Development Of Gingivitis Research Articles

Changes in heavy metal levels in the oral fluid of young patients with and without plaque-induced gingivitis undergoing treatment with braces

Relevance. Research into the effects of nickel-titanium alloys and heavy metal ions on the development of inflammatory oral diseases is becoming increasingly significant in orthodontics. The relationship between toxic elements and inflammatory responses remains under-researched and controversial. Data on the connection between heavy metals and inflammatory reactions could influence the choice of orthodontic appliance materials and guide the subsequent management and monitoring of patients with braces. The question of the safe use of nickel-titanium alloy braces continues to be a relevant concern.Purpose. To assess the levels of heavy metals in the oral fluid of young patients with braces, both in those who developed plaque-induced gingivitis and those who did not.Materials and Methods. The study involved 50 clinically healthy patients (Groups I and II health categories) with intact teeth, including patients with compensated dental caries (isolated carious lesions – Grade I) and no periodontal diseases (PMA index <20), presenting with dental crowding and malocclusion (K07.2, K07.3). The average age of the patients was 22.1 ± 2.7 years, all of whom were undergoing treatment with metal braces. Oral fluid samples were analyzed for 12 heavy metal elements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in a laboratory setting. Additionally, lysozyme activity and oral fluid pH were measured before appliance placement and six months into orthodontic treatment.Results. Adaptation to braces in young patients is frequently complicated by the development of gingivitis and periodontitis due to impaired oral hygiene and the mechanical pressure exerted on teeth and gums, leading to elemental imbalances. Patients with gingivitis during orthodontic treatment are particularly at risk of developing such imbalances and therefore require timely correction of their mineral metabolism.

Daily Probiotic Ayran Intake Reduces Gingival Inflammation: An Experimental Gingivitis Study.

This study investigates the effects of daily consumption of a probiotic ayran drink on gingival inflammation and the development of experimental gingivitis. This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involved 54 volunteer students. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups: the control group received regular ayran for 42 days, while the test group received probiotic enriched ayran (including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) for 42 days twice a day. After 42 days, mechanical plaque control was stopped for 5 days. The plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing bleeding (BOP), and probing depth (PPD) were measured at baseline, day 42, and day 47. At the same time, gingival crevicular fluid was taken for matrix metalloproteinase-8 examination. The mean scores of BOP, GI, PI, and MMP-8 levels increases in both groups following the 5-day experimental gingivitis period compared to baseline and day 42. Patients using probiotic ayran had significantly less PI, GI, BOP scores and MPP-8 values (p = 0.002; p 0.001; p 0.001; p = 0.001; p = 0.001, respectively) at day 47 compared to the control group. No statistically significant differences in probing pocket depth (PPD) were observed at any time point. The present study suggests that daily consumption of a probiotic ayran drink containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum statistically significantly lowers clinical and immunological markers of gingival inflammation.

Dental and microbiological status of COVID-19 convalescent patients with simple marginal gingivitis

The pattern of dental morbidity in the population of the Russian Federation evidences about a high incidence of inflammatory periodontal diseases, which varies based on patient age and comorbidity. The negative age-related dynamics of dental health emphasizes the problem of concomitant pathology and requires constant monitoring of risk factors for inflammatory periodontal diseases. Insufficient attention is paid to endogenous risk factors, such as neurodystrophic disorders, diseases of the cardiovascular system, leukemia, anemia, gastrointestinal tract diseases, infections, etc. At the same time, the growth of “new” infections (HIV-infection, HCV-infection, Ebola fever, new coronavirus infection) is recorded with elevating level of other infectious diseases. The aim of the study is to assess dental and microbiological status of COVID-19 convalescent patients. A survey of 100 patients diagnosed with simple marginal gingivitis (ICD-10 code: K 05.10) was carried out consisting of the following groups: main group — 75 COVID-19 convalescent patients, control group — 25 COVID-19-negative subjects. All individuals underwent microbiological diagnostics for gingival groove contents and an assessed dental status. The index assessment was performed using the simplified Green-Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), the PMA index (Parma) and the gingival papilla blood flow index (PBI). In the laboratory, the collected material was seeded onto expanded list of dense nutrient media. The identification of isolated microorganisms was carried out using MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Our analysis of the index assessment in both groups showed that the average values of the indices 1 month after the diagnosis of new coronavirus infection (ICD-10 code: U07.1) in main group are higher than in control group. Based on the results of a microbiological study, significant differences in the frequency of microbial species isolation were identified for 12 species. Thus, it is important to develop approaches to predicting development of chronic gingivitis and its exacerbation in COVID-19 patients.

