Development In Iran Research Articles

Early storybook reading and childhood development: A cross-sectional study in Iran

Background : Development is a process that continues from childhood to death, and most developmental changes occur during childhood. UNICEF introduced early storybook-reading (ESR) and storytelling as part of child care indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of book-reading to children and its relationship with early childhood development in Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted in Tehran April-May 2017. In total, 272 mothers of children aged 3-30 months, who were referred to health centers, were selected using a convenience sampling method. Exclusion criteria was scoring below the cutoff point of any developmental domains of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). ESR was assessed by checklist and child development was assessed by the ASQ. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean number of children’s books owned was 10.23±8.642, and 84.75% had at least 3 books. The average book reading, storytelling and singing duration for children was 10±9.65, 11.48±11.756, and 23.88 ±17.880 min per day, respectively. Average book reading, storytelling, and singing duration was significantly greater in children 18-30 months than <17 months. There was a significant relationship between the number of books and a child's age, mother's age, family income, income satisfaction, father's employment, and parents’ education. The score of communication domain in the ASQ questionnaire was significantly related to the number of books, duration of reading and storytelling, while problem-solving had a significant relationship only with the number of books (p˂0.05). Based on linear regression, child's age, income, and mother's and father's educational level were models for predicting the number of children's books (p=0.0001 for all). Conclusions: ESR was associated with some developmental domains of communication and problem-solving in the present study. Therefore, creation of ESR culture in Iranian families as an integral part of the life of children is necessary from birth.

Early storybook reading and childhood development: A cross-sectional study in Iran.

Background: Development is a process that continues from childhood to death, and most developmental changes occur during childhood. UNICEF introduced early storybook-reading (ESR) and storytelling as part of child care indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of book-reading to children and its relationship with early childhood development in Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted in Tehran April-May 2017. In total, 272 mothers of children aged 3-30 months, who were referred to health centers, were selected using a convenience sampling method. Exclusion criteria was scoring below the cutoff point of any developmental domains of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). ESR was assessed by checklist and child development was assessed by the ASQ. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean number of children's books owned was 10.23±8.642, and 84.75% had at least 3 books. The average book reading, storytelling and singing duration for children was 10±9.65, 11.48±11.756, and 23.88 ±17.880 min per day, respectively. Average book reading, storytelling, and singing duration was significantly greater in children 18-30 months than <17 months. There was a significant relationship between the number of books and a child's age, mother's age, family income, income satisfaction, father's employment, and parents' education. The score of communication domain in the ASQ questionnaire was significantly related to the number of books, duration of reading and storytelling, while problem-solving had a significant relationship only with the number of books (p˂0.05). Based on linear regression, child's age, income, and mother's and father's educational level were models for predicting the number of children's books (p=0.0001 for all). Conclusions: ESR was associated with some developmental domains of communication and problem-solving in the present study. Therefore, creation of ESR culture in Iranian families as an integral part of the life of children is necessary from birth.

Factors Affecting the formation of Smart Rural Development in Iran

Factors Affecting the formation of Smart Rural Development in Iran

Policy Consultation to Expand FDI Attractiveness of the Pardis Technology Park

The derived policy recommendations are that PTP should establish its role as a leader in national research recurrence and there should be no barriers of attracting high-quality human resources by improving education, residence and transportation problems for PTP. Attracting joint prototype production centers and inspection, test and certification bodies for the products of SMEs in the PTP region is necessary and the establishment of a production technology research institute for the activation of the rear production complex and the product innovation for the products which are difficult to produce in the PTP because of environmental regulation. Lastly, in order to attract more active foreign investment, it is necessary to present a plan to attract investment that links rich oil and mineral resources in Iran, secure a unified investment attraction window, and present a policy mix considering technology and marketing and public purchasing of products. If we take advantage of the present policy proposal from the problems presented in Daedeok Innopolis in the past and the advantages of the current PTP to attract more FDI, it will help the growth and development of Iran and PTP.

