Institutional Developments Research Articles

‘So debatable a subject, and viewed with so much suspicion’: Theology in the University: Australia

ABSTRACT Although marked by suspicion reaching back to sectarianism among early colonisers, theology endures in Australian institutions – albeit not always being welcome in universities. Creative responses to exclusion from university contexts have emerged over time – some more stable, others quite fragile. However, colonialism morphs across the sector, and longstanding injustices remain unresolved. This article charts institutional developments and then explores gender and colonial history as areas of ongoing tension.

Peer review declaration

All conference organisers/editors are required to declare details about their peer review. Therefore, please provide the following information:• Type of peer review: Double-blind peer review• Review criteria: Consistency with the conference scope and JPCS fields of interests; Technical content; Presentation style and clarity; Academic value. Each position was assessed with the following scale: Unsatisfactory, To be Improved, Good Enough. All papers marked as unsatisfactory by two referees were declined, all other papers were either accepted as is or send for the revision. Editorial board is responsible for the final decision regarding the publishing of manuscripts.• Conference submission management system: submissions were received and handled via e-mail• Number of submissions received: 262• Number of submissions sent for review: 181• Number of submissions accepted: 153• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 60%• Average number of reviews per paper: 3• Total number of reviewers involved: 29• Any additional info on review process: three independent peers, one of whom invited from outside the committee were assigned to each paper. The editors supervised the review process. Contact person for queries: Igor Boychuk , co-chairman of the organizing committee, co-editor, associate professor of Admiral Ushakov State Maritime University, Novorossiysk, Russia. E-mail: zur_mga@nsma.ru. Sergey Bakhmutov , co-chairman of the program committee, co-editor, vice executive office for research and development of Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow, Russia. E-mail: s.bakhmutvov@nami.ru. Artyom Butsanets , secretary of the editorial board, head of the department of intellectual property and technical information, Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping, Saint Petersburg, Russia, ButsanetsAA@gumrf.ru.

KETIDAKPUASAN DOSEN ATAS KEPEMIMPINAN KETUA PROGRAM STUDI

Performance is inseparable from the mental condition of employees. Whether we realize it or not, work requires feelings of pleasure, self-confidence, feelings of enthusiasm and enthusiasm. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the factors that influence it, one of which is the role of leadership. The leader is the embodiment of the organization, so its existence has a significant effect on the effectiveness and efficiency of organizational activities. This study explicitly aims to express the opinions of the lecturers on their dissatisfaction with the leadership capacity of the head of the study program in carrying out organizational management functions. The proof of the research phenomenon uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The research correspondents are private university lecturers who have the status of institutional developers and have worked for more than 7 years. Data collection techniques used in-depth interviews and discussion groups. The results showed that the greatest dissatisfaction of lecturers was the attitude of the leader's injustice in the distribution of teaching hours, guidance and hearings. There is an imbalance between a group of lecturers and other lecturers, so the issue of the practice of nepotism develops, where the leadership sided only with those closest to him. Next, the lecturer is dissatisfied with the leadership style of responding to a problem, the head of the study program tends to side with the interests of the institution, without considering the interests of the lecturer.

Institutional Economy Development Problems

The development of institutionalism was not limited to the transition from the old theory to the new one: time is changing, the behavior of economic agents – ​carriers, voluntary or involuntary, of the institutions, whether formal or informal, is changing, – ​institutions that, in turn, are themselves the object of changes. This nature of the object under study poses a difficult task for researchers: to identify, with the help of changing (developing, adapting) tools, the essence of the modern institutions and the ones that can take place in the future, which is in a state of permanent development (evolution). The article describes the system logic of institutions, the reasons for institutional changes, especially caused by the current pandemic, highlights the problems and prospects for the development of the institutional economics from an ecosystem perspective. The latter circumstance presupposes going beyond the purely systemic approach to the study of the institutional system by including the features of the interaction of the system under study with the relevant metasystem, which forms a functional unity with the system and, therefore, is interpreted in aggregate as an ecosystem.

