Development Of Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

The importance of precise and suitable descriptors in data‐driven approach to boost development of lithium batteries: A perspective

AbstractConventional approaches for developing new materials may no longer be adequate to meet the urgent needs of humanity's energy transition. The emergence of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) has led materials scientists to recognize the potential of using AI/ML to accelerate the creation of new battery materials. Although fixed material properties have been extensively studied as descriptors to establish the link between AI and materials chemistry, they often lack versatility and accuracy due to a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of AI/ML. Therefore, materials scientists need to have a comprehensive understanding of the operational mechanisms and learning logic of AI/ML to design more accurate descriptors. This paper provides a review of previous research studies conducted on AI, ML, and descriptors, which have been used to address challenges at various levels, ranging from materials development to battery performance prediction. Additionally, it introduces the basics of AI and ML to assist materials and battery developers in comprehending their operational mechanisms. The paper demonstrates the significance of precise and suitable ML descriptors in the creation of new battery materials. It does so by providing examples, summarizing current descriptors and ML algorithms, and examining the potential implications of future AI advancements for the sustainable energy industry.

Azole derived deep eutectic electrolyte for high performance lithium metal-free full batteries

Electrolytes are considered the lifeblood of lithium batteries, facilitating ion transfer between the cathode and anode. However, the flammability, volatility and corrosiveness of organic electrolytes impede the sustainable development of lithium batteries. Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) have emerged as a promising alternative, exhibiting high stability, non-flammability and wide electrochemical window. Herein, a series of DEEs with varying molar ratios of azoles and LiTFSI were facilely prepared through the interaction of Li⋯N. These DEEs demonstrate unique advantages, including non-flammability, high conductivity and a favourable Li+ transference number. In particular, the DEEs ImL-4:1 and PyL-4:1 (Imidazole:LiTFSI = 4:1 and Pyrazole:LiTFSI = 4:1, respectively) achieve high ionic conductivities of 4.5 × 10−3 and 5.8 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 80 °C, respectively. Notably, the electrochemical window of PyL-4:1 is stable, making it a suitable electrolyte for the lithium metal-free Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 full battery. This system exhibits an initial specific capacity of 147 mAh g−1 and maintains stable cycling performance over 200 cycles. This study offers valuable insights into the design of electrolytes, addressing the challenges posed by traditional organic electrolytes and paving the way for sustainable lithium battery development.

Probing interfacial electrochemistry by in situ atomic force microscope for battery characterization

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage industries. An understanding of the reaction processes and degradation mechanism in LIBs is crucial for optimizing their performance. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a surface‐sensitive tool has been applied in the real‐time monitoring of the interfacial processes within lithium batteries. Here, we reviewed the recent progress of the application of in situ AFM for battery characterizations, including LIBs, lithium–sulfur batteries, and lithium–oxygen batteries. We summarized advances in the in situ AFM for recording electrode/electrolyte interface, mechanical properties, morphological changes, and surface evolution. Future directions of in situ AFM for the development of lithium batteries were also discussed in this review.

A Critical Review on Electric Vehicle Batteries — Based on Life Cycle Assessment Method

Currently, the production of electric vehicles and the lithium batteries that powers them is increasing significantly. Thus, this dissertation combines the literature review approach and the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to investigate the environmental or social impact of lithium batteries for electric vehicles from cradle to grave. According to the literature review, the environmental impacts of lithium batteries include carbon dioxide and harmful electrolyte emissions, water pollution, air pollution, solid waste emissions, gaseous pollutants, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, organic pollutants, particulate matter and CO2 emissions. Therefore, lithium batteries for electric vehicles pose a great environmental concern. In addition, the confusion surrounding the definition of lithium batteries in LCA can pose a significant concern. The in-depth analysis reveals that there is a lack of uniform data on EV lithium batteries, a low recycling rate of lithium batteries, and a lack of waste stream management. There is no uniformity in the technology and development of lithium batteries among countries such as China, Canada, and the USA. As a result, the secondary data may only represent this region. Besides, the literature consulted covers a long period of time. There is little possibility that the negative environmental impact of earlier technology like the burning of lithium batteries in incinerators can now be improved. Moreover, lithium batteries are still in the development stage. Therefore, there is still room for potential development in the future.

Selective leaching process for efficient and rapid recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries.

