Development Of Local Industry Research Articles

Local service industry and tourism development through the global trade and infrastructure project of the New Silk Road – the example of Georgia

ABSTRACT The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of the Republic of China is a global infrastructure project with high trade ambitions, but uncertain regional outcomes. This exploratory analysis investigates the drivers and the processes enabling positive regional effects of the BRI in terms of local service industry development. Under the interpretation of the BRI as a global transport system, we identify and explore three levels of analysis: the global scale of the BRI, the regional scale of its corridors and the local scale of transit regions. Along the Trans-Caspian corridor, Georgia is analyzed as a unique example of transit region aiming deliberately to develop its tertiary sector around the BRI infrastructure. To assess the attitude of stakeholders towards the BRI and its impacts on local service development, a qualitative research strategy is applied. Nineteen semi-structured interviews are processed using the GABEK method. Results reveal uncertain positions towards the BRI initiative. However, a need for a national strategy and a transnational governance system clearly stands out to enforce transit countries and counterbalance the dependency on China’s foreign investments. The intervention of national governments is deemed as crucial also to facilitate knowledge transfer, business opportunities and to increase bottom-up participation of local inhabitants.

Foreign Trade Structure, Opening Degree and Economic Growth in Western China

This paper presents an interactive study on the relationship between the foreign trade structure, opening degree and economic growth of the provinces in western China (except Tibet). It shows that the export of primary products and labor-intensive products has a positive impact on the external development of the western region, while the export of capital and technology-intensive products has a smaller inhibitory effect on it. At the same time, the system GMM model shows that the opening degree of the western region has a positive effect on economic growth. After including the foreign trade structure interaction item, this result has not changed, and on the basis of opening up to the outside world, the export of labor-intensive products and capital-intensive products plays a significant role in promoting economic development. Therefore, this paper holds that the western region should optimize its foreign trade structure, continue to promote the construction of foreign trade demonstration, and give priority to the development of local characteristic industries to promote economic growth.

Incorporating Rarity and Accessibility Factors into the Cultural Ecosystem Services Assessment in Mountainous Areas: A Case Study in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) are not only a key source for supporting the development of economy but also maintain the ecological security in mountainous areas. However, there are limited numbers of studies that focus on establishing the assessment model for the CES at a regional scale. We combined the topographic factors and accessibility factors to quantify the distribution of CES and tested the approach with data on road and topography in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. The results showed that the areas with high CES were located in the southwestern part of the study area, where it was convenient traffic and rare topography. Results from our approach were likely to support the development of local tourism industry because the distribution of CES was consistent with current hotspots for scenic spots. Meanwhile, we found that the area with high rarity and low accessibility should improve accessibility in order to enhance the capacity of CES. The assumptions applied in our approach highlighted the impacts of complex topography on CES, which could be suitable for the area with a lack of data. Moreover, our approach provided an effective way to assess CES for creating management strategies and enhancing capacity in mountainous areas.

The Acquisition of Listing Qualification under Regulation and the Development of Local Industries

