Development Of Jurisprudence Research Articles

La responsabilità giuridica nella Consulenza Etica in Ambito Sanitario

Scopo del presente contributo è delineare il perimetro entro il quale articolare una riflessione critica relativa alla questione della responsabilità giuridica connessa all’attività di Consulenza Etica in Ambito Sanitario (CEAS). Innanzitutto, saranno illustrate le ragioni per le quali ritenere che, al momento attuale, in Italia, la CEAS resa da un Consulente Etico singolo rappresenti il modello che meglio risponde all’esigenza di garantire un servizio di qualità ai pazienti e agli operatori sanitari. In secondo luogo, saranno analizzati gli elementi in base ai quali possa considerarsi ascrivibile in capo al Consulente Etico una responsabilità giuridica per violazione di una norma civile o penale. Infine, a partire dall’analisi dell’evoluzione giurisprudenziale e degli interventi legislativi di riforma in ambito sanitario, verrà avanzata una proposta in ordine alla disciplina applicabile all’operato del Consulente Etico in caso di danno procurato al paziente. Alla luce di quanto esposto, si tenterà di sostenere come il formale riconoscimento, anche giuridico, della figura del Consulente Etico possa risultare funzionale sia a dare contenuto all’effettivo ruolo svolto dal consulente nel processo di cura, sia a incentivare la stessa diffusione della cultura della CEAS, intesa come processo dialogico che ha lo scopo di contribuire al miglioramento dell’assistenza sanitaria mediante l’individuazione, l’analisi e la risoluzione dei dilemmi etici riconducibili alla pratica clinica.

The Potential of Positive Obligations Against Romaphobic Attitudes and in the Development of ‘Roma Pride’

The article analyses the jurisprudence of international tribunals on the education and housing of Roma and Travellers to understand whether positive obligations can change the hearts and minds of the majority and promote minority identities. Case law on education deals with integration rather than cultural specificities, while in the context of housing it accommodates minority needs. Positive obligations have achieved a higher level of compliance in the latter context by requiring majorities to tolerate the minority way of life in overwhelmingly segregated settings. Conversely, little seems to have changed in education, where legal and institutional reform, as well as a shift in both majority and minority attitudes, would be necessary to dismantle social distance and generate mutual trust. The interlocking factors of accessibility, judicial activism, European politics, expectations of political allegiance and community resources explain jurisprudential developments. The weak justiciability of minority rights, the lack of resources internal to the community and dual identities among the Eastern Roma impede legal claims for culture-specific accommodation in education. Conversely, the protection of minority identity and community ties is of paramount importance in the housing context, subsumed under the right to private and family life.

El derecho a recurrir el fallo en la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos y la legislación procesal penal colombiana: una aproximación desde el control de convencionalidad y la supremacía constitucional

Existe una relación íntima entre el Derecho convencional y el Derecho procesal penal colombiano. Esta deviene del control de convencionalidad y el Bloque de constitucionalidad, las cuales permiten una interacción intensa entre el orden interno constitucional y legal y la Convención Americana de Derechos humanos. Este artículo recoge el desarrollo que ha tenido el derecho a recurrir el fallo (Art. 8.2h de la CADH) y el derecho a la doble instancia e impugnación (Arts. 29 y 31 C.P), encontrando un déficit en el orden nacional, que, pese a las reformas y desarrollo jurisprudencial, aún no logra colmarse. Por eso, hacemos un análisis comparativo entre los dos órdenes jurídicos y se plantea como armonizarlos, para que el derecho convencional protegido sea respetado en el orden nacional, con el fin de honrar lo pactado internacionalmente.

Considerations on unfair terms in bank credit contracts

Over the last few years, we have seen an increasingly number of case law that was presented before national courts as well as the European Court of Justice concerning unfair terms in bank credit contracts. This subject was raised especially during the crisis in which the swiss francs had appreciated, leading numerous customers that had previously taken bank loans in this currency unable to pay back loans that had risen in almost half their value. Development in international and national legislation, such as Law no. 193/2000 concerning unfair terms in contracts concluded between professionals and consumers, that transposed into our national legislation the Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, both restricted or banned the use of such practices and were in force long before the crisis was generated. This however did not stop credit institutions from inserting these types of clauses in the contracts that they had concluded. The issue that we aim to treat in this article is whether the recent practices of credit and bank institutions has changed over the course of the last few years, given the development of jurisprudence that most often than not condemns abusive or unfair terms in credit agreements with consumers.