With the continuous development of new energy vehicles, the number of decommissioned lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries has been constantly increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to recover metal from spent LiFePO4 batteries due to the high potential for environmental protection and high resource value. In this study, sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) was selected as the oxidant to regulate and control the oxidation state and proton activity of the leaching solution through its high oxidizing ability. Selective recovery of lithium from LiFePO4 batteries was achieved by oxidizing LiFePO4 to iron phosphate (FePO4) during the leaching process. This paper reports an extensive investigation of the effects of various factors, including the acid concentration, initial volume fraction of the oxidant, reaction temperature, solid-liquid ratio, and reaction time, on lithium leaching. Li+ reached a high leaching rate of 93.3% within 5 minutes even at a low concentration of sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and high-purity lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) was obtained through impurity removal and precipitation reactions. In addition, the leaching mechanism was analysed by both X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. The results show that the obtained high lithium-ion (Li+) leaching efficiency and fast Li+ leaching time can be ascribed to the superior oxidizing properties of Na2S2O8 and the stability of the crystal structure of LiFePO4 during the oxidative leaching process. The adopted method has significant advantages in terms of safety, efficiency and environmental protection, which are conducive to the sustainable development of lithium batteries.

Examining the Benefits of Using Boron Compounds in Lithium Batteries: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

Boron and boron compounds have been extensively studied together in the history and development of lithium batteries, which are crucial to decarbonization in the automotive industry and beyond. With a wide examination of battery components, but a boron-centric approach to raw materials, this review attempts to summarize past and recent studies on the following: which boron compounds are studied in a lithium battery, in which parts of lithium batteries are they studied, what improvements are offered for battery performance, and what improvement mechanisms can be explained. The uniqueness of boron and its extensive application beyond batteries contextualizes the interesting similarity with some studies on batteries. At the end, the article aims to predict prospective trends for future studies that may lead to a more extensive use of boron compounds on a commercial scale.

Design of Remote Monitoring System for Lithium Battery Operating Statu

The safety of lithium batteries has always been an important problem that restricts the rapid development of lithium batteries. In view of the problems such as the untimely and difficult monitoring of the thermal runaway behavior of the lithium battery energy storage system, a remote monitoring system for the operating state of lithium batteries based on ZigBee and NB-IOT technology is designed. The real-time collection of the operating parameters of lithium batteries is realized through various sensors, the whole system is constructed by the Internet of things technology, and the uploading of operating parameters is realized through the network. It is verified that the system can operate stably, collect the operating parameters of lithium battery and upload relevant data in real time, facilitate the remote monitoring of staff, and provide a strong guarantee for the safety of lithium battery energy storage system.

Structure, Diffusion, and Stability of Lithium Salts in Aprotic Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Acetonitrile Electrolytes

The development of lithium batteries, including lithium-ion batteries and lithium-air batteries, is the key technological breakthrough in the field of renewable energy storage. However, to date, it is still challenging to design a lithium battery with both high specific power and stability. Specifically, the solvation structure and thermodynamic stability of various electrolytes, mostly Li salts and aprotic solvents, have not been systematically studied from an atomic viewpoint. In this paper, we studied the solution chemistry of three most common inorganic Li salts (LiClO4, LiBF4, and LiPF6) and O2 in two aprotic (dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (CH3CN)) solvents. The Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations and enhanced free energy samplings are employed to obtain their solvation structures, diffusion coefficients, and stability performances at room temperature. As a result, the tetrahedral Li(DMSO)4+ and Li(CH3CN)4+ are obtained as the stable solvation shells of Li+ in DMSO and CH3CN solvents, respectively. Among the three inorganic Li salts, the stability performances are found in the order of LiClO4 > LiBF4 > LiPF6 in both DMSO and CH3CN solvents. Compared with CH3CN, DMSO provides a more stable environment for the long-term usage of Li salts for that increases the energetic barriers of the degradation reactions of solvated Li+ components. However, DMSO shows a weaker ability (than CH3CN) to transport the main redox species (solvated Li+ and O2) in the electrolyte, which limits the discharging and charging rate in the batteries.

High-efficiency leaching of valuable metals from waste Li-ion batteries using deep eutectic solvents

With the penetration of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) into electric vehicles, the recycling of waste LIBs is inevitable from the perspective of health, economy and environmental protection. Herein is reported a novel green method for extracting valuable metals from the cathode of LIBs, in which the Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is used as leachate to dissolve electrode material waste. Mixing choline chloride (ChCl) and malonic acid is helpful to effectively improve the reduction ability of DES, resulting in superior leaching efficiency. At the lower temperature (100 °C), the leaching efficiency of cobalt and lithium reached up to 98.61% and 98.78%, respectively. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy demonstrated that DESs could act as both leachate and reducing agent, which could destroy the covalent bonds of metal oxides to form a cobalt (II)-chlorine complex. This method is straightforward to operate and does not involve the additional reducing agents, which is held promise to bring economic and sustainable development prospects in the field of lithium battery development.