The efficacy and safety of an enzyme-containing lozenge for dental biofilm control—a randomized controlled pilot trial

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of daily use of a multiple-enzyme lozenge on de novo plaque formation, on gingivitis development, and on the oral microbiome composition. MethodsThis trial with two parallel arms included 24 healthy adults allocated to the Active (n = 12) or Placebo (n = 12) group. Subjects consumed one lozenge three times daily for seven days, and no oral hygiene procedures were allowed. Differences in de novo plaque accumulation between a baseline period, and one and seven days of intervention were assessed by the Turesky-modification of the Quigley-and-Hein-Plaque-Index (TM-QHPI). The development of gingivitis after seven days of intervention was assessed by the Gingival Index (GI). Plaque and saliva samples were collected at baseline and after seven days of intervention, and evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ResultsAll subjects completed the study, and no adverse events were reported. After one day, the average TM-QHPI was significantly lower in the Active than in the Placebo group, as compared to baseline (p = 0.012). After 7 days, average TM-QHPI values did not differ significantly between groups (p = 0.37). GI values did not increase during the intervention period, with no difference between groups (p = 0.62). Bacterial richness increased in both plaque and saliva samples over a seven-day oral hygiene-free period, with a statistically significant difference for the saliva samples (p = 0.0495) between groups. ConclusionsA multiple-enzymes lozenge decreased the build-up of de novo plaque after one day and slowed down the process of species increment in saliva. The lozenge may be an adjunct to regular mechanical plaque removal. Clinical significanceDental plaque is the main cause of caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. The search for therapeutic adjuncts to mechanical plaque removal that have no harmful effects on the oral microbiome is important. Treatment with multiple plaque-matrix degrading enzymes is a promising non-biocidal approach to plaque control.

Effect of sleeve gastrectomy on the levels of oral volatile sulfur compounds and halitosis-related bacteria

BackgroundThe association between sleeve gastrectomy and halitosis remains relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sleeve gastrectomy on halitosis and the oral bacterial species associated with halitosis in patients with obesity. MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal cohort study that examined patients before and after sleeve gastrectomy and followed the patients at three time intervals (1, 3, and 6 months) after sleeve gastrectomy. Clinical periodontal measurements (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and probing depth [PD]) were obtained. In addition, plaque samples were collected for quantification of the periodontopathogenic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, breath samples were collected to analyze the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), namely hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3), via portable gas chromatography (Oral Chroma™). ResultsOf the 43 patients initially included, 39 completed the study, with a mean age of 32.2 ± 10.4 years. For PI and GI repeated measurements one way analysis of variance showed a significant increase (p-value < 0.001 for both) one month after surgery, with mean values of 1.3 and 1.59, respectively, compared to the baseline. During the same period, the number of P. gingivalis increased, with a p-value = 0.04. Similarly, the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) increased significantly in the first month after surgery (p-value = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). ConclusionThis study demonstrated that sleeve gastrectomy may lead to increased halitosis one month post-surgery, attributed to elevated and P. gingivalis counts, contributing to the development of gingivitis in obese patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. This emphasizes the importance of including oral health professionals in the multidisciplinary team for the management of patients undergoing bariatric surgery

Comparative Assessment of Octenidine and Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Gingivitis and Periodontitis Patient: A Clinical Trial

Background: A common and tried-and-true ingredient in mouthwashes that works well against the development of plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial growth is chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX). However, when it must be taken for an extended period of time, its benefits are limited by the accompanying side effects, which include taste modification, cytotoxicity, supragingival calculus formation, mucosal irritation, and tooth discoloration. In the 1980s, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), a new antibacterial cationic surfactant molecule, was produced at the Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute in Rensselaer, NY. OCT binds to negatively charged microbial surfaces and has a strong adherence to lipid components, which causes disruption of the cell membrane of bacteria, yeast, and fungus. Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of mouthwashes with 0.1% octenidine and 0.2% chlorhexidine in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. Material and Method: Participants in this clinical experiment were split into two groups, each consisting of forty patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. Next, as an addition to scaling and root planning (SRP), 20 patients from each group were provided chlorhexidine mouthwash and 20 patients were recommended to use octenidine mouthwash. At baseline and three months later, clinical measures such as the O’Leary plaque index (PI), bleeding index, probing pocket depth (POD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were assessed. Result: All clinical measurements showed that the Octenidine group performed much better than the chlorhexidine group in both the gingivitis and periodontitis groups. Conclusion: When compared to chlorhexidine, Octenidine performed better across all of the previously listed clinical parameters. As a result, it can be regarded as a promising mouthwash for upcoming medical and scientific investigations.