Under the current fiscal decentralization system in China, local governments undertake the task of developing local economy, so they have the motivation to strive for various factors to promote regional economic development. A tightly regulated listing qualification could also be a resource to boost regional economies. This is also the implicit premise in the existing studies that local governments help enterprises in their jurisdictions to pursue listing qualification. However, there is no clear answer as to whether obtaining listing qualification can promote regional economic development. Theoretically, obtaining listing qualification may bring a spillover effect to regional industries. First of all, to go public can bring a demonstration effect, prompting local enterprises in the same industry to seek listing qualification in order to cope with competition. In the context of regulation, seeking listing qualification also means improving their business performance to pass regulatory selection. Second, after the access to the capital market, enterprises can obtain equity financing to promote their possible industrial investment and technological upgrading. This may horizontally lead to the proliferation of technology and personnel, so that local industry enterprises benefit directly. Third, the investment and technology upgrading after listing will vertically lead to the technical progress of the industrial chain, thus making local enterprises in the same industry benefit from it. This means that obtaining listing qualification may bring a positive spillover effect to the local industry. Using the provincial industrial development data from 2005 to 2015, we empirically test the above theoretical prediction. We find that the acquisition of listing qualification has a spillover effect, and the newly listed companies in a local industry can significantly increase the economic output efficiency of other companies in the same industry. The demonstration effect, horizontal connection and vertical connection may be the main mechanism of the spillover effect. Considering the regulatory background of listing qualification acquisition, we further investigate the influence of specific regulatory tendencies on the above spillover effect. The results show that the spillover effect is facilitated by preferential selection and poverty alleviation. However, the difference of enterprise ownership in regulation has no significant influence on the spillover effect. This result shows that the specific tendency of listing qualification control may have both rationality and inefficiency. The findings of this paper help to explain local governments’ concerns about listing qualification and deepen the understanding of the important role of endogenous capital factors. And the findings about control tendency may provide a specific perspective for the further reform of the listing system. Due to the limited availability of data, the evidence provided by the mechanism test part of this paper is indirect, which is also the possible direction of further research in the future.

Diverse geographies of power and spatial production: Tourism industry development in the Yamal Peninsula, Northern Siberia

This paper offers a geographical, anthropological and historical analysis of current tourism development in the Yamal Peninsula, Northern Siberia, Russia. Through qualitative research it highlights the institutional, regulatory and socio-cultural trends of the indigenous society of this marginal region. Currently the traditional economic activity of reindeer herding, which offers autonomy to its nomadic communities, is threatened by local oil and gas industry development. Whilst the introduction of tourism is being pursued by authorities as beneficial to indigenous populations, this research explores power imbalances expressed through space relating to the works of Harvey (1989), Lefebvre (1991) and Gavanta (2006). Findings illustrate conflict characterised by external forces steering local communities towards the tourism industry as an economic aspect of regional strategy.

Women Empowerment & Skill Development in Tourism Sector

Tourism Fosters development of economy. It helps to create employment opportunity, development of entrepreneurs, local industries and infrastructure and at the same time earn foreign exchange. Now a days Women Participation in Tourism Sector is being increased. Sixty percentage of women directly or indirectly contribute their skill in Tourism sector. Tourism provides better opportunities for women’s participation in the workforce, women’s entrepreneurship, and women’s leadership than other sectors of the economy. Women in tourism are still underpaid, underutilized, under-educated, and underrepresented, but tourism offers many pathways to their success. Actually their role & activities are invisible to the world. They are lacking grants from government because of their lack of awareness. This paper will explore the phenomena of Women empowerment and skill development in Tourism sector. This paper reveals the strength & weakness of women in tourism sector, their participation in tourism sector, the challenges faced by them in tourism sector; the development needed for their improvement and finally the government schemes to develop their skills.

Tipologija rimskih ciglana s područja Bosne i Hercegovine / Typology of Roman figlinae from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Following the establishment of Roman rule, the eastern Adriatic coast and its hinterland quickly began to accept and employ new methods of construction and production of building materials. Import of stamped bricks from large north italian workshops was first reduced by military units which started the brick production of their own, in figlinae based around military camps. Soon afterwards, first private brick workshops began to emerge starting the development of local brickmaking industry. Their work in interior of province of Dalmatia can be traced primarily through remains of brick kilns (fornaces) and secondarily through finds of stamped bricks which also serve as an indicator of spatial distribution and intensity of brick production. Previous archaeological investigation on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina have led to identifying the remains of 10 Roman brick kilns. Detailed and comparative analysis of their architecture from the aspect of typology hasn’t been the subject of former scholarly discourse. Following the typology suggested by N. Cuomo di Caprio, it is possible to identify several types of brick kilns all belonging to a group of quadrilateral – plan kilns with vertical firing mechanism thus having close analogies in numerous examples of kilns from other Roman provinces.

