Development Of Marine Aquaculture Research Articles

A Hedonic Analysis of the Impact of Marine Aquaculture on Coastal Housing Prices in Maine

Converting coastal waters to farmed production of seafood may generate conflicts with other resource users. This study explores the impact of marine aquaculture development on coastal homeowners. Using single-family home sales from 2012–2014 and spatial data on coastal aquaculture activity, we employ hedonics to assess the impacts of mariculture development in three study areas of Maine, USA. Our results suggest modest impacts on residential property values with significant spatial variation across study areas. This spatial variation represents a challenge for managers and highlights the potential benefits from coordinating the development of aquaculture to balance resource users' objectives with industry growth.

A perspective for reducing environmental impacts of mussel culture in Algeria

In Algeria, the Ministry of Fisheries and Halieutic Resources has designed a strategic plan for the development of marine aquaculture for the years 2015–2025, which aims at expanding the annual production of Mediterranean mussel from less than 150 metric tonnes year−1 in 2013 to 7600 metric tonnes year−1 in 2025. We used Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the environmental impact of suspended mussel culture in Algeria and suggest management practices which could reduce it. In order to estimate the current and perspective impact of this industry, we (1) applied LCA to one of the few farms currently operating in Algeria and (2) investigated two management scenarios for the farms to be established in the future in the same coastal area. The first scenario (Comp_S) represents the continuity with the current situation, in which each farm is competing with the other ones and is therefore managing the production cycle independently. In the second scenario (Coop_S), mussel farms are grouped in an aquaculture management area and shared the same facilities for post-processing harvested mussels before sending them to the market. The midpoint-based CML-IA method baseline 2000 V 3.01 was employed using SimaPro software. Furthermore, we carried out a Monte Carlo simulation, in order to assess the uncertainty in the results. The analysis focused on impact categories related to acidification and global warming potential. We took into account the energy consumptions (electricity and vessel fuel), the rearing infrastructure, including longlines, and a building for stabling, grading, and packing the mussel. Electricity contributes with 38.1 and 31.8 % respectively to global warming potential (GWP) and acidification, while fuel consumption contributes with 19.5 % to GWP and 31.8 % to acidification. Results of this work are compared with other LCA studies recently carried out in France (Aubin and Fontaine 2014) and in Spain (Iribarren et al. 2010c). The LCA results show that important reductions in environmental impacts could be attained if the mussel farming activity would be operated according to the cooperative scenario here proposed. In this case, the environmental benefits will be a reduction of 3150 MJ and 156 kg CO2 eq per metric tonne of mussel produced, compared with the alternative scenario. The results of this study suggest that LCA should be applied to the seafood production sector in Algeria, in order to identify best management practices.

ANALISIS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL SIPUT GONGGONG (Strombus canarium) TERHADAP BAKTERI PATOGEN

The study aims to analyze the use of antibacterial ethanol extract of gonggong snail (Strombus canarium) against pathogenic bacteria and analyzing bioactive compounds in gonggong snails for the development of marine aquaculture. The research method is an experimental method, performed in vitro, using a completelyrandomized design (CRD) with three replications. The subjects of research that pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio sp., C. perfringens, and Aeromonas sp.). The object of research is D1 gonggong snail extract 12.5%; D2 gongong snail extract 25%; D3 gonggong snail extract 50%; C4 gonggong snail extract 100%, ethanol D5 and D6 amosiklav discs (antibiotic chloramphenicol). Phytochemical screening test that alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids) from the ethanol extract of the gonggong snail. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test to determine the significance of the difference in diameter between the various treatments inhibitory region. The results showed that as many as 20 of the gonggong snail with morphometric body length size range of between 43.9 to 56.0 mm, the average length of 52.74 mm and a total weight of 16.21 grams on average. Results of research ethanol extract of gonggong snail is treated discs amoxiclav have inhibition (clear zone) highs against the bacterium Vibrio sp. (diameter 1.80 to 12.40 mm), A. hydrophila (diameter 4.78 to 21.37 mm) and C. perfringens (diameter 1.50 to 6.80 mm). Class of bioactive compounds of alkaloids and saponins identified in the ethanol extract of gonggong snail and class of bioactive compounds of flavanoid, steroids, and triterpenoids is not identified in the ethanol extract of gonggong snails. The results of the measurement of environmental quality parameters in waters around the coast of Bintan Island Village Senggarang still in good condition and has not been contaminated. This enables to support life gonggong snail (S. canarium). The ethanol extract of gonggong snails has the antibacterial activity that can be used to overcome the attacks of pathogenic bacteria in the development of marine aquaculture.

