Development Of Local Complications Research Articles

Rare complications of acute pancreatitis: Clinical cases

Background. Acute pancreatitis is recognized as a common disease, occasionally accompanied by the development of local complications that require surgical debridement. Rare complications of pancreatitis may occur in clinical practice, which is one of the reasons for their untimely diagnosis and treatment. Pancreaticopleural fistula and high small bowel obstruction develop in less than 1% of acute pancreatitis cases. Therefore, possible options for management of these complications are considered valuable. Description of clinical cases. The clinical examples, provided in the present paper, describe pancreaticopleural fistula and high small bowel obstruction that develop against the peripancreatic mass in the abdominal cavity. Patient K., 44, was hospitalized to the Regional Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medical Care, Krasnodar Krai, and preliminary diagnosed with bilateral hydrothorax and type II respiratory failure; pleural puncture was performed. Following the extended examination, a clinical diagnosis was made as follows: “Acute necrotic pancreatitis spreading to a pancreatic tail cyst. Reactive double pleurisy”. The postoperative period was indicated with repeated recurrence of right hydrothorax, and pancreaticopleural fistula (diagnosed by measuring amylase activity in the brown fluid effused from the right pleural cavity, which appeared to be 41216 IU/l (not normally determined)). The right pleural cavity and pseudocyst of the pancreatic tail were drained, resulting in obliteration of the pancreatbcopleural fistula. Patient V., 50, was hospitalized and transferred to the surgical department of the Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2, Krasnodar Krai, and diagnosed with “pancreonecrosis, extensive purulent-necrotic peripancreatitis.” The patient underwent puncture-drainage treatment. The postoperative period was complicated by acute small bowel obstruction. Surgical treatment involved Braun enteroesterostomy. The patient recovered. Conclusion. Pancreaticopleural fistula refers to a rare complication of acute pancreatitis, manifested by hydrothorax. Its diagnosis is based on the determination of amylase activity in the effusion. Drainage of the pleural cavity and pancreatic pseudocyst contributes to obliteration of the fistula. The intestinal obstruction, another complication of pancreatitis, requires open surgical treatment when a conservative therapy appears ineffective.

ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF LOCAL COMPLICATIONS TO ACUTE NECROTIC PANCREATITIS USING RADIATION DIAGNOSTICS METHODS

The use of multispiral computed tomography and ultrasound examination in pancreatic necrosis makes it possible to determine the shape, volume and localization, to distinguish four types of lesions. The aim of the study was to determine the incidence rate and the structure of local aseptic and purulent complications in acute necrotic pancreatitis using radiation diagnostics methods, to assess complications impact on the course and prognosis of the disease. Materials and methods. 63 patients with pancreatic necrosis who underwent treatment were examined during 2 years. The results of these examinations were analyzed. Two groups were identified: 1st – patients with infected pancreatic necrosis 29 (46%), 2nd – patients with sterile one 34 (54%). Ultrasound examination was performed on expert-class scanners, multispiral computed tomography with bolus tracking was performed on an Aguilion Prim device manufactured by Toshiba. Statistical processing of the results was performed in the Microsoft Excel 2017 database, the calculation of average values, standard distribution errors was made, the analysis of conjugate frequencies was given – the xi-squared test (c2) was used. Study results. Four types of infiltrative-necrotic lesions were identified: 21 cases (33.3%) of model-1 (central type); 13 cases (20.7%) of model-2 (left type); 9 cases (14.3%) of model-3 (right type); 20 cases (31.7%) of model-4 (mixed type). In group 1, severe pancreatic necrosis was significantly more often identified – in 17 out of 29 (58.6%) (c2 = 5.414; p = 0.020), mixed type (model-4) – 14 of 29 (48.3%) (c2 = 5.436; p = 0,020); in the 2nd group that of moderate severity was found more often – 21 out of 34 (61.6%) (c2 = 8.511; p = 0.004), mainly the central type (model-1) – 17 of 34 (50%) (c2 = 7.675; p = 0.006). There are no differences in the structure of local complications in group 2 depending on the severity of necrosis, in group 1, widespread parapancreatitis was more common in 22 out of 29 cases (75.9%) (p < 0.001). Mortality in infected and sterile pancreatic necrosis did not significantly differ – 24.1% and 23.5%, the highest mortality was in the mixed type of lesion in both groups (model-4) was 9 out of 20 (c2 = 5.643; p = 0.018). Conclusions. Radiation examination methods give the opportunity to predict early the pancreatic necrosis course and outcome. The development of local complications and their structure depend on the volume of necrosis, the prevalence and type of localization of destructive and inflammatory changes in retroperitoneal space.