Will Increasing Minimum Wage Create a Force on the Upgrading of Manufacturing Enterprises? An Empirical Analysis Based on Patent Application Data

The minimum wage standard is an important system to protect the legitimate rights and interests of workers and maintain the basic living standards of residents. Then, in the face of the rising trend of the minimum wage, how will Chinese enterprises respond? In the short-term, facing the pressure of rising production costs, will companies accelerate the R&D and technology innovation, and replace the relatively expensive labor with technology and capital? Will the intensified market competition accelerate the exit of some low-value-added and low-end manufacturing enterprises, and speed up the pace of transformation and upgrading of the entire industry? These issues with far-reaching implications for China’s industrial restructuring and manufacturing development are worthy of in-depth thinking and research. Using the comprehensive database obtained from the matching of industrial enterprise database, patent database and regional minimum wage database, this paper carries out the mechanism analysis and the empirical test from two aspects, and inspects whether the increase of Chinese minimum wage standard will bring about industrial transformation and upgrading: On the one hand, the rise in wages will directly lead to industrial upgrading by stimulating corporate innovation. Through the empirical test of the two-stage model of Heckman, the preliminary results show that the rise of the minimum wage will not only significantly stimulate enterprises to increase R&D innovation and innovation achievements, but also improve the efficiency of R&D innovation. On the other hand, the rise of the minimum wage will increase the production cost of enterprises, squeeze the profit margin of enterprises, force low-productivity enterprises to withdraw from the market, encourage enterprises to increase R&D and innovation, and indirectly realize the transformation and upgrading of industries. By constructing the enterprise exit indicator, our probit panel random effect model estimates that the rise in the minimum wage does increase the risk of low-productivity companies being eliminated by the market. From the perspective of exogenous policy shocks－the adjustment of the minimum wage standards in regions, this paper innovatively combines the patent application data obtained by the Chinese Patent Database, and comprehensively and profoundly explores how the continuously raised minimum wage will force some enterprises to accelerate transformation and upgrading. The conclusions of this paper have important reference values for the formulation of the minimum wage standard in regions, innovation incentives and industrial upgrading policies: First, the minimum wage level should be adapted to the current development of local industry, following the principle moderate, stable, and controllable”. Second, further improving the structure of the minimum wage system will be helpful not only to improve income inequality, but also to transform China’s dependence on the export-oriented economic growth mode.

Traditional Farming and Sustainable Development of an Indigenous Community in the Mountain Area—A Case Study of Wutai Village in Taiwan

The present study aimed to explore traditional farming and its role in sustainable development of the mountainous area based on the indigenous community of Wutai in Taiwan as a case study. It adopted qualitative methods with an ethnographic orientation, to conduct in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus groups as an integral component of public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and aerial photo analysis to collect and analyze field data, mainly in 2013 and 2017. The results revealed the continuation of traditional farming practices guided by the traditional farming calendar and characterized by mixed cropping, inter cropping, and rotation, which optimized the use of limited arable lands in the area. These practices also contributed to maximizing and securing local food supply, and maintaining endemic crop varieties. The results suggested that traditional farming offered a way to overcome the limitation of modern agriculture and support ecotourism as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, by preserving crop diversity, social institutions and cultural traditions, and stabilizing the local environment. Furthermore, our findings showed that traditional farming, in keeping with local capacity, was adaptable to the impacts of climate change. In the last two decades, a returning tide of young residents and retired people involved in traditional farming might play a key role in the slowing down of the loss of agricultural lands in Wutai, influenced by the fashion of healthy foods and environments, as well as development of local ecotourism industry. Learned from this study, while there would be some opportunity for traditional farming to be recognized as one of the key components to promote the sustainable development of indigenous villages in mountain areas, more policy incentives might be considered.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ КЛЮЧЕВЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ В ОЦЕНКЕ РАЗВИТИЯ МОНОГОРОДОВ НА РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМ УРОВНЕ