Aquaculture’s struggle for space: the need for coastal spatial planning and the potential benefits of Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs) to avoid conflict and promote sustainability

Aquaculture is an increasingly important food-producing sector, providing protein for human consumption. However, marine aquaculture often struggles for space due to the crowded nature of human activities in many marine coastal areas, and because of limited attention from spatial planning managers. Here, we assess the need for coastal spatial planning, emphasis- ing the establishment of suitable areas for the development of marine aquaculture, termed Allo- cated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs), in which aquaculture has secured use and priority over other activities, and where potential adverse environmental impacts and negative interactions with other users are minimised or avoided. We review existing examples of marine aquaculture spatial development worldwide and discuss the proper use of site selection in relation to different legal and regulatory requirements. National or regional authorities in charge of coastal zone manage- ment should carry out spatial planning defining optimal sites for aquaculture to promote develop- ment of sustainable marine aquaculture and avoid conflict with other users, following a participa- tory approach and adhering to the principles of ecosystem-based management.

Improvement of an aquaculture site-selection model for Japanese kelp (Saccharinajaponica) in southern Hokkaido, Japan: an application for the impacts of climate events

Abstract Liu, Y., Saitoh, S-I., Radiarta, I. N., Isada, T., Hirawake, T., Mizuta, H., and Yasui, H. 2013. Improvement of an aquaculture site-selection model for Japanese kelp (Saccharinajaponica) in southern Hokkaido, Japan: an application for the impacts of climate events. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: . Japanese kelp (Saccharinajaponica) is one of the most valuable cultured and harvested kelp species in Japan. In this study, we added a physical parameter, sea surface nitrate (SSN) estimated from satellite remote sensing data, to develop a suitable aquaculture site-selection model (SASSM) for hanging cultures of Japanese kelp in southern Hokkaido, Japan. The local algorithm to estimate SSN was developed using satellite measurements of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a. We found a high correlation between satellite- and ship-measured data (r2 = 0.87, RMSE = 1.39). Multi-criteria evaluation was adapted to the SASSM to rank sites on a scale of 1 (least suitable) to 8 (most suitable). We found that 64.4% of the areas were suitable (score above 7). Minamikayabe was identified as the most suitable area, and Funka Bay also contained potential aquaculture sites. In addition, we examined the impact of El Niño/La Niña–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on Japanese kelp aquaculture and site suitability from 2003–2010. During El Niño events, the number of suitable areas (scores 7 and 8) decreased significantly, indicating that climatic conditions should be considered for future development of marine aquaculture.

ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AQUACULTURE AND CAPTURE FISHERIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Wild fish species are becoming scarcer and their market prices significantly increasing due to limited natural resources and increasing demand for sea food. In recent years, the Republic of Korea's (South Korea's) marine aquaculture production of finfish has drastically increased while prices have declined. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the economic relationships between wild-caught and farmed fish species, examining the relationship between fish price and supply resulting from the development of marine aquaculture. Major marine aquaculture species, in particular the most favored sashimi species in Korea, are evaluated. These are: flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), black rock fish (Sebastes schlegeli), red sea bream (Pagrus major), and grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). This paper illustrates that the prices for both wild-caught and farmed fish declined as the farmed products entered the market and production expanded. However, the magnitude of price changes varied by species depending on if the farmed species has the same value or substitute value as the wild-caught fish and the development of aquaculture technology. The study shows aquaculture seems to play a role in helping to meet the demand for fish and can reduce the pressure on wild-stock fisheries.