COMPARISON OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT BETWEEN ULIN (Eusideroxylon zwageri) BARK EXTRACT AND Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% AGAINST Streptococcus sanguinis

Background: Gingivitis is caused by a build up of plaque bacteria, one of which is Streptococcus sanguinis. Streptococcus sanguinis act as an anchor for the attachment of oral organisms that colonize the surface of the teeth, forming plaque so that it becomes the development of gingivitis. Currently, many natural ingredients, as alternatives, have antibacterial effects. One of which is Eusideroxylon zwageri, because it contains flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Purpose: to compare the inhibitory effect between ulin bark extract and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% against Streptococcus sanguinis. Method: True experimental research with post test only with control group design using ulin bark extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% as the K(+). The maceration method was used to extract ulin bark while the inhibitory test was using the diffusion method with 6 treatment groups and 4 replications, so that there were 24 samples. All treatment groups were incubated 24 hours at 37oC then measurement of inhibition zones was using callipers. Results: The results of the test showed that ulin bark extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, and Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% obtained an average inhibition zone with diameter of 7.18 mm, 9.06 mm, 11.08 mm, 13 mm, 15.09 mm, and 18.14 mm. Analysis of One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Games-Howell data showed a significant difference between treatment groups. Conclusion: Ulin bark extract can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis but has not been able to equal to Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%. Keywords: Chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2%, gingivitis, inhibitory activity, ulin bark extract, Streptococcus sanguinis.

Efficacy of German chamomile mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis, periodontal pockets and calculus in man

The aims of this study werc to evaluate the effectiveness of German chamomile extract as a mouthrinse on the development of plague, gingivitis, pathological pockets and calculus in man to determine whether it can provide any benefit without the addition of other additives.Fifty adult volunteers participated in this controlied single blind cross-over study. The subjects used either German Chamomile or a chlorhexidine mouthrinse for 1 minute twice daily during eight weeks period. 2 weeks interval between each visit for motivation and reinforcement of application of the material Four applied indices (plaque and gingival indices by Loe and Silness), CPITN index by Ainamo and calculus index by Ramfjord were recorded at baseline, after each experimental period and at the last visit. The mean reduction in plaque. gingival and periodontal pocket depths were determined by using paired Z-test between each visit at P&lt; 0.01 significantly lower for GC than for CHX mouthrinse. While for calculus index there was significant increase between each visit at P&lt; 0.05 using paired Z-test and for all visits using repeated measures ~~ F-test at P &lt;0.01.Using GC mouthrinse in a percentage of 1:4 appears to offer benefit in plaque, gingival, pocket depth reductions but with significant adverse increase in calculus index.

INFLUENCE OF THE ORAL HYGIENE LEVEL ON INCIDENCE RATES OF DENTAL CARIES AND GINGIVITIS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS OF RURAL LOCALITY OF ODESSA REGION

Dental caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases predominate in the structure of oral diseases in children and adolescents.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the oral hygiene level on the incidence rates of dental caries and gingivitis in school-age children living in rural areas of the Odessa region.&#x0D; Materials and Methods. Clinical dental examination was carried out in 68 children of the secondary school of Ilyinka, Odesa district, aged 7, 12 and 15 years. We determined: state of oral hygiene by GreenVermillion index (OHI-S); prevalence (%) of dental caries and the sum of decayed, missing, and filled number of teeth (DMFT index; df+DMFT); prevalence (%) and severity of gingivitis by PMA Parma index.&#x0D; Results. It was found that a larger number of examined schoolchildren (51.5%) had an unsatisfactory oral hygiene condition. In 7-year-old children the OHI-S index was 1.39±0.10, in 12-year-old – 1.69±0.14, and in 15-year-old – 1.68±0.13.&#x0D; Dental caries prevalence in 12-year-old children corresponds to the average incidence level (58.8%) and the DMFT index 2.06±0.55 – the low intensity level by WHO gradation. In 15-year-old schoolchildren dental caries prevalence was 83.9%, and the intensity according to the DMFT index was 3.32±0.45.&#x0D; The high prevalence of gingivitis is established in 12-year-old children – 82.4% and 15-year-old children – 74.2%. The mean values of the PMA Parma index were 24.53±3.06 % in 12-year-old children and 21.46±2.54% in 15-year-old children.&#x0D; Conclusion. Significant influence (r=0.866, p&lt;0.001) of oral hygiene condition on the periodontal tissues and less pronounced effect (r=0.518, p&lt;0.05) on the intensity of dental caries in children and adolescents were found, which confirms the role of microbial biofilm in the development of gingivitis and dental caries.

АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ ОБРАЗА ЖИЗНИ НА РАЗВИТИЕ И ТЕЧЕНИЕ ВОСПАЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА С ОЦЕНКОЙ РИСКА ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ НОВООБРАЗОВАНИЙ

A literature review was conducted on an urgent problem of dentistry – the influence of lifestyle on the development and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases with an assessment of the risk of malignant neoplasms.&#x0D; Purpose of the study. Based on the review of modern scientific literature for the period since 2014, to study the problem of the influence of lifestyle on the development and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases and to assess the risk of malignant neoplasms.&#x0D; Methodology. The data of special literature were studied using scientific search library databases: PubMed Central, Elibrary. The search for original scientific publications was carried out by keywords. This review includes an analysis of 40 scientific sources.&#x0D; Results and conclusions. The literature review systematizes modern scientific data on the effect of nicotine and alcohol dependence on the development and course of inflammatory periodontal diseases, the development of periodontitis and gingivitis in patients with a predominance of foods containing glucose and sweeteners in the diet, the effect of ethanol on connective and epithelial tissue, on a decrease in local immunity. The review also presents current data on food products, vitamins and trace elements that reduce and increase the risk of developing inflammatory periodontal diseases, the study of implant integration and the development of complications in the postoperative period in patients with nicotine and alcohol dependence, the problem of preserving teeth in people who use psychoactive substances, the risk of developing malignant neoplasms in the maxillofacial region, the influence of narcotic drugs on the immune system and the condition of periodontal tissues, personalization of patients, creating new diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with addictions.

Cytokine profile of gingival crevicular fluid in children with impaired immunological surveillance system

Aim. To study the cytokine profile of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in children with a juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).Materials and methods. We examined 20 children with JRA and 10 patients without somatic pathology aged 6 to 16 years old. The condition of periodontal tissues was assessed by periodontal indices – gingival index GI (Loe, Silness, 1963) and gingival bleeding index GBI. Biomaterial sampling from the gingival sulcus was carried out using special endodontic absorbent paper points. Enzyme immunoassay for IL-18, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-1RA, MCP-1, VEGFs in the GCF was performed using the test kits of Vector-Best LLC (Novosibirsk, Russia).Results. Mean GI index in the JRA group was 0.31 ± 0.10 and in the control group – 0.20 ± 0.05 (p &lt; 0.05), mean GBI index – 19.90 ± 3.14 and 10.80 ± 2.60 respectively (p &lt; 0.05), which was accompanied by a more pronounced degree of inflammation of periodontal tissues. The GCF concentration of IL-18 in the JRA group was 6.70 (4.97–7.92) pg/ml, in the control group – 11.25 (8.70–13.10) pg/ml (p &lt; 0.05), while the concentration of IL-1ß was 15.30 (13.79–17.18) pg/ml in the JRA group and 5.36 (5.32–5.54) pg/ml in the control group.The IL-10 concentration in the JRA group was 3.60 (2.89–4.45) pg/ml, which was comparable to the values of the control group. The concentration of IL-1RA was lower in the JRA group than in the control group: 3638.5 (2397.5–4133.5) pg/ml and 4951.0 (4303.0–5455.0) pg/ml respectively. The total GCF chemokine concentration for MCP-1 was determined at the level of 15.65 (14.15–17.39) pg/ml and 15.50 (12.80–21.20) pg/ml for the main and control groups and for VEGF – 49.60 (41.95–54.50) pg/ml in the JRA group and 12.00 (11.00–13.00) pg/ml in control group.Conclusion. In children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in GCF plays a role in the development of gingivitis: an increased of IL-1ß concentration – a triggering factor of pro-inflammatory chains, a decreased concentration of IL-1RA – an anti-inflammatory cytokine, an increased concentration of VEGF – a marker of hypoxia.