The Third Restatement and the Jurisprudential Evolution of Duty: Tracking the 'Duty War' in Palsgraf and Beyond

This Article is about the jurisprudential evolution of the concept of duty from the times of Blackstone, Austin, and Holmes, through each of the three Restatements of Torts, and up to the present day. I frame this history using the Palsgraf debate between Justice Cardozo and Judge Andrews as a touchstone for analysis. Although past Re-statements endorsed the “relational” view of duty associated with Cardozo (which can be traced back to Blackstone), the recent Restatement (Third) of Torts endorses a non-relational, “social” view of duty associated with Andrews (which can be traced back to Austin and Holmes). I discuss the jurisprudential history leading up to this reversal by the Restatement, as well as the reception of the third Restatement since publication. I argue that recent critiques of the third Restatement are unpersuasive, but that the third Restatement nonetheless shows little hope of resolving the duty debate. While acknowledging disputes about the third Restatement’s doctrinal merits, I focus more on Professors John Goldberg and Ben Zipursky’s yet-unscrutinized philosophical claim that H.L.A. Hart’s “internal” view of law favors their relational theory of duty and so bolsters the argument against the third Restatement’s social duty theory. I reject that novel argument, explaining that Professors Goldberg and Zipursky misunderstand Hart, whose jurisprudence is in fact no more or less hospitable to either theory of duty. This observation supports my overarching conclusion that the third Restatement, despite its merit, will not be able to convert committed relational duty theorists to the social duty theory and that the debate over duty shows no sign of stopping.

Oceans Apart?: The Rule of Lenity in Australia and the United States

Abstract Occasionally traced back to Byzantine times, the rule that penal statutes are to be interpreted strictly in favor of the subject, also known as the rule of lenity, now finds expression in common law countries across the world. This Article compares the origins and evolution of the rule in Australia and the United States. The comparison is timely because of the current uncertainty in both jurisdictions about the rule's rationale and scope and because of an emerging global trend towards the “constitutionalization” of common law rules of interpretation. In the course of the analysis, various facets of the rule are discussed, including its common law origins; jurisprudential development; purported constitutional foundations; and modifications by state and federal statutes. Tracing the rule's development in each country reveals significant commonalities, but also important differences, in the respective approaches to the interpretation of criminal statutes. Most importantly, despite similarities in the two countries’ constitutional structures, the rule has assumed constitutional significance in the United States but not in Australia. Identification of this marked difference provides an opportunity to reflect on the separation of powers, and the federal structure, of each country.

Twitter no es un foro público pero el perfil de Trump sí lo es. Sobre la censura privada de y en las plataformas digitales en los EEUU

El objeto de este trabajo es estudiar el reciente desarrollo jurisprudencial en los EE UU, sobre los límites que la Primera Enmienda impone a autoridades y profesionales en el uso de determinadas herramientas de bloqueo en las redes sociales. Para ello, se partirá de sendas resoluciones judiciales que han concluido que el Presidente Trump no puede bloquear en Twitter. Tras ello, y a la luz de la conocida Sección 230 de la Communications Decency Act (CDA), y de la propia jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema, se va a defender que esta línea jurisprudencial no tiene por qué afectar a la consolidada doctrina que ampara la censura privada que llevan a cabo las empresas tecnológicas de Internet sobre la base de sus libertades corporativas.Recibido: 10.05.2020Aceptado: 12.06.2020Publicación en línea: 03.07.2020

E-11 Compatibility of The Islamized Law of Murder of Pakistan with Modern Jurisprudence

The Islamized law of murder, known as the qisas and diyat law of Pakistan, has been under severe criticism since its enforcement. This paper discusses the main features of Islamized law of murder, i.e. qatli-amd, of Pakistan. The paper also encompasses the meaning of law under contemporary jurisprudence and theories of law. The paper further discusses the compatibility of the Islamized law with the latest jurisprudential developments in modern societies. In the end, the paper suggests some further modifications into the existing criminal law of Pakistan about heinous office of murder as Islamized in the year 1990 and amended many times, subsequently. Finally, it holds that Islamic law of qisas and diyat is compatible with the latest jurisprudence and standards of modern world; hence is, practically, viable.