THE INFLUENCE OF MARINE AQUACULTURE ON THE SEAFOOD SUPPLY CHAIN IN CHINA

The rapid development of marine aquaculture since the 1980s has resulted in significant changes in the seafood supply chain of China. First, the unprecedented increase in the scale of seafood output brought about extensive changes in the structure and methods of seafood production. Second, significant expansion in the seafood processing sector occurred as a result of the increase in the scale and variety of processed seafood, such as surimi (ground fish meat) and its products. There also was a concomitant upgrading of phytosanitary criteria. Third, diversity in new occupations within the distribution channel emerged with a proliferation of new wholesale markets. Fourth, there was expansive growth in the seafood trade as cultured seafood and its products were added to the export trade, and the quantity and value of seafood exports increased rapidly. Fifth, a broader variety and increased quantity of chilled and fresh seafood became available to consumers in addition to traditional frozen seafood. Interestingly, there was an apparent adjustment of taste preferences of Chinese consumers to different types and species of seafood on an ongoing basis. Additionally, seafood maintained steadier prices in comparison to other high protein commodities such as meat, eggs, and milk. However, there remain problems related to market stabilization, the lack of power of fishermen and fish farmers in market transactions, and especially issues of seafood safety, that may hinder the improvement and development of the seafood supply chain, and require the Chinese government to take effective measures.

Sustainable U.S. Marine Aquaculture Expansion, a Necessity

AbstractExpanded development of marine aquaculture and aquaculture-enhanced fisheries for U.S. coastal and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters has been a hot topic in recent years. Driving these discussions have been the converging issues of America’s growing demand for quality seafood for a healthy diet, increasing reliance on imports to meet demand, in large part from the developing countries, and recurring concerns over the long-term stability of these outside sources in a highly volatile seafood marketplace and interconnected world economy. The United States has the largest and most diverse EEZ in the world. This resource is essential to domestic fisheries landings and could be the location for commercial open ocean aquaculture of a variety of economically important species. Recent efforts by the Obama Administration and Congress have focused on comprehensive ocean use planning and management as well as promulgating a permitting and leasing regime for commercial aquaculture in federal waters. It is suggested that sufficient scientific understanding exists for establishing an interim permitting and leasing process for EEZ aquaculture while the regional multiuse ocean planning is carried out. The issues mentioned above are discussed in this article to support the contention that expanded domestic marine aquaculture development and aquaculture-enhanced fisheries are a necessity. Positive action to develop a strong, proactive federal policy framework for marine aquaculture expansion and to increase investment in research, development, and demonstration of sustainable technologies should occur now.

SATELLITE-MEASURED SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHLOROPHYLL-A VARIABILITY IN THE GULF OF TOMINI, SULAWESI

Chlorophyll-a concentration, an index of phytoplankton biomass, is an important parameter for fisheries resources and marine aquaculture development. Spatial and temporal variability of surface cholophyll-a (chl-a) concentration and water condition in the Gulf of Tomini were investigated using monthly climatologies the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS), sea surface temperature (SST), and wind data from January 2000 to December 2007. The results showed seasonal variation of chla and SST in the Gulf of Tomini. High chl-a concentrations located in the eastern part of the gulf were observed during the southeast monsoon in August. During the northwest monsoon, chl-a concentrations were relatively low (<0.2 mg m-3) and distributed uniformly throughout most of the region. Chl-a concentrations peaked in August at every year, and chl-a concentrations were observed low in November at every year from 2000 to 2007. SSTs were relatively high (> 28oC) during the northwest monsoon, but low during the southeast monsoon. High wind speed was coincided with high chl-a concentrations. Local forcing such as sea surface heating and wind condition are the mechanisms that controlled the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll concentrations.

Satellite-derived measurements of spatial and temporal chlorophyll- a variability in Funka Bay, southwestern Hokkaido, Japan