Integrating ecological impact indicators into economic restructuring decisions

Establishing a foundation for policy-making to address sustainable development needs multiple tools and integrating sets of ecological, social and economic indicators into development planning. What is consider in literature as a study gap is, how to integrate the ecological impact criteria into economic development decisions. This is important especially in the context of the restructuring of economic structures in response to natural resource constraints such as water, as well as countries' commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). To this end, we used an integrated mathematical programming and environmentally-adjusted input-output methodology. The results showed in terms of stimulation to the economic growth the role of industrial activities comparing to agriculture and services sectors is more prominent in the economy so that Food and beverages and the Communications equipment sectors have the highest forward and backward linkages, respectively. In terms of water use results are different in a large extent so that the Crude petroleum and natural gas and mining industries as well as services sector have higher priority. Highest water footprint belongs to agricultural sub-sectors that consume more than 90 percent of the country's water resources. Highest CO2 footprint among different economic activities belongs to the transportation, industrial activities and Livestock sector. The results of integrated ranking of economic sectors including the weight of each of the three objectives (maximizing production value, minimizing CO2 emission and water consumption) based on policy makers opinions showed that generally agricultural sub-sectors activities have lower position compared to the industrial and service sectors. This result is unlike the policy orientations of development planning in the past which agricultural sector was considered as a key sector of development in Iran. Based on our findings, to achieve a sustainable economic structure a trade-off is needed between different objectives and the emphasis should be on the development of sectors which have higher economic multipliers while having lower water and CO2 emission footprints.

Donald Trump, US foreign policy and potential impacts on Iran's tourism industry: Post-nuclear deal

Since the implementation day of the Iran nuclear agreement, on 14 July 2015, and the subsequent softening of international sanctions against the country, Iran's tourism industry has experienced considerable advancements. This is evident through the notable increase in inbound arrivals to the country, particularly from the Western markets, and foreign investment in tourism-related infrastructure. The election of Donald Trump as the 45th United States president and his chaotic and controversial (or indeed lack of clear) foreign policy, however, has cast serious doubt on the future of the nuclear agreement. This paper aims to: (1) explore some of the positive impacts that the Iran nuclear deal has had on tourism development in Iran, over the past two years; and (2) provide an overview of possible future challenges, particularly in relation to Donald Trump's new aggressive foreign policy towards Iran.

Cultural and religious tourism development in Iran: prospects and challenges

ABSTRACTTourism phenomenon is significantly based on the sociocultural dimensions of any society. This is particularly true in the case of Iran, a country that possesses a large number of cultural heritage and religious attractions. Overall tourism policies in Iran can be considered as much more consequential from the standpoint of the country’s specific socio-religious context rather than from explicit planning patterns. In Iran, religious tourists tend to concentrate mostly at the Shia shrines of Imam Reza in Mashhad and that of his sister Fatima in Qom. This study aims to contribute to the still emerging scientific debate around the prospects and challenges of tourism development in Iran, giving particular attention to its potential growth in religious tourism development.

Virtual water evaluation for grains productsin Iran Case study: pea and bean

AbstractShortage of water is considered as one of the most important straits of agricultural development in Iran. The main purpose of this study is to determine virtual water used to pea and bean production and water use efficiency, select the best area for cultivating these two grains and find the virtual water budget for the aforementioned grains. The results showed that among the three provinces main producers of pea in Iran, the highest virtual water of pea belongs to Lorestan with 3534 dm3·kg−1 and the lowest belongs to West Azerbaijan with 2660 dm3·kg−1 in irrigated cultivation. Water use efficiency in irrigated cultivation in Kermanshah and West Azerbaijan are at the same level; however, Kermanshah has enjoyed much more level of virtual water. For beans, the highest amount of virtual water in irrigated cultivation belongs to Lorestan (3651 dm3·kg−1) and the lowest amount refers to Markazi (2725 dm3·kg−1) and also the highest level of water use efficiency for this product refers to Markazi. Also it was found that 160.15 mln m3 of water has been exported from the country water resources by these products so virtual water budget for studied crops were negative.

‘What They Need is Management’: American NGOs, the Second Seven Year Plan and Economic Development in Iran, 1954–1963

ABSTRACTFollowing the August 1953 coup d'etat, the government of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi in Iran embarked upon an economic development program. While financial backing for the program came from the Anglo-American oil companies running Iran's oil industry, Iran's semi-independent Plan Organization and its administrator Abu'l-Ḥasan Ebtehāj turned to American non-governmental organizations for administrative expertise, in order to turn Iran's oil power into economic improvements and a basis for the regime's lasting stability. The work of these organizations was hampered by internal disagreements and divisions, discontent among Iranians over the foreign infiltration of their development program, and skepticism from the US government regarding the capacity of Iran to accomplish an integrated development effort on such a scale. Such feelings were influenced by cultural prejudices and perceptions of Iranians as corrupt and incompetent. Ultimately American non-government organizations were pushed out by the shah who seized control over Iran's development during the 1963 White Revolution. The course of Iran's Second Seven Year Plan illustrate how Western technical and administrative ‘know-how’ were tied to the efforts harnessing new oil wealth, and how the relationship between American and Iranian developmentalists was undone by politics, prejudice and opposing view of how progress could come from petroleum.