Principal Investigator’ Perceptions of Effective Academic Leadership in Chinese Research Institutions and Universities

Academic leadership is considered a key factor in university and research institute development. In a competitive environment, the role of academic leadership has become increasingly important. At present, China is committed to building world-class universities and advanced research institutes, while academic leadership is one of the key factors. Thus, what is the ideal academic leadership in China’s institutional environment? What professional qualities should principal investigators have? This study investigates these issues with in-depth interviews of six principal investigators. The finding shows that the definition of academic leadership by principal investigators refers to academic expertise, assigning the team member, setting a direction, academic social skills, managing team member relationships, boosting team morale, and teamwork skills. Furthermore, academic expertise is often supposed to be more important than other abilities. In terms of competence, the definitions of leadership by Chinese principal investigators and the literature on Western academic leadership are similar.

Comparisons of historical Dutch commons inform about the long-term dynamics of social-ecological systems.

Human societies and natural ecosystems are under threat by growing populations, overexploitation of natural resources and climate change. This calls for more sustainable utilization of resources based on past experiences and insights from many different disciplines. Interdisciplinary approaches to studies of historical commons have potential to identify drivers of change and keys to success in the past, and offer advice about the management and use of shared resources in contemporary and future systems. We address these issues by applying an ecological perspective to historical data on social-ecological systems. We perform comparisons and time series analyses for nine successful Dutch commons for which high-resolution data on the regulatory activities and use of shared resources is available for on average 380 years (range 236 to 568) during the period 1300 to 1972. Within commons, institutional developments were oscillating, with periods of intense regulatory activity being separated by periods of low activity, and with the dynamics of regulations being largely independent across commons. Ecological theory posits that species that occupy similar niches should show correlated responses to environmental challenges; however, commons using more similar resources did not have more parallel or similar institutional developments. One notable exception was that sanctioning was more frequent in commons that directed more regulatory activities towards non-renewable subsoil resources, whereas there was no association between sanctioning and the use of renewable resources. This might indicate that commoners were aware of potential resource depletion and attempted to influence freeriding by actively trying to solve the underlying social dilemmas. Sanctioning regulations were more frequent during the first than during the second part of a common’s life, indicating that while sanctioning might have been important for the establishment of commons it was not key to the long-term persistence of historical commons.

THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS, ITS REGIONAL SYSTEM, AND THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE FIRST THREE DECADES: CALIBRATING THE “PAPER TIGER”

Neither has any other human-rights treaty received as much vitriolic bashing as the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter), 1981, nor has there been a dearth of negativity about the treaty as a human-rights instrument. Such is the spate of pessimism about the African Charter and its system that it has repeatedly been referred to as “a paper tiger”, among other undignified labels. Beyond the endless lampooning of the treaty and its system as mere platitudes, have there been no opportunities for the civil society to strengthen the promise of this treaty and its system. To what extent has the civil society exploited such opportunities? Can there be a reconceptualization of the roles and attitudes of civil society that will galvanize the African regional human-rights system towards a veritable mechanism for more effective human rights protection? This article examines the contributions of civil society to the evolutionary processes, successes, and perceived weaknesses of the African regional human-rights system since 1981. Extrapolating from some landmark institutional, normative and jurisprudential developments within the African regional arrangement, this article identifies civil society as an inevitable, integral bearer of credit for the successes, and blame for the shortcomings of the aforementioned system. The overarching objective here is to canvass for a repositioning of civil society towards more effective praxis, and, to identify the trajectories for such engagement.

Effects of Tourism on Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (Case Study: Saravan, Rasht County, Iran)

Purpose- Over the past decades, the improvement of sustainable rural livelihoods has received much attention and has been one of the main goals of sustainable rural development. One of the main approaches to improve rural livelihoods is the development of rural tourism. This has been considered by policymakers as a strategy to reduce rural poverty, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the present study is to investigate the impact of tourism on sustainable livelihoods.Research limitations/implications- This is a descriptive-analytical study in which the documentary study method and field survey (questionnaire-observation-interview) were used in the case study of Saravan. The statistical population is 4233 Saravan rural households. In this framework, 360 household questionnaires have been completed based on the Cochran formula as a research sample.Finding- The results have indicated that tourism in Saravan has not been able to play an effective role in the sustainable livelihoods of the local people (in institutional, economic, and human developments) and covers only some households. It can be concluded that tourism has had a greater impact on other aspects such as social and environmental issues. At the same time, with proper planning, people's livelihoods and abilities can be improved by promoting tourism and sustainable livelihoods.