Chlorophyll- a (chl- a) concentration has an important economic effect in coastal and marine environments on fisheries resources and marine aquaculture development. Monthly climatologies the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) derived chl- a from February 1998 to August 2004 around Funka Bay were used to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of chl- a concentrations. SeaWiFS-derived suspended sediment, MODIS derived sea surface temperature (SST), solar radiation and wind data were also analyzed. Results showed two distinct chlorophyll blooms in spring and autumn. Chl- a concentrations were relatively low (<0.3 mg m − 3) in the bay during summer, with high concentrations occurring along the coast, particularly near Yakumo and Shiraoi. In spring, chl- a concentrations increased, and a large (>2 mg m − 3) phytoplankton bloom occurred. The spatial and temporal patterns were further confirmed by empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. About 83.94% of the variability could be explained by the first three modes. The first chl- a mode (77.93% of the total variance) explained the general seasonal cycle and quantified interannual variability in the bay. The spring condition was explained by the second mode (3.89% of the total variance), while the third mode (2.12% of the total variance) was associated with autumn condition. Local forcing such as the timing of intrusion of Oyashio water, wind condition and surface heating are the mechanisms that controlled the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll concentrations. Moreover, the variation of chlorophyll concentration along the coast seemed to be influenced by suspended sediment caused by resuspension or river discharge.

Marine Aquaculture: Today's Necessity for Tomorrow's Seafood

Aquaculture is the fastest growing segment of the global food production sector, valued at $70.3 billion in 2004. In recent years, global capture fisheries have leveled off at around 95 mmt per year, with little or no prospect of increasing yields. The United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (UNFAO) has concluded that increases in future seafood supplies must come from aquatic farming. The United States (U.S.) industry has been among the fastest growing agriculture sectors. Domestic seafood from capture and culture fisheries provides about 20% of annual consumption, the balance coming from imports. Future supply will come from either increasing imports or, preferably, expanding domestic aquaculture and fisheries sources. The greatest opportunity for domestic growth is marine aquaculture, particularly placement of large and small farms in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Additional benefits can accrue if large-scale marine hatchery technology is developed, so that fingerlings can be produced for wild stock enhancement and management. Currently, there is no permitting and leasing regime for ocean farming in the U.S. EEZ. In response to several national commissions, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC) is spearheading a bold effort to implement long-term marine aquaculture development objectives and create an EEZ permitting and leasing mechanism. Enabling legislation, entitled the National Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2007, is before Congress. Anchoring fish farms in the relatively shallow near shore and the EEZ is an exciting prospect for greater U.S. seafood self-sufficiency. However, there are many institutional, environmental and technical issues to resolve. More compelling is the prospect of developing new marine aquaculture technologies, e.g., single-point moorings, untethered cages, and integrated multi-trophic systems, to sustainably utilize the deep ocean beyond the EEZ. Successfully tackling this looming challenge will need the diverse expertise of the U.S. marine technology industry.

Some aspects of the taxonomy and biology of dracunculoid nematodes parasitic in fishes: a review.

The nematode superfamily Dracunculoidea includes 166 recognized species, of which 150 (90%) are parasitic in about 300 species of freshwater, brackish-water and marine fishes. Fish dracunculoids are placed in 31 genera (86% of all dracunculoid genera) belonging to eight of the nine dracunculoid families: Anguillicolidae, Daniconematidae, Guyanemidae, Lucionematidae, Micropleuridae, Philometridae, Skrjabillanidae, and Tetanonematidae; the genus Lockenloia is considered incertae sedis. Because of difficulties in studying fish dracunculoids, associated with their morphological and biological peculiarities, most species of these largely histozoic parasites are poorly known and males of the majority of species and of eight genera have not yet been discovered. It is apparent that the present classification system of dracunculoids as a whole does not reflect phylogenetic relationships and a taxonomic revision of this nematode group, based on detailed morphological (including SEM and TEM), life history and molecular studies of individual species, is quite necessary. Data on the biology of fish dracunculoids is scarce. In known cases, their life cycles involve copepods, ostracods or branchiurids as intermediate hosts and, sometimes, fish paratenic hosts are known to occur in dracunculoid species parasitizing as adults piscivorous definitive hosts. However, nothing is known about the life cycles of representatives of 20 genera. Some species of dracunculoids, particularly of philometrids, are highly pathogenic and are known as agents of serious fish diseases. During recent years, especially the importance of Philometra spp. parasitizing the gonads of many species of marine fishes has increased due in particular to the rapid development of marine aquaculture, because they may significantly decrease fish reproduction or even cause full parasitic castration. Therefore, further detailed studies on fish dracunculoids are significant not only from the theoretical viewpoint, but they may also have practical implications.