Impactos normativos y mediáticos de los casos de agresiones con ácido a mujeres en España y Colombia 2010-2017

El presente documento expone los resultados de la investigación: “Estudio comparado de los impactos normativos y mediáticos de las agresiones con ácidos a mujeres sobrevivientes en España y Colombia”, la cual tuvo por objeto abordar la situación de estas agresiones con el propósito de responder a la pregunta sobre cómo ha sido el tratamiento noticioso de la temática en los dos países y su influencia en la estructuración y fortalecimiento de sistemas jurídicos. De esta manera, a partir de la implementación de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, se adelantó una revisión normativa y documental que permitió la selección de dos casos paradigmáticos, en los dos países, a partir de los cuales fue posible identificar impactos de la esfera mediática en escenarios de la vida y agenda pública, como: la influencia positiva de las prácticas comunicativas en el desarrollo normativo y jurisprudencial de los Estados, su incidencia en las decisiones judiciales, la regulación de la comercialización de sustancias químicas y la visibilidad de las organizaciones civiles que, lideradas en su mayoría por sobrevivientes, buscan la garantía de sus derechos. Finalmente, este trabajo presenta unas conclusiones en las que resalta la importancia del reconocimiento de la influencia de la esfera mediática en el tratamiento de las agresiones con ácidos en escenarios que resultan en la revictimización de esta población, víctima de una problemática que actualmente trasciende fronteras y el género femenino.

The control of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights over amnesty laws and other exemption measures: Legitimacy assessment

AbstractIn 2001, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) seminally found self-amnesty laws on serious human rights violations to be null and void. However, later national reactions showed that this supranational control has faced challenges. Such supranational judicial authority has been exercised where amnesty laws and other exemption measures blocked judicial cases, democratic referendums upheld legislation, and peace-making processes existed.This article seeks to determine whether the traditionally interventionist jurisprudence of the IACtHR on amnesty laws/exemption measures has been legitimate under global constitutionalism standards. The standards considered are: human rights, namely, rights of victims of mass atrocities; consistency or coherence of this jurisprudence with international, regional and national practices; and democratic legitimacy and/or accountability considerations.Victim rights have underlain the IACtHR’s jurisprudence on amnesty laws and similar measures. Importantly, developments on victim rights are not exclusive to the IACtHR as case law of other supranational human rights bodies evidences. Among human rights courts and bodies, the IACtHR has exercised the highest level of control over amnesty laws/exemption measures, even nullifying national legislation. However, the IACtHR’s case law shares common principles with UN/regional jurisprudential developments and domestic practices in terms of inadmissibility of amnesties and other exemption measures in cases of serious abuses. Unlike the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the IACtHR has not deferred to sovereign state appreciation (conventionality control doctrine). Nevertheless, the IACtHR has arguably begun to move towards more ‘moderated’ approaches. This is advisable under democratic legitimacy considerations.

Targeted Groups, Rape and Dolus Eventualis

Abstract This article discusses a number of substantive law developments at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) after the issuance of the trial judgment in Case 002/02 against Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan. It focuses on three themes emblematic of the Khmer Rouge era’s unique set of facts: the identification of targeted groups, male victims of rape in the context of forced marriage and the mens rea standard of indirect intent or dolus eventualis. These themes are distilled from the most pertinent jurisprudential developments regarding a number of specific crimes and a mode of liability: persecution on political grounds, genocide, other inhumane acts through conduct characterized as rape in the context of forced marriage, extermination and joint criminal enterprise. This article posits that these substantive law developments have an important place in international criminal law’s corpus as a rare stepping stone between the post-World War II trials and the modern-day international criminal courts and tribunals.

No Going Back: The Impact of ILO Convention 169 on Latin America in Comparative Perspective

In this article we assess the impact of the International Labour Organization’s 1989 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C-169) since it entered into effect in 1991. We examine the Convention’s impact on selected key Latin American states which have ratified the Convention: Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. We analyze each country’s constitutional order, legislative and jurisprudential developments, as well as different policy developments concerning indigenous peoples and their rights. We also trace the development of indigenous peoples’ rights in the same period in two non-ratifying states—Australia and Canada—along the same dimensions. We compare the impacts that these laws and policies have had on indigenous peoples’ rights, both in the six Latin American signatories as well as in Australia and Canada. In particular, we examine the indigenous right to political participation and self-government, as well as on the right to land, territories and natural resources. In doing so we assess the right of indigenous peoples to prior consultation and free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), and to participate in the benefits provided by resource extraction on their lands and territories. We then analyze and discuss the impact that ILO C-169 has had on non-ratifying states, in the case of in Australia and Canada. We argue that ILO C-169 has had an indirect but nevertheless decisive impact on these tow states expressed in legal developments, jurisprudence and policies that concern indigenous peoples. We conclude that ILO C-169 represents a key step in the recognition and protection of indigenous peoples’ rights. Whether directly or indirectly, and notwithstanding the many gaps still left to address, it demonstrates that there is no going back on indigenous peoples’ rights.