Characterization of lithium-batteries for high power applications

Lithium batteries feature high energy density and long service life, and those find wide use in energy storage systems, portable electronics, and electric vehicles. Lithium batteries are commonly classified as energy-oriented devices, while their use for high-power applications is limited due to technical concerns regarding thermal management and reduced life. On the other hand, the development of Lithium batteries for both high-power and high-energy can lead to the development of more compact electrical devices, including pulsed power operating systems, and the increase of electric vehicle performance. In the current work, we propose and assess a method to operate commercial 3 Ah 18,650 Li-Ion cells based on LiNiCOMnO2 technology as power-oriented devices. The adopted operating conditions are significantly beyond the manufacturer specifications. We thus implemented a novel internal resistance monitoring strategy to limit the battery aging, keeping the cell temperatures under control. The pursued approach extended the Lithium battery operation range towards high specific power with minor impact on the state of health of the cells and on the total delivered energy.

Construction of high-quality lithium metal cathode protective film based on PIMs

Lithium metal is widely concerned and valued by people because of its technical advantages such as extremely high energy density and lowest electrode potential, but the crystallization problem of lithium metal is very serious at this stage, which greatly restricts and limits the commercial development of lithium batteries. In this paper, we firstly analyze the connotation of PIMs in detail, and summarize the experimental procedure and conclusions of high-quality lithium metal anode protective film based on PIMs in combination with the current research status of high-quality lithium metal anode protective film.

The Effect of Variations in Electrolyte Temperature and Current Strength on the Synthesis of Manganese Dioxide from Manganese Sulfate Precursors by Electrolysis Method

The development of science and technology today in the field of electronics, especially energy storage increases the demand for the use of lithium secondary batteries. The development of lithium batteries is focused on energy storage capacity by using manganese dioxide (MnO2) as a lithium battery cathode material. Manganese dioxide was chosen as the cathode material for lithium batteries because it has a high storage capacity of about 615 mAh/g compared to other materials such as graphite which has a storage capacity of 372 mAh/g and has a low toxicity of 0.14 mg/kg. MnO2 was synthesized by electrolysis method from manganese sulfate (MnSO4) precursor which was obtained from Trenggalek manganese ore leaching process. The electrolysis process was carried out for 5 hours using variations in electrolyte temperature of 30, 40, 50 and 60oC as well as variations in current strength of 2, 3, 4 and 5 A to determine the effect of electrolyte temperature and current strength on mass gain, structural polymorphy and morphology of MnO2 formed. The highest mass gain was obtained at the use of an electrolyte temperature of 60oC and a current of 5 A, which was 11.4 grams with the polymorphy structure of the MnO2 compound formed was α-MnO2 polymorphy. SEM image shows that the MnO2 particles have a spiny round shape and tend to agglomerate with particle diameter values ranging from 50 nm - 170 nm. Keywords: Electrolysis, MnO2, MnSO4, Electrolyte temperature, Current strength

An efficient lithium extraction pathway in covalent organic framework membranes

Lithium extraction is one of the most important techniques in the energy-storage field, which plays a crucial role for the sustainable development of lithium batteries. In <i>Matter</i>, Ma, Sun, and colleagues developed a COF-based membrane implanted with oligoether side chains to provide a selective lithium ion-diffusion pathway. Thanks to the precise control over the structure and surface chemistry of the nanopores in COF, the oligoether-functionalized COF membrane allows efficient transport of Li⁺ whereas obstructs the passing through of other ions, leading to an improved Li⁺/Mg²⁺ separation factor up to 64. This work highlights the significance of pore-environment engineering for developing customized membrane materials for ion sieving and lithium ion extraction.

Machine Learning Boosting the Development of Advanced Lithium Batteries.

Lithium batteries (LBs) have many high demands regarding their application in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and smart grids. Machine learning (ML) can effectively accelerate the discovery of materials and predict their performances for LBs, which is thus able to markedly enhance the development of advanced LBs. In recent years, there have been many successful examples of using ML for advanced LBs. In this review, the basic procedure and representative methods of ML are briefly introduced to promote understanding of ML by experts in LBs. Then, the application of ML in developing LBs is highlighted for the purpose of attracting more attention to this field. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of ML are noted for the further development of LBs. It is hoped that this review can shed light on the application of ML in developing LBs and boost the development of advanced LBs.