Fluid Resuscitation With Lactated Ringer's Solution Versus Normal Saline in Acute Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.

We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to summarize the overall association between the choice of fluid (lactated Ringer's [LR] or normal saline [NS]) and clinical outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis. A systematic literature search was performed in electronic databases to identify eligible randomized controlled trials. Meta-analyses with the random-effects and IVhet models were used to estimate the pooled odds ratio (OR) for outcomes of interest with the administration of LR relative to NS, at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). There was a significant reduction in the odds of intensive care unit admission and development of local complications, respectively, with the administration of LR among hospitalized patients with acute pancreatitis relative to administration of NS (pooled ORs, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.13-0.81] and 0.43 [95% CI, 0.21-0.89], respectively). Our findings are able to assist clinicians in the navigation of the proper choice of fluid in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Flow-Responsive Noncoding RNAs in the Vascular System: Basic Mechanisms for the Clinician.

The vascular system is largely exposed to the effect of changing flow conditions. Vascular cells can sense flow and its changes. Flow sensing is of pivotal importance for vascular remodeling. In fact, it influences the development and progression of atherosclerosis, controls its location and has a major influx on the development of local complications. Despite its importance, the research community has traditionally paid scarce attention to studying the association between different flow conditions and vascular biology. More recently, a growing body of evidence has been accumulating, revealing that ncRNAs play a key role in the modulation of several biological processes linking flow-sensing to vascular pathophysiology. This review summarizes the most relevant evidence on ncRNAs that are directly or indirectly responsive to flow conditions to the benefit of the clinician, with a focus on the underpinning mechanisms and their potential application as disease biomarkers.

471 C-Reactive Protein Accurately Predicts Severity of Acute Pancreatitis in Children

Abstract Introduction Predicting severity of acute pancreatitis enables optimization of care, reducing morbidity and length of stay. Modified adult scoring systems have not yet been able to adequately predict severity in children. This study supports the use of CRP in children as a superior biomarker of acute pancreatitis severity compared with the modified Glasgow Pancreas score. Method This was a retrospective study of children presenting with a first episode of acute pancreatitis from 2002 - 2020 in a single tertiary paediatric surgical centre. Serum markers including CRP at 48 hours of admission were analysed. Statistical analysis included Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis for promising biomarkers, and these were compared to the modified Glasgow Pancreas Score. A severe episode was defined by development of local complications and/or organ support. An Area Under Curve (AUC) >0.90 was defined as an excellent predictor of severity. Results Data of 59 children were analysed, median age 13 years, 22 (37%) patients had a severe episode. ROC analysis demonstrated CRP as the best predictor of severity, giving an AUC of 0.92. Optimum cut off value for CRP was 107. 5mg/L (p < 0.0001), producing 91% sensitivity and 84% specificity. This was significantly superior to the modified Glasgow Pancreas score, which gave an AUC of 0.66 (p < 0.0424) producing 36% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Conclusions We have shown that a CRP >107.5 within 48 hours of admission can be used to predict severity of acute pancreatitis in children with greater accuracy than current scoring systems.