An ‘ingenious system of practical contacts’: Historical origins and development of the Institute of Child Welfare Research at Columbia University's Teachers College (1922–36)

During the first two decades of the 20th century, the expansion of private foundations and philanthropic initiatives in the United States converged with a comprehensive, nationwide agenda of progressive education and post-war social reconstruction that situated childhood at its core. From 1924 to 1928, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial was the main foundation behind the aggressive, systematic funding of the child development movement in North America. A pioneering institution, the Institute of Child Welfare Research, established in 1924 at Columbia's Teachers College, was the first Rockefeller-funded programme of its kind at an American university. The Institute was influential in helping set up a nationwide network of child welfare institutes at other universities. Twelve years later, it would also be the first of those institutes to close. Nonetheless, the Institute's context, emergence, and development have been overlooked or misrepresented by previous scholarship, which calls for a new, critical historical analysis. By drawing on a number of archival sources and unpublished materials, this paper offers a critical reconstruction of the Institute's internal, often unstable history, emphasizing its origins, members, and administrative changes. I argue that the demise of the Institute should be understood in the context of both the revision of philanthropic policies in the late 1920s and the Institute's singular emphasis on teaching and training over research. The resulting narrative allows for a deeper, more informed understanding of both the Institute's origins and its eventual folding.

Giving Moral Competence High Priority in Medical Education. New MCT-based Research Findings from the Polish Context

Nowadays, healthcare and medical education is qualified by test scores and competitiveness. This article considers its quality in terms of improving the moral competence of future healthcare providers. Objectives. Examining the relevance of moral competence in medico-clinical decision-making despite the paradigm shift and discussing the up-to-date findings on healthcare students (Polish sample). Design and method. N=115 participants were surveyed with a standard Moral Competence Test to examine how their moral competence development was affected by the learning environment and further important factors. Results. The sample allowed the identification of a regress in moral competence during students’ pre-clinical curriculum, and progress during their clinical curriculum. A gender-related bias, a segmentation effect, and a pronunciation effect were noticed. Explanations. Scholarly literature usually reports a linear decrease of medical students’ C-scores resulting from, e.g., competitive trends in education. We identified such trends in terms of gender-specific competitive tactics. Religious and ethical affiliations were discussed to explain the unexpected gender bias and the related segmentation and pronunciation effects. The findings can be regarded as predictive for similar developments in educational institutions regardless of cultural contexts as the sample examined in this article represents medical education in a country facing a transition from a non-competitive to competitive tertiary education model, and between presecular and monocultural to secular and pluralist social ethics.

International financial fraud: economic and psychological aspects, classification and ways of minimization

The active use of the latest information technologies and non-cash payment forms has led to an increase in various types of fraud in the financial sector. Moreover, virtually all spheres of public relations now fall under the risk of fraudulent schemes, starting from financial credit and insurance and ending with foreign economic activity and the Internet. In addition, some other economic factors contribute to the significant spread of fraudulent schemes in modern conditions: a wide variety of new financial instruments (types of money, securities, financial services); rapid growth in financial transactions; leveling barriers to the unhindered movement of money, goods, and services in the process of globalization, which provokes an increase in transnational financial crime. Therefore, in search of tools to preserve existing and generate potential income, especially trusting investors fall into the traps of scammers. With the development of the current economic institutionalism, the principle of rationality in human economic behavior was no longer considered absolute, therefore, representatives of the institutional theory noted the irrational nature of human behavior, including in the field of economics and finance. Modern reality and economic practice are clear evidence of the truthfulness of this thesis. After all, despite the constant warnings of the mass media and other sources regarding various fraudulent schemes, as well as (paradoxically) often their own negative experience, citizens continue to invest in various kinds of fraudulent schemes. According to experts, the main reason is that «people will always strive for «easy» money, and it is unlikely that this desire will ever disappear» (Bruton, 2015). In this paper, we study the possibilities of preventing financial fraud on an international scale. In the context of the complexity of modern business processes, one of the most urgent problems has become the problem of activating the manifestations of corporate fraud. On average, companies lose about 5% of their profits due to corporate fraud, and the annual losses from such economic crimes amount to about USD 4 trillion on a global scale. In Russia, this figure reaches 15% (and we are talking only about losses made public by companies). The lion’s share of fraudulent schemes falls on the banking sector. The implementation of fraudulent schemes in the banking sector has certain features, in particular: fraudulent actions cause damage not only to banks and their depositors, but also negatively affect the stability of the financial system as a whole; such crimes are characterized by high latency, since managers, fearing for the business reputation of their bank, only in isolated cases turn to law enforcement agencies with appropriate statements; identifying the facts of financial fraud is very difficult since fraudsters (often not without the help of bank managers) hide their actions in every possible way and take measures to launder funds obtained by criminal means.