Iraq's official position on political developments in Iran (1941-1945)

The events that took place in Iran during the second world war are considered an important item for Iraqi diplomacy and follow-up by the Foreign Ministry in Iraq. On the other hand, this Iraqi diplomacy was considered to be quite flexible when a reshuffle occurred. It was looking for its causes and linking them, and then adopting accurate scenarios to protect its interests. Iraq was not far from what was happening in Iran .When Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took power in Iran, The oil conflict has also existed. In addition to Iran's strategic position, making US intervention clear. Which prompted Iran to build an intimate relationship with the United States and strengthen its relations in all respects, especially when Ahmed assigned the strength of the Sultanate to form the ministry on the ninth of August 1924 and consider America a third force used by Ahmed Qawam as a bargaining chip to confront the British and Soviet Union in the region. After the issue of oil emerged on the political scene and at that time, the Iranian government took a deep breath in the embrace of the United States. In fact, Reza Shah Pahlawi inherited a backward country, especially in the economic field. He tried to reform the country's economic recession and make Iran to acquire a new stage, and the result of foreign demand for Iranian oil led to widespread reactions at the internal level and became pro-Western groups to reject the Soviet demand and solidarity with the independent. While the Iranian Communist Party (Toda Party) supported the request and held demonstrations for the immediate admission of the Soviet Union

Health Sciences Technology Development in IRAN during last decade

Health Sciences Technology Development in IRAN during last decade

A renewable energies-assisted sustainable development plan for Iran using techno-econo-socio-environmental multivariate analysis and big data

In the present study, sustainable development is investigated in Iran using renewable energies-assisted Techno-Econo-Socio-Environmental Multivariate Analysis (TESEMA) as a novel holistic approach. Accordingly, six annual hourly consumption variables, reported by Iran’s power industry from 2011 to 2017, are predicted using seven dynamic and intelligent models. Consequently, technical and economic variables are obtained by an optimal design of hybrid solar, wind, and biogas systems at 53 sites in Iran. Thirteen social variables are studied using a technique for order-preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) and six hazardous air pollutants are reported in Iran using a geographic information systems interpolation tool. Then, four major TESEMA variables are used in multivariate statistical analyses to reduce the big data diversity. Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed to find a linear model among the variables, and K nearest neighborhood (KNN) algorithm is used to cluster the sites according to the modeling results. A partial least square-based regression is conducted to investigate any correlation between major variables of TESEMA and population density in Iran. Finally, TESEMA development index (DI) and facial graphs are proposed as novel numerical and graphical sustainable development monitoring techniques, respectively. The results show that DNN is the best model to predict demand load in Iran (RMSE = 73.15%). Since DI varies in a wide range from 0 to 248.83 and the population density is significantly correlated with TESEMA variables (R2 = 91.86%), the current centralistic policies should be revised in Iran to reach sustainable development. Thus, a four-cluster management strategy accompanied by smart monitoring can efficiently lead to sustainable development in Iran.

The Effect of Rural Guidance Plan on the Subjective Quality of Life among Rural Communities (Case Study: Fariman County)

The Effect of Rural Guidance Plan on the Subjective Quality of Life among Rural Communities (Case Study: Fariman County)

Assessing the Impacts of Implementing a Guidance Plan in Rural Sustainable Development (Case Study: Kandovan Village, East Azerbaijan Province)

Assessing the Impacts of Implementing a Guidance Plan in Rural Sustainable Development (Case Study: Kandovan Village, East Azerbaijan Province)

Power sector development in Iran: A retrospective optimization approach

This paper provides an overview of the power sector development in Iran for the period 1984–2014. A retrospective optimization approach is applied to assess economic and environmental benefits that would have been achieved through appropriate long-term planning. MESSAGE, a systems engineering optimization model, is used for this analysis. Two alternative scenarios are defined to explore the impact of supply- and demand-side strategies on the power generation mix, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The focus on the past choice of energy scenarios provides some insights for future scenario design. The results of the cost-optimal scenarios with international fuel prices are compared with the actual historical development. The findings indicate that the demand-side strategies are key drivers in achieving a low-carbon generation mix. Least-cost scenarios would favor much more combined cycle, renewable technologies and distributed electricity generation units, and less gas turbine than the actual transition pathway. Long-term energy planning would have reduced the cumulative total power system costs by $21-$90 billion.