<p>The development of single-industry cities, whose economy once depended entirely on one or two city-forming enterprises and local research institutes and design bureaus, is extremely relevant. A government commission has adopted integrated investment plans for the modernization of single-industry towns; it has given permission to create «Free Economic Zones» and «territories for advanced development» on their basis, which should influence their economic growth. The current analysis has shown that 1) the main focus of the mono city development strategy is on the development of local industry and small business related to the defense complex or agriculture; 2) local authorities propose projects for the construction of pig farms, milk, meat, oil, fish processing industries, or opening new construction industry enterprises. However, the issue of effective investment of budget funds continues to remain highly debated in economics. The paper features some key indicators of the development of single-industry towns, as well as economic-mathematical models of distribution of investment flows, which make it possible to predict the vectors of their long term development.</p>

PENGARUH FAKTOR-FAKTOR INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL TERHADAP PENGEMBANGAN INDUSTRI KELAPA DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR

Indragiri Hilir District has 515,200 hectares of local coconut land with production of 418,200 tons (Statistic Board, 2015), but the area of land and its production is always decreasing. The decline of the area is caused by land damage, land conversion, the number of coconut plants that are old and dead and so affect to the need of raw materials for the development of the coconut industry in generating the number and type of product diversification. This research is conducted to analyze the internal and external factors that were influences to the development of local coconut industry which aims to know the internal and external factors in the development of coconut industry in Indragiri Hilir district. The result of the analysis showed that the internal factors that become the strength and impact on the development of the coconut industry are the large area of coconut plant that is large enough, the availability of a large workforce and already has a large scale coconut processing industry; while the weakness factor is the age of coconut plants is quite old, coconut farmers generally use local seeds, decreased coconut productivity and the limited number and type of diversification of coconut derived products. External factors that become opportunities for the development of the coconut industry is the high demand for coconut products and derivatives in the export market, coconut derivative products can still be developed and supported by local government and related agencies while external factors are a threat to the coconut industry development of coconut plantation damage due to sea water intrusion and high investment concerns in competing countries against the coconut industry.

A Socio-spatial Dimension of Local Creative Industry Development in Semarang and Kudus Batik Clusters

Creative industries existence is inseparable from the underlying social construct which provides sources for creativity and innovation. The working of social capital in a society facilitates information exchange, knowledge transfer and technology acquisition within the industry through social networks. As a result, a socio-spatial divide exists in directing the growth of the creative industries. This paper aims to examine how such a socio-spatial divide contributes to the local creative industry development in Semarang and Kudus batik clusters. Explanatory sequential mixed methods approach covering a quantitative approach followed by a qualitative approach is chosen to understand better the interplay between tangible and intangible variables in the local batik clusters. Surveys on secondary data taken from the government statistics and reports, previous studies, and media exposures are completed in the former approach to identify clustering pattern of the local batik industry and the local embeddedness factors which have shaped the existing business environment. In-depth interviews, content analysis, and field observations are engaged in the latter approach to explore reciprocal relationships between the elements of social capital and the local batik cluster development. The result demonstrates that particular social ties have determined the forms of spatial proximity manifested in forward and backward business linkages. Trust, shared norms, and inherited traditions are the key social capital attributes that lead to such a socio-spatial divide. Therefore, the intermediating roles of the bridging actors are necessary to encouraging cooperation among the participating stakeholders for a better cluster development.

CLIMATE CHANGES AND RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

This paper outlines the basic information on climate characteristics, emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and the observed climate changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Special attention was paid to the possibilities of using renewable energy sources (RES) and their impact on the environment. In addition, the paper describes three GHG emissions reduction scenarios by 2025 in BiH and gives some information about RES legislation and feed-in tariffs in BiH. The paper points out that in order to establish the ecological balance and sustainable development of mankind, it is necessary to make greater use of renewable energy sources, as well as that renewable energy contributes to the reduction of the GHG emissions, reduction of the fossil fuels use, development of local industries and creation of new jobs.