Association of orthodontic treatment and aspiration pneumonia

Foreign body aspiration or ingestion is an uncommon potential complication during orthodontic dentistry, and it can produce a medical emergency. Obstruction of the airways can be life-threatening, and delayed recognition and management can result in pulmonary complications such as recurrent pneumonia. Dental treatment has been identified as an important cause of the misplacement of foreign bodies in the airway. Objects used in orthodontic treatment are mainly used due to their manufacturing limitations, such as their shape and size, and because they are made of radiolucent materials, which make them easy to aspirate or ingest and difficult to detect with a radiograph. However, few reports have been published on orthodontic dentistry-related foreign body aspiration and pulmonary complications. Furthermore, micro-aspiration due to poor oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic procedures has been investigated in this review since poor oral hygiene is a well-established risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in the elderly population. The association between the aspiration of orthodontic material and aspiration pneumonia is not well established. Aspiration pneumonia is a secondary symptom of misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of dental material aspiration. Additionally, poor oral hygiene can also increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients since poor oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment leads to plaque retention, which can lead to increased development of hyperplastic gingivitis and periodontal breakdown, established risk factor for aspiration pneumonia.

Surface properties and initial bacterial biofilm growth on 3D-printed oral appliances: a comparative in vitro study

ObjectivesTo investigate the initial bacterial adhesion on 3D-printed splint materials in relation to their surface properties.Materials and methodsSpecimens of five printable splint resins (SHERAprint-ortho plus UV, NextDent Ortho Rigid, LuxaPrint Ortho Plus, V-Print Splint, KeySplint Soft), one polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) block for subtractive manufacturing (Astron CLEARsplint Disc), two conventional powder/liquid PMMA materials (FuturaGen, Astron CLEARsplint), and one polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) thermoplastic sheet for vacuum forming (Erkodur Thermoforming Foil) were produced and finished. Surface roughness Ra was determined via contact profilometry. Surface morphology was examined under a scanning electron microscope. Multi-species bacterial biofilms were grown on entire splints. Total biofilm mass and viable bacterial counts (CFU/ml) within the biofilms were determined. Statistical analyses were performed with a one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, and Pearson’s test (p < 0.05).ResultsAstron CLEARsplint and KeySplint Soft specimens showed the highest surface roughness. The mean total biofilm mass on KeySplint Soft splints was higher compared to all other materials (p < 0.05). Colony-forming unit per milliliter on FuturaGen, Astron CLEARsplint, and KeySplint Soft splints was one log scale higher compared to all other materials. The other four printable resins displayed overall lower Ra, biofilm mass, and CFU/ml. A positive correlation was found between Ra and CFU/ml (r = 0.69, p = 0.04).ConclusionsThe 3D-printed splints showed overall favorable results regarding surface roughness and bacterial adhesion. Thermoplastic materials seem to display a higher surface roughness, making them more susceptible to microbial adhesion.Clinical relevanceThe development of caries and gingivitis in patients with oral appliances may be affected by the type of material.

Association between polymorphisms in the gene encoding beta-defensin 1 and gingivitis, in children

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between genetic polymorphisms in DEFB1 (rs1799946 and rs11362) and the development of gingivitis in children from the Amazon region of Brazil. Material and methods: The study included 27 healthy children, 10-12 years old, from public schools in Manaus. For the oral examination, the parameters described in the gingival index of Löe and Silness were used to identify the presence or absence of gingivitis. The dependent variable was categorized as “Yes” for children with gingivitis (experimental group; n=10) and “No” for children without gingivitis (control group; n=17). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva, the selected polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene (rs1799946 and rs11362) were genotyped by TaqMan PCR and an endpoint analysis was performed. Genotypic and allelic distribution between groups was performed using the Fisher’s exact test with an established alpha of 5%. Results: It was found that evaluated SNPs in the DEFB1 gene (rs1799946 and rs11362) were not associated with gingivitis (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of references rs1799946 and rs11362 in the DEFB1 gene had no function on gingivitis, promoting neither harmful nor beneficial effects, in children.

The versatile roles of odontogenic ameloblast-associated protein in odontogenesis, junctional epithelium regeneration and periodontal disease.

Junctional epithelium (JE) is a vital epithelial component which forms an attachment to the tooth surface at the gingival sulcus by the adhesion of protein complexes from its basal layer. Disruption of the JE is associated with the development of gingivitis, periodontal disease, and alveolar bone loss. Odontogenic ameloblast-associated (ODAM) is comprised of a signal peptide and an ODAM protein with 12 putative glycosylation sites. It is expressed during odontogenesis by maturation stage ameloblasts and is incorporated into the enamel matrix during the formation of outer and surface layer enamel. ODAM, as a secreted protein which is accumulated at the interface between basal lamina and enamel, mediates the adhesion of the JE to the tooth surface; and is involved with extracellular signalling of WNT and ARHGEF5-RhoA, as well as intracellular signalling of BMP-2-BMPR-IB-ODAM. ODAM is also found to be highly expressed in salivary glands and appears to have implications for the regulation of formation, repair, and regeneration of the JE. Bioinformatics and research data have identified the anti-cancer properties of ODAM, indicating its potential both as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Understanding the biology of ODAM will help to design therapeutic strategies for periodontal and dental disorders.

