenous and local conceptions of common pool resource management. The article applies this theoretical investigation on two examples from Canada and Norway, and suggests that rethinking aquaculture development in coastal waters through the lens of “ocean commons” may provide a guiding ethos for revisiting current approaches of access to the sea and ensuring the harmonious coexistence between aquaculture development and local/Indigenous traditional activities.

Study of Compatibility Level of Waters in The Bay of Sabang for The Development of Marine Cultivation

Marine cultivation is an activity in a certain area in coastal waters. The development of marine aquaculture in Indonesia in the future is very important for the development of the fisheries sub-sector, and is one of the priorities that is expected to be a driver of economic growth. Selection of the right location is an important factor in determining the feasibility of a cultivation business to analyze the characteristics of the water conditions of Sabang Bay, espesially regarding its feasibiity as a location for marine aquaculture. Data collection was carried out on a secondary and primary basis. The waters of Sabang Bay have water quality indicators that support the life of fishery commodities. The bay are in Sabang has the potensial for seaweed cultivation and floating net cage cultivation, such as Tilapia, Grouper, Snapper, and Lobster. Based on the analysis of the quality of the waters and the bottom substrate of the waters in The Sabang Bay, they are categorized as suitable and very suitable

Fostering the Development of Western Black Sea Aquaculture: A Scientific Case Study for Finfish Cage Farming Allocated Zone Designation

Mariculture offers enormous potential for providing sustainable food, playing a key role in achieving nutrition security, employment, and Blue Growth. This is particularly true in geographical areas where the dependence of local economies on fishery products is high and yet access to sustainable landings is hindered by environmental drawbacks. One such area is represented by the Black Sea, which offers different degrees of suitability for aquaculture development. While the southern and eastern shores are sheltered enough to allow for the development of large aquaculture activities, the north-western shoreline is characterized by wide environmental fluctuations and the strong influence of the Danube. This study aimed at investigating the suitability of a selected area of the Romanian coast (Mangalia) for finfish cage farming by adapting an internationally endorsed methodology for determining its Degree of Compatibility (DC). The development and expansion of finfish aquaculture depends on the availability of space, so designating Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs) is essential. The result obtained (DC = 80) indicates that the Mangalia area is suitable for finfish aquaculture activities: there is no major interference with other uses of the maritime space, no conflicts with nature conservation, and the environmental conditions are appropriate for fish culture in floating cages. The novel information provided by this study can be the building block for authorities to settle the governance gap that has so far impeded the development of marine aquaculture in Romania. At a larger scale, this study can serve as a good practice example at the regional Black Sea level.

High-Resolution Mapping of Seaweed Aquaculture along the Jiangsu Coast of China Using Google Earth Engine (2016–2022)

Seaweed aquaculture produces enormous economic and ecological service benefits, making significant contributions to achieving global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, large-scale development of seaweed aquaculture and the unreasonable use of aquaculture rafts may trigger green tide, bringing negative ecological, social, and economic impacts. Therefore, it is vital to monitor the seaweed aquaculture industry accurately. Here, we mapped 10-m-resolution seaweed aquaculture along the Jiangsu coast of China based on active and passive remote sensing (Sentinel-1/2) and Random Forest using Google Earth Engine. The results demonstrate satisfactory model performance and data accuracy. The square seaweed aquaculture in the Lianyungang Offshore (Mode-I) has gradually expanded to the deep sea since 2016, with a maximum area of 194.06 km2 in 2018. Between 2021 and 2022, the area of the strip-shaped seaweed aquaculture in Subei radiation shoals (Mode-II) was considerably reduced, with most of the reduced land lying on the east side of the Dafeng Elk National Nature Reserve. In general, the area of the seaweed aquaculture in the prohibited breeding area was reduced from 20.32 km2 to 3.13 km2, and the area of the seaweed aquaculture in the restricted breeding area was reduced from 149.71 km2 to 33.15 km2. Results show that under the policy restriction, the scale of unsustainable seaweed aquaculture along the Jiangsu coast has been greatly reduced within seven years. This study can provide an efficient approach for the medium-scale extraction of seaweed aquaculture and provide decision support for the sustainable development of marine aquaculture.