The Promise and Challenges of New Actors and New Technologies in International Justice

Abstract This article addresses the role of new technologies in the international justice and accountability landscape, drawing from research we conducted into new United Nations (UN) accountability mechanisms that have the explicit mandate to collect, collate, analyse and preserve evidence of international crimes according to criminal justice standards. The article is divided in four parts. First, we contextualize our research by discussing some of our findings and situating them against what we define as a ‘third wave’ of institutional developments in international justice, prompted by an ‘accountability-turn’ affecting civil society groups and UN mandates. Secondly, we discuss — using real-world examples — both the opportunities and challenges arising from the use of digital and new documentation technologies in the field. Thirdly, the article pays particular attention to the role of UN mandates affected by the ‘accountability-turn’; our research reveals such UN mandates now often sit at the heart of the ‘life cycle’ of information and evidence collected for justice and accountability purposes. In this section of the article, we also briefly discuss issues relating to third party control of information, in particular by social media companies. Finally, we discuss the need (and welcome initiative) to develop better international guidance and best practices for actors across the board in order to maximize the effective use of new technologies and digital evidence in international justice and accountability processes.

Megalithic Period in North Maidan, Karnataka

The megalithic period in Karnataka is significant as it witnessed technological developments like the beginning of use of iron and fast wheel for the making of pottery as well as socio-economic and institutional developments such as the emergence of an agrarian base, demographic expansion, rudimentary craft specialisation, a developing exchange network and a degree of social differentiation. Many features typical of the megalithic phase continue into the early historic period. In fact, the megalithic and the early historical do not essentially represent two distinct chronological entities and are found overlapping at certain sites. So far, there is no literary evidence for the culture, and there is nothing to suggest that the society was literate—if graffiti on the megalithic pottery do not turn out to be symbols of writing

지방 중소도시 도시구조 변화에 따른 도시발전 연구

Local small and medium-sized cities are undergoing the weakness of the living environment and city function due to the continuing population decline. The quality of residence and business is significantly decreased to local small and medium-sized cities. The purpose of this study aims to suggest several development strategies based on the analysis of characteristics of urban policy, planning, technique, enterprise, and system aspects on local decline small and medium-sized cities. As results of the study, for the urban policy division, regional policy should be focused on local small and medium-sized cities based on the development of implement institute and financial systems. For the urban planning division, it is necessary to establish the identity of local characteristic as an urban planning process. For the urban technique, the center of the local small and medium cities needs to be improved various residential, commercial, business, education, medical service by mixing arrangement in limited space. For the urban enterprise, it is also necessary to improve the settlement conditions such as health care and education through urban infrastructure improvement project. Furthermore, for the urban system, advance regional development system which can induce industries by providing several incentives such as local taxes, infrastructure provisions, and public services should be provided.