Management of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture in Europe

There are large differences between countries in the rate of growth and development of marine aquaculture, and also in the sophistication and complexity of its regulation, control and monitoring procedures. The potentially deleterious impacts of aquaculture are widely documented in the literature [J. Appl. Ichthyol. 17 (2001) 181; Fernandes, T.F., Eleftheriou, A., Ackefors, H., Eleftheriou, M., Ervik, A., Sanchez-Mata, A., Scanlon, T., White, P., Cochrane, S., Pearson, T.H., Miller, K.L., Read, P.A., 2002. The Management of the Environmental Impacts of Aquaculture. Scottish Executive, Aberdeen, UK, 88 pp.]. It is widely accepted that such impacts would be minimised or negated by the adoption of appropriate culturing procedures and environmental safeguards including regulatory, control and monitoring procedures [Nature Conservancy Council (NCC), 1989. Fish Farming and the Safeguard of the Natural Marine Environment of Scotland. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, England, 136 pp.; Codling, I.D., Doughty, R., Henderson, A., Naismith, I., 1995. Strategies for Monitoring Sediments and Fauna Around Cage Fish Farms. Marlow, UK: Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research (SNIFFER), Report No. SR 4018, 78 pp.; GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 1996. Monitoring the ecological effects of coastal aquaculture wastes. Scientific aspects of marine environmental protection. Rome, Italy: Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 57, 38 pp.; GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection), 2001. Planning and management for sustainable coastal aquaculture development. Rome, Italy: Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 68, 90 pp.]. It is essential that such safeguards are formulated from the best available science and technology and from the best available experience and expertise. In this context, there are lessons to be learned from the strategy and regulatory framework for the regulation, control and monitoring of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture within the European Union (EU). This paper identifies some of the main issues relevant to the management of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture; reviews EU and international policy and regulations in this context and provides one example of a strategy for the management of the environmental impacts of marine aquaculture by reference to the marine aquaculture industry in Scotland. In conclusion, it examines a number of current, key environmental concerns pertaining to the impact and regulation of marine aquaculture, which whilst being the subject of divergent views, are pivotal to the development of the industry. Recommendations for systems, procedures and research to address these concerns are identified. The paper is primarily concerned with marine finfish culture, although brief reference is made to shellfish culture. The control of diseases of finfish and shellfish is outside the scope of the paper, although brief consideration is given to current concerns relating to sea lice (predominantly Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestations in salmonids.

Marine Aquaculture in the United States: A Review of Current and Future Policy and Management Challenges

Aquaculture in the United States has the potential to become a major growth industry in the 21st Century. However, a number of issues continue to constrain the development of marine aquaculture in the United States. The campier and diverse nature of the industry, conflicts with other, more traditional uses of the nation’s coastal and ocean waters, environmental concerns, and the existing legal and regulatory climate all contribute to this situation. If the domestic marine aquaculture industry is to succeed and grow in the future, these issues must be resolved. First, the United States must reevaluate and reaffirm the nation’s aquaculture policy. Second, the couuntry must support sustainable marine aquaculture. Marine aquaculture in coastal and offshore waters of the United States must be developed with an eye toward sustainability—with a goal of producing products while conserving natural resources. Third, assuming the United States is truly committed to the development of the marine aquaculture industry, mechanisms must be put into place to refine existing measures and establish new implementation measures to guide its growth. The key to the future of marine aquaculture in the United State is the creation of technological and policy systems that provide for sustainable marine aquaculture. Systems that will move the industry forward will require an unequivocal commitment by the nation’s political leadership to create them, by the federal bureaucracy to implement them, by the academic community to generate and extend information to improve them, and by the industry to put then into practice.

Tasmania's aquaculture industry: a ten-year review of improved diving safety

Tasmania possesses a rich maritime heritage. Since European settlement, the Tasmanian economy has been reliant on its close links with the sea for trade. The unpolluted waters off its coastline support a substantial wild fishing industry. Tasmanians have always enjoyed access to quality seafood. Until the 1970s, wild fisheries were the only significant source of revenue from fishing in the State. A natural progression of the Tasmanian's close relationship with the sea has been the development of marine aquaculture. After initial success with oyster and mussel farming in the 1970s, Atlantic salmon farming commenced in 1986. More recently, marine farming ventures have explored scallop, abalone and striped trumpeter aquaculture.