P1456 Pacemaker and percutaneous aortic valve endocarditis - a complex decision

Abstract CASE REPORT We describe the case of a 64-year-old man who was referred because of a fever. He had history of hypertension, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a right lung pneumectomy due to epidermoid lung cancer diagnosed twenty-five years ago. He implanted dual-chamber definite pacemaker ten years ago and had a transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in the previous year due to severe aortic stenosis and a high surgical risk. He was hospitalized 2 months ago because of a respiratory infection. Blood cultures were positive for an Enterococcus faecalis. A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed and had no evidence of vegetations. After one month, he had recurrence of fever and was again admitted. On physical examination he was hemodynamically stable, with signs of peripheral congestion and no heart murmur on cardiac auscultation. Blood cultures were again positive for Enterococcus faecalis. The transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed a biologic aortic valve with thickened leaflets and small nodular structures suggestive of vegetations. There was a small periprosthetic leak and no obstruction or suspected perivalvular abscesses. There was also a small vegetation with 0,45*0,3 cm in the auricular pacemaker lead. A thoraco-abdomino-pelvic computed tomography scan showed no embolic complications. A diagnosis of pacemaker and TAVI endocarditis was made. The patient started directed antibiotic therapy (ceftriaxone and ampicillin). The case was discussed in Heart Team and because of high surgical risk, medical treatment was decided. The patient completed antibiotic treatment with negative blood cultures and apyrexia. A repeated TEE showed persistence of vegetations, without development of local complications. It was decided to discharge the patient under palliative suppressive antibiotic treatment with levofloxacin after discussion with the infectious disease doctor. In a follow-up evaluation, he remained clinically stable, without recurrence of fever. DISCUSSION As TAVI procedures are performed more frequently, a higher number of late complications are expected. Prosthetic valve endocarditis after TAVI is a complex situation, whose treatment strategy is not well-defined, particularly because these patients are usually of high surgical risk. This case describes a complex clinical picture and highlights the difficulty in decision-making in these situations. Also, it pretends to reinforce the need to discuss in a Heart Team the best treatment options.

Immunological possibilities of diagnostics and prognosis of aseptic and infected local complications of acute pancreatitis development

The aim. To substantiate the possibility of diagnosis and prediction of aseptic and infected local complications of acute pancreatitis (AP) by determining the level of immunoglobulins of class G. Materials and methods. 30 patients with AP (oedematous and necrotic form) were examined. The control group consisted of patients scheduled for inguinal hernia, varicose vein and breast fibroadenoma surgery (n = 10). Laboratory and immunological studies were carried out three times: the 1st study – upon admission; the 2nd – on the 7th day; the 3 – on the 14th day. An enzyme-linked immunoglobulin analysis of IgG subclasses (G1, G2, G3, G4) was performed in the main study group. Results . Median survival time is 12 days (95 % CI 2.0–28.0) among all examined patients. This time decreases in immunoglobulins deficiency and is 10 days (95 % CI 10.0–71.0) in total IgG level decrease. When comparing groups with a lower level of immunoglobulins and normal, this trend is reflected in all subclasses, and a statistically significant difference between them is detected for IgG4. There is a significant difference (p = 0.049) in Kaplan-Mayer's curves in terms of reducing survival without complications in patients with low IgG4 level (median survival 2.0 days, 95 % CI 1.0–17.0) compared to normal and high its level (Me = 28.0; 95 % CI 10.0–7.0). Survival without complications of the examined patients increases statistically significantly with an increase in the total level of immunoglobulins – RR = 0.91 (95 % CI 0.11–0.98). The probability of complication in and after hospitalization for a patient with GP is lower with the most increase in IgG4 – RR = 0.02 (95 % CI 0.001–0.650). Consequently, the higher level of immunoglobulins in patients, the less the risk of getting complications. Patients with low IgG4 level are more likely to develop complications than patients with normal or elevated IgG4 level. That is, the level of subclass IgG4 can be considered as a diagnostic criterion of complications development and one of their occurrence predictors. Conclusions. Definition of IgG dynamics in patients with AP provides new opportunities for predicting the development of local complications of AP. The level of IgG4 may serve as an additional diagnostic criterion for the local AP complications development.

“LOCAL COMPLICATIONS OF PERIPHERAL INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY – ANALYSIS IN CARCINOMA BREAST PATIENTS”

Aims: To identify and record the local reactions at the site of IV cannula in women with carcinoma breast during peripheral intravenous chemotherapy treatment. To find out the incidence of these reactions and correlations with various factors.
 Method- Prospective Observational Studywas done with evaluation of 559 individual peripheral intravenous chemotherapy cycles given in carcinoma breast patients from June 2013 to September 2015.
 Results: 1 in every 5 carcinoma breast patients receiving peripheral intravenous chemotherapy developed local complications. (20.92% in adjuvant cases and 18.55% in neoadjuvant cases). Pain followed by induration and altered skin color were the most common complications. Extravasation was present in 6.44% cases.other complications commonly noted were tingling sensation in IV applied limb, edema, thrombophlebitis, cellulitis and ulcer. IV cannula application on ipsilateral site (in limb on side of breast cancer) is associated with RR=2.08. IV cannulation over the wrist have 1.57 times (RR=1.57) and multiple puncture attempts to secure IV cannula is associated with 1.97 times (RR=1.97) more risk of developing local complications following peripheral intravenous chemotherapy. Elderly age >50yrs, small of large calibre IV cannula (no 18 G and No 24 G) have more local complications.
 Conclusions: Occurrence of local complications after peripheral intravenous chemotherapy in carcinoma breast patient is common. Vigorous monitoring of patient with repeated and frequent examination of site of chemotherapy cannulisation must be done during the complete chemotherapy infusion process and detailed records must be kept at every stage. A generalised chemotherapy infusion guidelines and protocol should be established according to the hospital occurrence. Active Patients participation in monitoring is advised. More multicentre studies are required to create a data base of venous damage occurring following intravenous peripheral chemotherapy and to formulate standard guidelines and protocols to reduce the rate of complications. Precaution, and care during peripheral intravenous chemotherapy can prevent development of local complications and remove the need for surgical intervention for management of the complications, thus, reduce the hospital stay, additional diagnostic procedures and treatment, stress in the life of the patients' relatives, extra work load on the health personnel and economic loss accordingly.