Evolution of Jurisprudence on Law of Benami Transactions in India

Benami Transactions are dealings in which consideration for the property is provided by one person and the said property is held in the name of another person i.e. Benamidar. However, there is no intention on part of the real owner (the person who provided the consideration) to transfer any kind of beneficial interest or possession to the Benamidar. Benamidar serves merely as an alias whereas the actual control is exercised by the real owner. Nowadays, Benami transactions are entered into to evade taxes, unjustly enjoy social support schemes that are available to certain members of the society or to defraud creditors. As a result, Benami transactions have become a major source of corruption and a source of black money in India. In an attempt to curb this issue, the Central Government in August 2016 passed, The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016 prohibiting Benami transactions and providing enforcement machinery for the same. This paper attempts to provide an analysis of the evolution of law relating to Benami transactions in India, beginning from the time when Benami transactions were legal in India to Amendment Act in 2016 prohibiting them completely.

Methodology of legal phenomenon research: concept, structure, tools

This article is aimed at exploring the methodology of the legal phenomenon. Particular attention was paid to such aspects as clarifying the main approaches to understanding the methodology and how it relates to the research methodology; study of the scope and structure of the concept of methodology; outlining the main research methods.
 The author draws conclusions from the results of the study. First, the methodology for the study of legal phenomena needs to be updated based on a change in the legal paradigm associated with the understanding of law (relation to the state and its functions) and the formation of legal reality at the beginning of the 21st century both at national and international level. the legal aspect. Secondly, the current methodology of legal research continues to be in the co-ordinates of an important dilemma regarding the correlation of "purely" legal research methods and so-called "interdisciplinary" approaches. Third, the methodological tools (specific research methods) of legal science remain inexhaustible in content and, in particular, in the possible combinations of their application to achieve a cognitive result. The extension of their catalog is influenced by the development of jurisprudence and other sciences, their epistemological components, and the processes of globalization and internationalization of legal life.
 Concerning the optimal research methodology (as opposed to its methodology), it should be noted that in the course of legal research the algorithm of actions is as follows: 1) selection of the research coordination center; 2) literature review; 3) hypothesis formulation; 4) research design; 5) data collection; 6) data analysis; 7) interpretation of data; report. Of course, it should be borne in mind that law is not in a vacuum, it operates in a complex social context. It reflects and controls attitudes and behaviors. However, as these rules are also temporal and spatial, that is, they change with time and space, it is desirable that law can adapt and be dynamic to cope with change. Important is the social audit of law (law) in order to identify the distance between the legal ideal and social reality, as well as to find out the reasons that led them. After all, legal research is a systematic understanding of law in order to improve it and, given that law operates in society, in the process they influence one another.

Taking Note: Justice Harry A. Blackmun's Observations from Oral Argument about Life, the Law, and the U.S. Supreme Court

Taking Note: Justice Harry A. Blackmun's Observations from Oral Argument about Life, the Law, and the U.S. Supreme Court

Development of International Criminal Law on Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes

While sexual and gender-based crimes (‘SGBCs’) are as common as murders during situations of armed conflict and mass atrocity throughout history, international law was indifferent toward SGBCs for a long period of time. SGBCs in conflicts or other forms of instability were considered as mere opportunistic criminal activities or idiosyncratic acts committed by a few errant soldiers. It was only after 1990 that international law started affirming that SGBCs are used as a tactic of war to deliberately target civilians or committed as part of a mass atrocity against civilian populations, which could significantly impede the restoration of international peace and security. This article aims to examine the background and normative status in developing international criminal law on SGBCs. With this purpose in mind, this article first provides historical background of how legal proscription of SGBCs in international law has shifted throughout history, and examines what motivates this shift in international law on SGBCs since the 1990s. Based on this analysis, this article explores the current normative status of international criminal law on SGBCs by examining the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the policy of the Court’s Office of the Prosecutor to investigate and prosecute SGBCs, and jurisprudential developments shaped by the Court’s recent judgments on SGBCs.