Study on the Development of S & T Achievements Transformation Policy in Anhui Province—Based on the Quantitative Analysis of 101 Policy Texts

The transformation of scientific and technological achievements is the terminal chain of the whole innovation value chain. Converting scientific and technological achievements into realistic productivity is advantageous to realize the effective integration of science and technology with economy. The policy of transformation of scientific and technological influences the development and core competitiveness of local industries to varying degrees. In this paper, the analysis of policy statistics and multi-dimension are introduced into the research on the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in Anhui Province. Based on the sample of 101 scientific and technological achievements conversion policies from 2001 to 2018 in Anhui Province, this paper analyzes the time distribution, policy types, layout of policy-making subjects, and the use of different types of policy tools. Finally, through the above analysis, summarizing the problems existing in Anhui Province’s scientific and technological achievements transformation policy and carrying out further reflections, in order to provide reference for the optimization and improvement of Anhui’s scientific and technological achievements conversion policy in the future.

A Study on the Development of Local Industry for Activation of the Alienated Industry

A Study on the Development of Local Industry for Activation of the Alienated Industry

The Impact of Change in Consumer Behavior on the Development of Local Industries

The attention to consumer behavior to a combination of factors the most important of the widespread modern marketing concept , And high rates of introduction of new products , and reduced the duration of the goods in the market , and the short life cycle as a result of rapid advances in the technology used. And the emergence of many public and private groups that advocate for more rights for consumers and even the marketing process is managed efficiently .
 
 This should be done through the study of consumer behavior and learn how he make purchasing decisions related to spending its limited resources of income , time and effort to satisfy his needs the acquisition of goods and services available.
 The soap industry was recent industries in Sudan , which began early and it was during the previous period covering the total domestic demand inside Sudan, But suddenly the demand for local products , both of soap and laundry soap dropped , And turning consumer and headed towards the use of imported soap , affecting the growth and development of this industry , the demand for imported soap increase , which led to the deterioration of the soap industry and the decline jurisdiction , Through this paper was to identify the effect of a change in consumer behavior on the development of local industries Application to the soap industry in Khartoum state , was reached through the paper several conclusions, the most important is the following:
 A - The impact of the change in the consumer in the state of Khartoum 's behavior on the demand for local goods soap in the state of Khartoum , which was clearly evident through the change in the purchase and making purchasing decisions and implementations buying habits and affected by this means of communication different and how to elicit information and the order of priorities and how this relates to the level of income.
 B - The impact of low supply of products to local consumer commodity soap from Sudan in Khartoum state direction to imported alternatives for the types of laundry soap and toilet used by the consumer.

Available forms of nutrients and heavy metals control the distribution of microbial phospholipid fatty acids in sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China.

The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) as well as the development of local industry and agriculture not only had tremendous impacts on the environment but also affected human health. Although water, soil, and air in the TGR have been well studied for environmental risk assessment, very little information is available on benthic sediments and microorganisms. In this study, sedimentary samples were collected along the main stream of the TGR to examine microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and relevant variables (e.g., nutrients and heavy metals) after the full operation of the TGR. The results showed that there were prominent trends (increase or decrease) of sedimentary PLFAs and properties from downstream to upstream. Bacteria-specific PLFA decreased toward the dam, while fungi-specific PLFA did not show any significant trend. The PLFA ratio of fungi to bacteria (F/B) increased along the mainstream. The total PLFA concentration, which represents the microbial biomass, decreased significantly toward the dam. Upstream and downstream sampling points were clearly distinguished by PLFA ordination in the redundancy analysis (RDA). That finding showed microbial PLFAs to have an obvious distribution pattern (increase or decrease) in the TGR. The PLFA distribution was markedly controlled by nutrients and heavy metals, but nutrients were more important. Moreover, among nutrients, Bio-P, NH4+-N, NO3--N, and DOC were more important than TP, TN, TOC, and pH in controlling PLFA distribution. For heavy metals, Tl, V, Mo, and Ni were more important than Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb. These findings suggested that Tl, V, Mo, and Ni should not be ignored to guard against their pollution in the TGR, and we should pay attention to them and make them our first priority. This study highlighted that the construction of the TGR changed riverine environments and altered microbial communities in sediments by affecting sedimentary properties. It is a reminder that the microbial ecology of sediment as an indicator should be considered in assessing the eco-risk of the TGR.