Lessons for Coastal Applications of IMTA as a Way towards Sustainable Development: A Review

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems integrate the cultivation of species from different trophic levels. Uneaten feed, solid wastes, and dissolved nutrients are turned into harvestable and healthy food, making IMTA a driver for ecologically sustainable aquaculture. Its wider sustainability potentials arise from social, environmental, and economic sustainability enhancement options. Biological and economic outcomes are promising, while social equity and acceptance remain to be further investigated in the context of the long-term viability of aquaculture. Sustainable coastal and marine aquaculture development requires a holistic approach that involves social/cultural, economic, as well as environmental sustainability. This article examines IMTA as a pathway to socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable development. We collate evidence that shows that IMTA can minimize the negative environmental effects of aquaculture, assist local economies, and boost competitiveness and long-term economic viability. Available analyses of socio-economic and cost-effectiveness reveal positive prospects for IMTA systems, through product diversification, faster production cycles, and IMTA product prices and show a divergence between financial returns at the level of the entrepreneurial unit and economic returns at the macro level, which inhibits the uptake of IMTA. We conclude that the lack of governance analysis or inappropriateness of institutional development, in terms of aquaculture governance and management laws and regulations, is at the core of the hitherto weak engagement with IMTA. Unsuitable policies, regulations, and public and private sector decision policies and implementation, underlined by the scarcity of analyses of aquaculture governance institutions, are part of the reason for this. The evidence we have aggregated indicates that the relative scarcity of commercially successful coastal IMTA undertakings is not so much an intrinsic feature of the IMTA approach but is likely to have been generated by missing or inappropriate governance structures and procedures in the coastal realm.

Netting Damage Detection for Marine Aquaculture Facilities Based on Improved Mask R-CNN

Netting damage limits the safe development of marine aquaculture. In order to identify and locate damaged netting accurately, we propose a detection method using an improved Mask R-CNN. We create an image dataset of different kinds of damage from a mix of conditions and enhance it by data augmentation. We then introduce the Recursive Feature Pyramid (RFP) and Deformable Convolution Network (DCN) structures into the learning framework to optimize the basic backbone for a marine environment and build a feature map with both high-level semantic and low-level localization information of the network. This modification solves the problem of poor detection performance in damaged nets with small and irregular damage. Experimental results show that these changes improve the average precision of the model significantly, to 94.48%, which is 7.86% higher than the original method. The enhanced model performs rapidly, with a missing rate of about 7.12% and a detection period of 4.74 frames per second. Compared with traditional image processing methods, the proposed netting damage detection model is robust and better balances detection precision and speed. Our method provides an effective solution for detecting netting damage in marine aquaculture environments.

Скринінг вірусних захворювань у чорноморської камбали-калкана (Scophthalmus maeoticus, Pallas, 1814) у північному Причорномор’ї та Азовському морі

Purpose. The development of marine aquaculture in the Black Sea is relevant and promising for many reasons, as stated in the decisions and documents of national organizations in the region and the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). Turbot is one of the most valuable fish marketed in seaside countries of the Black Sea as well as in the European Union. Various aspects of the biology of turbot have been investigated yet.Butunfortunately, surveillance procedures for listed diseasesandanalysis of the possibility its prevention and spread have not been provided. Therefore, in this study, in order to evaluate the data on viral diseases of turbot in Ukraine, in 2020 a field survey in free-living Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus) in the northern parts of Black Sea and Sea of Azov was carried out. Methodology. Before sampling all fish were observed for the external lesions, measured from snout to tail length and of total length and weight. Sampling included pooled internal organs, gills and brain. Cell culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were used to identify viral diseases. Findings. An external fish examination did not reveal any sign of disease. The internal organs, as well as the gills, were in good condition and had appropriate color, shape and without any pathological changes. All tested samples were free of IPNV, VHSV and VNN viruses as was determined by the methods of cell culture and PCR. The cytopathic effect (CPE) on cells was not observed after the first and the second blind passages. Using the RT-PCR method, we did not identify any of the viruses we were looking for. Originality. This was the first attempt to screen turbot viral diseases in the Ukrainian waters of the Black and Azov Seas. Practical value. In future the permanent surveillance of viral diseases in turbotin accordance with the EU strategy on animal health allows to prevent the outbreaks and develop new approaches for the diagnostic tests in purpose to study the ecology of pathogens in different areas. Key words: turbot, the Black Sea, viral diseases, cell culture, PCR.

Tidally driven submarine groundwater discharge to a marine aquaculture embayment: Insights from radium and dissolved silicon

For understanding the significance of tidal pumping for driving submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), two time series observations were conducted over tidal cycles in typical mariculture areas of Sanmen Bay, China. Based on 224Ra and dissolved silicon (DSi), the tide-driven SGD fluxes showed significant negative correlations with tidal height, and were 16.4 ± 5.6 cm d−1 and 21.7 ± 13.9 cm d−1 at two coastal sites of the Sanmen Bay, highlighting the potential of DSi in SGD calculation when coastal waters are on short time scales. Furthermore, nutrient fluxes through tidally influenced SGD were estimated to be 11.5–26.5 mmol m−2 d−1 for dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 0.06–0.34 mmol m−2 d−1 for dissolved inorganic phosphorus and 11.5–32.1 mmol m−2 d−1 for DSi, which were higher than those from surface loadings, revealing that tide-driven SGD with large amounts of nutrient and high N:P ratios may significantly contribute to the development of marine aquaculture.