An efficient lithium extraction pathway in covalent organic framework membranes

Lithium extraction is one of the most important concerns in the energy storage field, since the methodologies used play a crucially impactful role in the sustainable development of lithium batteries. Recently in <i>Matter</i>, Ma, Sun, and colleagues developed a COF-based membrane implanted with oligoether side chains to provide a selective lithium ion-diffusion pathway. Thanks to the precise control over the pore structure and surface chemistry, the oligoether functionalized COF membrane allows efficient transport of Li⁺ while obstructing the pass- through of other ions, leading to an improved Li⁺/Mg²⁺ separation factor up to 64. This work highlights the significance of pore-environment engineering for developing customized membrane materials for ion sieving and lithium ion extraction.

On the Importance of Li Metal Morphology on the Cycling of Lithium Metal Polymer Cells

Lithium metal anodes have recently earned greater attention in the context of the development of lithium batteries with high power and energy density for use in both the automotive industry and in portable electronic devices. Lithium metal is indeed an ideal anode for lithium batteries due to its high specific capacity (3860 mAh g−1). However, the growth of dendrites under high charge currents restricts the use of lithium anode in rechargeable batteries until solid electrolytes that can mechanically hamper dendrite growth can be developed. Efforts are currently dedicated to solving these problems by focusing on either improving the shear modulus of the electrolyte, or on the modification of the lithium-electrolyte interface. The electrochemical stability of novel solid electrolytes towards lithium is commonly determined by galvanostatic cycling of Li-Li symmetric cells. However, important characteristics of the lithium foil used in most studies are seldom provided, hence making comparisons between materials trivial. This paper demonstrates the importance of a thorough electrode characterization for the cycling of symmetric cells. In this study, two types of lithium foils are used with polyethylene oxide-based (PEO-based) electrolyte. A detailed characterization of the morphological and physico-chemical properties of the metallic electrodes is first performed by PeakForce Tunneling Atomic force microscopy (PeakForce-TUNA™), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), followed by an evaluation of the interface with PEO-based electrolyte. It is demonstrated that lithium foil morphology is a key factor in the electrochemical performance of the cell and a novel electrochemical pre-treatment program is presented. This type of pre-treatment, still unreported in the existing literature, results in a longer life for lithium symmetrical cells.

Study on Low Temperature Characteristics and Heating Method of Lithium Battery for Vehicle

In the process of electric vehicle promotion, the range, charging time and safety are mainly restricted by the characteristics of power battery. The characteristics of lithium ion power battery are significantly affected by ambient temperature, especially in low temperature environment, its available energy and power attenuation is more serious, and long-term low temperature environment will accelerate the aging of power battery and shorten service life. The development of lithium battery has entered a slow growth period in recent years after a rapid period. For high energy density lithium batteries, it should be used very carefully. A little carelessness, light will affect life, heavy may explode fire. Of all the conditions of use, voltage and temperature are the two most important related conditions. The use of lithium batteries at low temperature has poor performance, whether charging or discharging, and may have an impact on life. Under low temperature conditions, the performance of lithium battery will decline, such as prolonged charging time, reduced charge and discharge, smaller battery capacity and faster power loss, which will affect the driving mileage of new energy vehicles[1]. The working temperature of conventional lithium ion battery is between-20°C∼60°C, but the performance of lithium battery will decrease and the discharge capacity will decrease after generally less than 0°C, so the working temperature of lithium ion battery performance is 0∼40°C. If the temperature drops to a certain extent, the lithium battery will even be unable to charge and discharge.

Effects of lithium on the electronic properties of porous Ge as anode material for batteries.

Recently, the need of improvement of energy storage has led to the development of Lithium batteries with porous materials as electrodes. Porous Germanium (pGe) has shown promise for the development of new generation Li-ion batteries due to its excellent electronic, and chemical properties, however, the effect of lithium in its properties has not been studied extensively. In this contribution, the effect of surface and interstitial Li on the electronic properties of pGe was studied using a first-principles density functional theory scheme. The porous structures were modeled by removing columns of atoms in the [001] direction and the surface dangling bonds were passivated with H atoms, and then replaced with Li atoms. Also, the effect of a single interstitial Li in the Ge was analyzed. The transition state and the diffusion barrier of the Li in the Ge structure were studied using a quadratic synchronous transit scheme.

Thinfilm achieves key milestone in solid-state lithium battery development

Thinfilm achieves key milestone in solid-state lithium battery development

Brief History of Early Lithium-Battery Development.

Lithium batteries are electrochemical devices that are widely used as power sources. This history of their development focuses on the original development of lithium-ion batteries. In particular, we highlight the contributions of Professor Michel Armand related to the electrodes and electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.