Source and yearly distribution of PAHs in the snow from the Hailuogou glacier of Mountain Gongga, China

Snow samples were collected over a 3-year period from 2012 to 2014 at the Hailuogou glacier of Mountain Gongga (Mt. Gongga) and analyzed for 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The results show that total average levels of the 16 PAHs ranged from 452 to 290 ng·L−1 with a possible declining trend from 2012 to 2014. Distances between the sampling sites and the emission sources were estimated at typically less than 500 km. The results suggest that the major source of PAHs was from coal combustion, while contributions from automobile exhaust played an important role in more recent years. This finding was in agreement with the characteristics of presence of local industry, residence, and recent development of tourism of the surrounding areas.

스마트도시계획 수립 구조 정립 및 적용 : 유비쿼터스도시계획 수립 지침 개선방안을 중심으로

Since the Act on the Construction, etc. of Ubiquitous Cities was enacted in 2008, Ubiquitous City Planning has been established by many municipalities to improve urban competitiveness, to promote the sustainable development and to consider the quality of life through the efficient construction and operation of a ubiquitous city. However, the Ubiquitous City Planning has limits of the absence of objective methodology, spatial scheme and consideration of locality. Thus, this study aims to construct objective methodology of the Smart City Planning by establishing STIM methodology based on the Smart City architecture: the Smart City Services (S), the Smart City Technology (T), the Smart City Infrastructure (I) and the Smart City Management (M). By applying the STIM methodology to ‘the Ubiquitous City Planning Guideline’, the connectivity between each item was analyzed. As a result, 11 out of 14 items were drawn from the Ubiquitous City Planning except mutual cooperation, development and promotion of local industries and international cooperation between ubiquitous cities. These results and the STIM methodology may contribute to the future Smart City Planning beyond the lack of present Ubiquitous City Planning.

Revisiting China-Africa trade from an environmental perspective

International trade patterns can be seen as ways to redistribute natural resources and manufactured products, by means of convergence and divergence pathways, in support of production and consumption processes worldwide. By making needed resources to potential users (individuals and economies) trade acts as a driver of resource extraction, processing, degradation, especially if this is facilitated by market dynamics in which prices are determined by contingent factors that have no links to the environmental dynamics of resource generation and do not match the real quality of natural capital and ecosystems services involved. A fair trade relationship should take these aspects into proper account, in so promoting additional criteria for resource value and, as a consequence, towards efficient resource use and cleaner production processes. A comprehensive cost and benefit evaluation to consider the economic and ecological impacts is therefore a much needed prerequisite for a balanced trade relationship. To conduct this evaluation, we firstly choose the trade data of China with South Africa, Sudan, Algeria, Nigeria, Egypt and Morocco in the years 2001, 2004, 2008 and 2012 as sample set. Then we apply the emergy accounting approach to the international trade dynamic between China and above selected African countries to quantify the exchange of natural capital and ecosystem services among partners (including resources that support know-how and technology exchange), as well as to identify benefits and compensation measures that may increase trade balance and equity via the prevention of uncompensated resource exploitation. By accounting for the environmental support embodied in traded resources and their capability to support an economic process, the emergy approach applied in this study provides a complementary tool to economic evaluation, which enables a more comprehensive understanding of trade, beyond the monetary terms of trade. In terms of the total emergy exchange, the investigated African countries (with the exception of South Africa and Sudan) receive more emergy from China over the investigated period, which appears to suggest a reversal of the typical trend in which industrialized economies exploit African countries and return small or no benefit to their economies. However, the composition of the emergy trade indicates that China's import from Africa is mainly composed of primary products, whereas manufactured products dominate its export. This composition is likely to promote the Chinese economy (supporting resource processing and jobs), as well as increase the lifestyle of the wealthy fractions of the African population as a result of increased access to consumer goods; however, in turn, it may contribute to heavier pollution in China and certainly does not favor the development of local industry in Africa. Thus, more balanced import and export relations and trade structure that simultaneously involves human and natural capital will be helpful to construct a cooperative relationship.