Роль лімфоцитів та імуноглобулінів класу G в прогнозуванні розвитку місцевих ускладнень гострого панкреатиту

Мета роботи: визначити діагностичну та прогностичну цінність рівня лімфоцитів та імуноглобулінів класу G для прогно­зування розвитку місцевих ускладнень гострого панкреатиту, ризику їх інфікування та необхідності відповідної корекції лікувальної тактики.Матеріали і методи. Обстежено 30 пацієнтів. Лабораторні та імунологічні дослідження проводили тричі: 1 дослідження – при надходженні; 2 дослідження – на 7-му добу; 3 дослідження – перед виписуванням. Проведено імуноферментний аналіз субкласів IgG (G1, G2, G3, G4) в основній групі дослідження. Аналіз на однорідність основної групи та контрольної групи показав, що при розподілі хворих на групи залежно від віку та статі істотних відмінностей не виявлено (р>0,05), що вказує на їх коректну зіставність та можливість порівняння для виявлення розбіжностей за іншими параметрами.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. За даними проведеного ROC-аналізу отримано переконливий доказ щодо здатності прогнозування інтра- та перипанкреатичного скупчення рідини у хворих на гострий панкреатит субкласу імуноглобуліну IgG2. IgG1, IgG3 IgG4 та загальний IgG не мають достатньої прогностичної здатності (р>0,05) і не можуть бути використані у клінічній практиці з даною метою. Площа під ROC кривою для прогностичної здатності IgG2 та рівня лімфоцитів має статистично достовірне значення (р<0,05) та може бути оцінена як середня та добра відповідно. Парне порівняння ROC кривих IgG2 та рівня лімфоцитів між собою показало відсутність суттєвих розбіжностей між ними, отже, у них практично однакові діагностичні можливості. Парне порівняння ROC кривих IgG2 та рівня лімфоцитів стосовно прогнозування необхідності операційних втручань не показало суттєвих розбіжностей між ними та підтвердило найкращі операційні характеристики лімфоцитів.

Utility of the “Harmless Acute Pancreatitis Score” in predicting a non-severe course of acute pancreatitis: A pilot study in an Indian cohort

Several severity predictors have been tested for assessing acute pancreatitis (AP). The recently described harmless acute pancreatitis score (HAPS) could be an ideal predictor for Indian patients at the community level. We validate this system in the current study. This was a prospective pilot study conducted at a tertiary center from July 2010 to December 2011. Consecutive directly admitted patients over 18years with a documented first episode of AP were enrolled and followed for at least 12months after discharge/till death. HAPS was defined as absence of rebound abdominal tenderness, serum creatinine of <2mg/dL, and hematocrit of <43 for male and <39.6 for female patients at the time of admission; and it was considered positive if the patient fulfilled all three criteria. Study outcomes included total hospital stay, need for intensive care unit (ICU), ICU stay, development of local complications, organ failure, hospital-acquired infections (including infected necrosis), and in-hospital mortality. There were a total of 103 patients directly admitted with AP during the study period, out of which, 23 were excluded. Forty-seven (58.8%) patients were positive for HAPS. Of these, 44 (93.6%) had an eventual non-severe (mild) clinical course with odds ratio 17.6 (95% CI 4.5-68.3). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and receiver operating characteristics area under the curve of HAPS as a predictor of non-severe disease were 76.3 (66.9-86.4), 85.7 (78.0-96.8), 93.8 (88.5-98.6), 56.6 (45.4-73.6), and 84.8 (76.9-92.7) respectively. This study validated the utility of HAPS for directly admitted patients with AP in India. Large-scale multicenter community-based studies need to be performed.