Imperial Governance and the Growth of Legislative Power in America

AbstractThe power of assemblies in the British new world grew far beyond the bounds intended at their creation. Although the British crown instructed royal governors to use legal powers to restrain assemblies, they were unsuccessful. I develop a formal model to account for this. In this model colonial assemblies can challenge the agenda setting powers of colonial governors. “Strong” governors withstand these challenges easily; “weak” ones prefer to capitulate. The crown wishes to retain only strong governors; however, it observes only policy outcomes but not the resolution of challenges to the governor's agenda power. In equilibrium, the crown cannot distinguish between a strong governor holding agenda power against a tough assembly, and a weak governor conceding agenda power to a moderate one. Weak governors therefore avoid conflict with the assembly, yet conceal their weakness from the crown. But the assembly observes the governor's concessions, and challenges weak governors even more in the future. This creates a dynamic path of growing assembly power. The model provides a strategic logic of endogenous institutional change, and one of the most important institutional developments in American history: the growth of legislative power.

Law, Journalistic Profession and Mass Media Ethics

In law and mass media studies, morals and ethics are linked to the obligations of journalists, such as; the implementation of journalistic code of ethics in every journalistic activity is subject to legal institutions and regulations to carry out with good etiquette as the provisions in the law, which are a set of principles and rules that have generally been accepted and approved by the public. In this regard, ethical principles for the journalistic profession provide a legal basis for managing news in the media in an orderly manner in the relationship between legal subjects. In developments in media institutions in Indonesia, the aspects of share ownership in the media (leadership), economics and media marketing will greatly determine the ideology that is promoted by the media, where this ideology, if it leads to a political economy approach, will create media actors who are less familiar with communication ethics. Communication ethics here are positioned as mere instruments and become less meaningful in determining program content, program quality and media actors' respect for human rights that are represented by individuals as sources of information. This choice raises communication ethics on media actors who are considered to have experienced a reduction. Media players as a profession have taken a shortcut by referring to the principle of benefit, prioritizing the principle of benefit in its coverage and news, which is also paradoxical with the professional ethics it carries. To make matters worse, the absence of respect for the presumption of innocence in the name of the public's interest in obtaining information will increasingly make the mass media and media actors as dominant persons in reconstructing and manipulating social reality. Up to this point, the choice of the tendency to interpret the political economy approach or the ethical approach, in fact both of them do not have obvious legal implications, all of them are returned to each individual who is involved in activities in mass media institutions.

IN SILICO IDENTIFICATION OF APOBEC3B SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS FROM DTP-NCI LIBRARIES

Objective: APOBEC3B (A3B) enzyme causes C-to-T or C-to-G somatic alteration in the cancer genome, leading to the evolution of a broad spectrum of human cancers. The present study aims to identify A3B small molecule inhibitors using a top-down approach via pharmacoinformatic virtual screening.
 Methods: Virtual screening of 2951 drug-alike molecules with diversified structures from the National Cancer Institute Development Therapeutics Program (DTP-NCI) compounds library was performed using GOLD and AutoDock Vina docking programs against the 3D structure of A3B (PDB ID: 5TD5).
 Results: Amongst the docked compounds, Nordracorubin, NSC641233 and Raloxifene hydrochloride showed the most potent binding affinities towards A3B on both Autodock/Vina and GOLD. Several significant similarities were observed between A3B and the three hits, including hydrogen bonds and pi-pi stacking. The three compounds also exhibited interaction with the centralized zinc cofactor and amino acid residues that directly contribute the deaminase activity of A3B enzyme.
 Conclusion: We hypothesize that the findings from this study could significantly shorten the quest for novel molecules against the A3B after confirmation with subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies in the near future.

Legacy Effect of Soviet Budgeting System on Public Capital Budgeting: Cases of Russia, Moldova, and Uzbekistan

ABSTRACT This comparative study uses the legacy effect of the Soviet past to explain the changes in public capital budgeting and management in the three former Soviet republics: Russian Federation, Moldova, and Uzbekistan. The main argument is that the legacy of the Soviet planning and budgeting traditions in forms of the centralized control, inadequate capital planning, and strong informal powers of political elites are embedded in the capital budgeting and management practices of the case countries. The analysis reveals that regardless of the differences in the countries’ socio-economic characteristics, political regimes, and institutional developments, the budgetary outcomes are consistently shaped by the public management principles rooted in the Soviet budgeting traditions. The study findings are significant to the field of International Public Administration, Post-Soviet Affairs, and Public Finance because they disclose the legacy effect of the Soviet practices on the implementation of public administration reforms in post-communist countries. By exploring areas in international public capital budgeting and investments, this study also attempts to address the gap identified by public finance scholars.