The legal and jurisprudential evolution of the notion of employee

The essay analyses the concept of employed worker in the light of the expansive trend of labour law. Two perspectives are investigated. The first concerns the revisiting of the concept of employed worker through the interpretation of jurisprudence. Comparative analysis demonstrates a tendency, not univocal but prevalent, of jurisprudence to broaden the notion of subordinate work, which manifests itself through purposive interpretation techniques. The other perspective is that of the creation of intermediate categories, such as that of ‘worker’ in the UK or that of ‘parasubordinato’ work in Italy, or even the notion of ‘economically dependent self-employment’ (Spain, Germany), to which selectively apply some protections of subordinate work. The current challenge of labour law is therefore to be able to respond to changes in the production reality, exemplified by work through a digital platform, to provide adequate protection for new forms of work and new ways in which subordination is expressed.

Jurisprudence in the Era of Change: Subject and Structure of the Discipline

The law exists in the form of institutions and in the form of representations of institutions, since the representation of something (phenomenon) has a conceptual dimension in the representation of something (concept). Representations of law and representations of law are two aspects of the expression and manifestation of the general legal reality. This, in fact, leads to a fundamental dilemma in determining the subject of legal science. This is the science of law or the science of legal science. Given that the concept of law is a theory of law developed into a system of definitions, the practical language of law finds itself in the theoretical language of jurisprudence, and vice versa. The languages in which the law operates, and the languages in which the phenomenon of law is interpreted, constitute the general object and subject of jurisprudence.Jurisprudence is a conceptual part of legal reality, both an object and a subject of legal science. The evolution of jurisprudence in the cultural-historical logic of changes in its subject and methods is the basis for changes in its disciplinary structure and connections in the general system of social and political sciences. Each cultural and historical epoch of the existence of law corresponds to its own grammar of law and its own epistemology of law, that is, its own analytical language and disciplinary format of legal knowledge. The law exists in the definitions of its concept. The concept of law has both an ontological and epistemological status. One thinks of law because it exists, and one understands the law because it is defined. Each tradition of understanding the law can be conceptually seen in the phenomenon of law that other traditions of legal understanding do not see or do not notice. The history of the development of the concept of law (conceptualization of law) contains the history of the development of legal institutions (institutionalization of law). Both components of legal reality — objective and subjective grounds and conditions for the emergence and development of the phenomenon of law live in the framework definitions of their social culture, its language and discourse. That is, they live in historical forms of awareness and understanding of one’s own law — from the law indicated in rituals, myths, signs and symbols, to the law indicated in canonical texts, doctrines and concepts; from the law of disciplinary society to the law of network communities; from the law of political domination and bureaucratic management to the law of civil communications and network agreements.

Análisis de los parámetros de la motivación judicial en el Ecuador

Se muestra un enfoque del desarrollo jurisprudencial de los parámetros que configuran a la motivación judicial en el Ecuador, la razonabilidad, la lógica y la comprensibilidad. Se pretende recopilar y describir los criterios que ha tenido la Corte Constitucional en torno a esta garantía del debido proceso y como determinadas sentencias aportan con un progreso determinante a dichos parámetros. Para lo expresado, se realiza una investigación cualitativa basada en los métodos histórico - lógico analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo. Se concluye que es indispensable que los jueces funden sus resoluciones en cualquiera de las fuentes del derecho, que estas tienen que ser aplicables al caso, que debe existir coherencia entre las premisas y la conclusión y esta última con la decisión de una resolución y por último que todo ello debe redactarse de forma clara, comprensible que permita al ciudadano en general comprender la resolución y formar parte de su fiscalización.

Los nuevos retos del derecho a la identidad en el Perú: desde la heteroasignación hacia la autodeterminación

This study analyzes the current situation of the constitutional model for the recognition of gender identity in force in Peru, a hetero-assigned model that has been replicated in specific cases before the ordinary courts and that is read separately from the recent Advisory Opinion OC-24/17 of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. There has been an important jurisprudential development  in constitutional matters that has reached the recognition of a right to gender identity; however, it is necessary to delve into the problem that now focuses on the form and scope of this recognition, where self-determination is presented as a pending and necessary challenge from the perspective of Human Rights.