Vertical Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration at The Sea Pearl Cultivation Development Site, West Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Titrimetric method or Winkler Methode was applied to determine dissolved oxygen (DO) in sea waters of The Sea Pearl Cultivation Developement Site, West Lombok during southeast monsoon of June 2021. The samples were taken in three (3) different location (Gili Gede, Gili Genting and Autorei) of the cultivation site at Sekotong waters, West Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Measurement results of physical parameters at those locations were characterized with salinity was ranging at 31.9 - 32.3 PSU, temperature was ranging at 28.4 – 29.7 0 C. The concentration of dissolved oxygen measured by titration method is ranging from 3.4 - 5.2 mg / L. High oxygen content is found in the water column with a depth of 25 m or below the layer of the aquatic column where sea shell pearls are developed or cultivated. This condition indicates that the presence of cultivated sea shell pearls has utilized dissolved oxygen in the process of respiration and oxidation of organic matter. Dissolved oxygen becomes an important abiotic factor for ecosystems that support the sustainability of marine life and marine aquaculture development efforts.

Physico-chemical Properties of Kottaipattinam Coastal Water, Southeast Coast of India

In the rapid development of marine aquaculture, the water quality of aquatic environments is regarded as a main limiting factor. Physicochemical characteristics of seawater play crucial role for productive marine ecosystem and fisheries activities. In the present study, the physico-chemical parameters such as sea surface temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were studied for a period of 12 months (July 2019– June 2020). Sea surface temperature varied from 25.5 to 32.5 °C. Salinity varied from 28.0 and 37.0 ‰, hydrogen ion concentration ranged between 7.15 and 8.22. Variation in dissolved oxygen content was from 3.86 to 5.85 mg l−1. In the present study the seasonal variations of various factors were studied and interrelationships existing between them discussed.

Ecosystem services trade-offs informing impacts of marine aquaculture development in the southern Caspian Sea

Humans have always benefited from marine ecosystems and the use of their services has increased over time. The principal challenge of managing ecosystem services is that they are not independent of each other. Attempts to optimize a single service have often led to the reductions or losses of other services; in other words, they are “traded-offs”. Based on the purpose of assessing the impacts of marine aquaculture development in the Southern Caspian Sea, 3 management scenarios were utilized to model 3 categories, including marine aquaculture, Water Quality (WQ) and Habitat Risk Assessment (HRA) through marine Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST). Marine aquaculture model was first considered for Oncorhynchus mykiss that the results were as follows: in the baseline scenario with 9 farms, the amounts of the total weight of fish produced and Net Present Value (NPV) measured during 1 year equaled 1970 tons and 2,247,000 dollars; in the conservation scenario with 4 farms, their amounts were 800 tons and 1 million dollars; in the expansion scenario with an increased number of farms (20 farms), their amounts were estimated to be 4000 tons and 5 million dollars, respectively. The results of the marine aquaculture model were utilized as the inputs both to WQ (amount of BOD released from each farm) and HRA (habitats of four species of fish (Rutilus frisii kutum, Acipenser stellatus, Acipenser persicus, and Huso huso) models. The results revealed 41%, 16%, and 60% of WQ reductions and 35%, 20%, and 45% of HRA changes in the baseline, conservation, and expansion scenarios, respectively. Considering the current production of 9 existing farms (1970 tons per year) and the impact of this production on water quality (41%) and habitat risk (35%), it is recommended to reduce this production volume and doing aquaculture development in the Southern Caspian Sea without considering and managing negative consequences can have dangerous consequences for this sensitive ecosystem.

The Separating Technique of Abalone (Haliotis squamata) at Marine Aquaculture Development Centre (MADC) Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province

The purpose of this research is to find out the abalone separating technique (H. squamata) and know the problems during separating at the Marine Aquaculture Development Centre, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Research are carried out on December 23, 2019 to January 21, 2020. The method used is descriptive method with data collection including primary data and secondary data. Data is taken by observing, active participation, interviewing, and literature review. Abalone separating techniques (H. squamata) begin with container preparation, seed preparation, seed stocking, seeding, feeding, water quality management, and growth sampling. Problems encountered during the separating stage are the uncertain availability of seaweed feed. Keyword : Abalone, H. squamata, separating technique.