User values related to mass housing in Bushehr, Iran

Provision of quality housing is tied to meeting end-user values. In the context of housing development in Iran, a lack of understanding of user values in dwelling space design has contributed to the creation of incongruent living environments. This study aims to develop a deeper understanding of user psychological perception on value creators in housing design. An empirical study adopting the means-end chain model utilizing soft laddering techniques was conducted among occupants of mass housing built in Bushehr, Iran. The perception of value creators among southwestern inhabitants of Iran covers a wide range of subjects. It involves the provision of aesthetic environments, utilization of natural attributes and the provision of spacious, effective, well-organized environments that meet occupants' needs for privacy and comfort. Furthermore, accommodating attributes for strengthening the integrity and intimacy of the family was imperative. The provision of healthy environments for pleasure and subsistence include other value creators. Identifying perceptions on value creators among occupants provides valuable insight into the desired quality aspects of housing design. It assists designers to align their thought processes with future would-be users, enhancing the design quality to deliver a congruent living environment for occupants.

(Ground)Water Governance and Legal Development in Iran, 1906–2016

One hundred and ten years after the Persian (Iranian) constitution of 1906, the country is experiencing a serious water crisis. Blame is often attributed to the government’s mismanagement. This paper aims to throw light on the water-related laws and policies throughout Iran’s history to unravel the cause of this crisis from a legal perspective. This research provides a concise review on how the state’s development policies can be read through the water-relevant laws. To this end, the study defines and explores the laws through five chronological periods: (1) Codification, (2) Fast-paced Development and legislation, (3) Development and protection, (4) Development and Justice, (5) Back-to-Development. Along with highlighting the social, political, and economic background of each period, the key laws associated with water regulation are introduced and their implications on the development policies are discussed. This historical review provides us with insights about the question of why Iran is currently struggling with multiple challenges in the water sector, which are manifested as dried out rivers, disappearing lakes, and depleted groundwater.

Study of common mitochondrial mutations in patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss

INTRODUCTION: Hearing loss is the most common sensorineural disorder involving one out of 1000 people. Around 50 of hearing losses occur due to genetic causes. Three mitochondrial mutations, A1555G in MTRNR1, A3243G in MTTL1, and A7445G in MTTS1, are the most important non-syndromic sensorineural causes of hearing loss in some populations. The aim of this review was to study common mitochondrial mutations in people with hearing loss in Iran. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, PubMed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science were searched. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Studies have indicated that the mitochondrial mutations A3243G, A1555G, and A7445G play no significant part in the development of hearing loss in Iran. Different variants of A7445C and G3316A have been identified in Iran. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies on other ethnicities and with a larger sample size are necessary to elucidate the role of these genes in hearing loss development in Iran. © 2017 EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA.

Comparison of the Wise and Philosophical Ideas in Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Nasser Khusraw’s Book of Poems

History of Iran has deep links with Shahnameh and Persian literature. In fact, it is not possible to talk about Iran as a rich culture and disregard Persian literature and brilliant works of Persian literature. According to most scholars in the field of literature and culture, Iranians have been people of wisdom, thought, and philosophy. Ferdowsi and Nasser Khusraw hold a special place in this regard because we are faced with ethical, philosophical, and religious ideas in the works of both poets. Different effects of the Iranian Wisdom are presented in their poems; the effects include ethics, philosophy, logic, medicine, music, determinism and free will, fate, arithmetic and geometry, astronomy etc. Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh and Nasser Khusraw’s Book of Poems are sublime manifestation of ideological and philosophical ideas of Iranians. Apart from the similarities and differences, Ferdowsi and Nasser Khusraw’s poems represent praise of wisdom, God, and human freedom as basic elements in the ontology of Persian culture. Hence, in addition to understanding and explanation of Ferdowsi, Nasser Khusraw’s day and age, and the importance of these two poets in Iran's development of wisdom and philosophical thought, this research tries to describe their similarities and differences in ideological and philosophical subjects.

The Historical Gaps and Political Development Problems of Iran

The analysis of the impediments to political development is one of the most important discussions which have major theoretical and political consequences. We cannot deny that fact that the forces influenced Historical Gaps can influence the Political Development of Iran. If we observed the process Political Development of Iran and the history of Iran we will find that it they have been evolving independently but still the changes in the environment of Iran have influenced them in addition to other things. These researches include the publications related to social and cultural history of the said period. In this paper we will initially identify the motivated ideologically and the state driven historiography trends. After that we will discussed it in contrast with the current evolution of historical studies of the period that is related to post-revolutionary Iran. In this study, takes Historical Gaps, a key element in this discussion, and explains the major Historical Gaps to political development in Iran.This paper focuses on the historical attitudes of people towards the political management of the society and the effect these attitudes have on slowing the development of this political system in the society. Historical Gaps will be extremely interested in this provocative text.