The surgical treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm and its complications based on own experience

The purpose of the study — to research the own results of surgical treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and to identify measures to prevent possible complications. A retrospective analysis of 46 cases was done. The main cause of deaths in the early postoperative period was a myocardial infarction — in 6 ((13.1 ± 1.4)%) patients and acute ischemia of the left half of the colon — in 2 ((4.3 ± 0.8)%) cases. In the distant period the survival depended on the state of blood flow in the basin of the coronary and brachiocephalic arteries, the development of local complications and cancer. Chronic ischemia of the left half of colon was diagnosed in 8 ((20.5 ± 2.0)%) patients and was the most frequent complication in the later stages after resection of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Absceso hepático y fístula biliar como complicaciones locales de una pancreatitis aguda: abordaje y tratamiento

Acute pancreatitis is frequently associated with the development of local complications: collections, necrosis, pseudocysts and abdominal abscesses. Although the development of liver abscesses has been linked to bile duct obstruction or abdominal surgery in patients with chronic pancreatitis, there are few descriptions of liver abscesses associated with an episode of acute pancreatitis. We report the case of a 45-year-old man with a first episode of severe acute alcoholic pancreatitis, complicated with thrombosis of the right portal branch, liver abscess and intrahepatic biliary fistula. The approach and treatment are described.

Computed Tomographic Prognostic Factors for Predicting Local Complications in Patients With Pancreatic Necrosis

This prospective study aimed at evaluating dynamic computed tomography (CT) as a prognostic indicator of local complications in patients with pancreatic necrosis. We analyze the relationship between the anatomic pattern of pancreatic necrosis at dynamic CT (pancreatic necrosis, peripancreatic necrosis, and transparenchymal necrosis) and the development of local complications (infected pancreatic necrosis and pseudocyst). One hundred thirty-eight patients were included in the study. Nine patients were excluded, and 86 required surgery. Average time from the onset of symptoms to dynamic CT was 8.3 days. Multivariate analysis identified the following prognostic factors for local complications: (1) extent of pancreatic necrosis (odds ratio [OR], 7.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32-23.76; P = 0.015) and presence of peripancreatic necrosis (OR, 37.32; 95% CI, 3.77-369.38; P = 0.002) were useful to predict the development of infected pancreatic necrosis; and (2) transparenchymal necrosis with upstream viable (enhancing) pancreas (OR, 36.22; 95% CI, 3.18-412.36; P = 0.004) and no peripancreatic necrosis (OR, 0.016; 95% CI, 0.004-0.62; P < 0.001) were associated with pseudocyst development. Dynamic CT prognostic factors useful to predict local complications in patients with pancreatic necrosis were the extent of pancreatic necrosis, presence of peripancreatic necrosis, and the finding of transparenchymal necrosis with upstream viable (enhancing) pancreas.

Total parenteral nutrition in severe acute pancreatitis.

The influence of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was studied in 67 patients with severe acute pancreatitis having three or more criteria according to Ranson (mean +/- SD = 3.8 +/- 0.21). Although TPN has been reported to not be of benefit in the progress and severity of the disease, we have found that the time TPN is started is important in influencing the course of the disease and in the development of local complications, as well as in the mortality rate. Patients whose TPN was started within the first 72 hours of the disease had a 23.6% complication rate and 13% mortality, in comparison with patients whose TPN was started later in the course of the disease, who had a 95.6% complication rate (p less than 0.01) and a mortality rate of 38% (p less than 0.03). The nutritional status of the patients during TPN administration of 28.4 days was maintained either steady or was improved, as assessed by nitrogen balance, serum levels of transferrin (p less than 0.05), and albumin (p less than 0.05). The administration of fat solution, either to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency or to provide part of the caloric requirements, was found to cause neither clinical nor laboratory worsening of the disease. All pancreatic fistulae that developed during the course of the disease spontaneously closed in patients receiving TPN without operation in a mean period of 33.3 days, and all pseudocysts subsided in an average of 18.3 days. Those who died (overall mortality rate 24%) had had uncontrollable sepsis, which resulted in hypercatabolism and multiple system organ failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)