Research / Design and Academia

Editorial Summary: In her contribution »Research / Design and Academia« Susanne Hauser discusses institutional developments and changes in academia since the 1990s, alongside which disciplinary frontiers and thematic as well as methodological approaches have been re-examined and reorganized. She highlights systemic differences in funding as well as uneven particularity in methodological attempts as fundamental reasons for the different recognition of e.g. practice-based and traditional types of academic research in architecture Against the background of her personal academic foundation in cultural studies, she traces the genesis of the architect's education as a generalist, responsible for design and conception, creation and making. Considering the specific potential of design, she argues for the recognition of designing as a specific approach to the generation of knowledge. [Katharina Voigt]

ЗАЛЕЖНІСТЬ ЯКОСТІ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ ВІД ДЖЕРЕЛ ЇЇ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ТА СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ ЗВО: АНАЛІЗ ДУМКИ РОБОТОДАВЦІВ І НАПРЯМИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ

Анотація. Ураховуючи той факт, що Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area ідентифікують роботодавців на рівні одного з основних стейкхолдерів забезпечення якості вищої освіти, було проведено їхнє опитування в межах позагрантового проєкту «Оцінка якості вищої освіти». Серед фокусів уваги проекту були в тому числі й ті питання, зміст яких зосереджувався на з’ясуванні думки роботодавців щодо існування залежності якості вищої освіти від джерел її фінансування і спеціалізації ЗВО. Використовуючи інструментарій експертного інтерв’ю та анкетування, було опитано 184 роботодавців з Харківської, Полтавської, Сумської, а також підконтрольних Україні частин Донецької та Луганської областей. Отримані результати були розглянути через призму аналізу університетських рейтингів за напрямом з’ясування спеціалізації та форм власності тих з університетів, які займають у їх межах так звані топові позиції. Проведений аналіз дозволив виявити принципові розбіжності між трендами національного академічного рейтингу «ТОП-200 Україна» та міжнародного університетського рейтингу «QS World University Rankings» щодо спеціалізації та форм власності ЗВО-лідерів. Було встановлено, що серед топових університетів світового рівня домінують класичні ЗВО та існує паритет між кількістю приватних та державних ЗВО у межах обраної для аналізу вибірки. Аналіз національного академічного рейтингу дозволив констатувати той факт, що серед топових українських університетів домінують спеціалізовані ЗВО, а частка приватних ЗВО взагалі відсутня. Сприйняття результатів опитування роботодавців та результатів аналізу змісту університетських рейтингів через призму залежності якості вищої освіти від джерел її фінансування та спеціалізації університету, дозволило сформулювати пропозиції щодо вдосконалення державної політики у сфері вищої освіти. Серед практичних заходів, реалізація яких, з одного боку, забезпечить підвищення якості вищої освіти, а з іншого – сприятиме оптимізації використання державного бюджету на утримання та розвиток системи вищої освіти, було запропоновано розробити та забезпечити виконання двох державних цільових програм, а саме: Програми пріоритетного розвитку спеціалізованих ЗВО та Програми пріоритетного розвитку класичних ЗВО. Для кожної з цих програм було визначено критерії відбору ЗВО для включення у програму, а також визначено граничну кількість її учасників. Крім того, в статті обґрунтовано необхідність залучення роботодавців до моніторингу якості вищої освіти на регіональному та державних рівнях, а також сформульовано пропозиції щодо вдосконалення механізмів державного управління забезпеченням якості вищої освіти. Ключові слова: якість вищої освіти; опитування роботодавців; залежність якості вищої освіти від джерел її фінансування та спеціалізації закладу вищої освіти; напрями вдосконалення змісту державної політики у сфері вищої освіти; державна цільова програма із забезпечення пріоритетного розвитку закладів вищої освіти Формул: 0; рис.: 2; табл.: 0; бібл. 42.