Oral Microbiome in Orthodontic Acrylic Retainer.

The oral microbiome can be shifted if the patients wear the acrylic retainers for a lengthy period. It is essential to understand the components of the plaque in order to forestall the development of dental caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study is to report the bacterial communities that adhere to the acrylic retainers by full-length nanopore 16S sequencing. Six healthy participants were allocated into 2 groups (chemical tablet and brushing groups). Plaque samples were collected from the acrylic retainer surfaces before and after cleaning. The bacterial communities were reported using full-length nanopore 16S sequencing. The results showed that 7 distinct phyla were identified by sequencing. The most prevalent of these was the Firmicutes. We found a total of 72 genera. The most common microorganism across all samples was Streptococcus, followed by Neisseria, Rothia, and Gemella. The beta diversity showed a significant difference between before and after cleaning (p < 0.05). This study revealed the novel finding that a combination of chemical and mechanical cleaning methods was the most effective method of eliminating retainer biofilms. Moreover, retainer cleaning tablets did not alter the homeostatic balance of the bacterial communities adhering to the acrylic retainers.

ANALYSIS OF THE RISK FACTORS PROMOTING DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS IN CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM SIMPLE DIFFUSE GOITER

A leading etiopathologic factor promoting the development of an inflammatory process in the gums is oral microflora which realizes its pathogenic action in case favorable local and general conditions are created [1; 2]. As a rule, these conditions in children are caused by excessive dental deposits due to both inadequate oral hygiene, lesions of the hard dental tissue available, and occlusive disturbances etc. Disorders of the protective mechanisms, metabolic and regulating processes in the child’s organism play an important role as well, which is the subject of our research [3; 4]. To understand the issue comprehensively we have analyzed the major local risk factors promoting the development of gingivitis in children, estimated alimentary, social-behavioral and preventive measures in the groups of observation. Objective: to determine risk factors promoting the development of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children suffering from simple diffuse goiter (SDG). Materials and methods. With the aim to find these factors we have examined two age groups 12 and 15 years of age including 180 children suffering from SDG and 80 somatically healthy children. Conclusion. The course of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children with underlying simple diffuse goiter is characterized by the following periodontal-pathogenic factors available: semi-solid and solid dental deposits, lesions of the hard dental tissues, defects of separate teeth, irrational nutrition and lack of preventive measures. At the same time, the action of these factors is equally strong both in somatically healthy children and those suffering from SDG, which is evidenced by little reliable difference in the groups of observation.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF ROSEMARY EXTRACT ON PERIODONTAL PATHOGENS: AN IN-VITRO ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION: Inadequate plaque control is the primary causative factor in the development of gingivitis and periodontitis. Rosemary is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae rich in polyphenolic compounds with an array of potential health benets including anti-inammatory, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. The present study was carried out with an aim of assessment of Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of pure leaf extract of rosemary on P.gingivalis (Pg), F.nucleatum (Fn) T.forsythia (Tf) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), key periodontal pathogens. MATERIALAND METHODS: By using serial dilution assay with thioglycollate broth by repeating up to 10-9 dilution for each drug in which cultures of chosen organisms were added and then tubes were incubated in anaerobic jar and observed for turbidity to assess Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. First 3 or 5 dilutions tubes which were sensitive in MIC has taken and incubated for 24 hrs then the next day colony count was taken to assess MBC and seen whether there was bactericostatic or bactericidal effect of the extract against chosen microorganisms. RESULTS: MIC values ranged from 0.78 μg/ml to 1.2 μg/ml and MBC values ranged from 1.5 μg/ml to 2.6 μg/ml. CONCLUSION: Pure leaf extract of rosemary have shown antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms &amp; further in-vivo research should be carried out for the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ЦИТОКИНОВ РОТОВОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ И ПАРОДОНТОПАТОГЕННОЙ МИКРОБИОТЫ В РАЗВИТИИ ГИНГИВИТА НА ФОНЕ ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СТРЕССА У КУРСАНТОВ ВЕДОМСТВЕННОГО ИНСТИТУТА

Subject. Such a cytokine as transforming factor β (TFRß) deserves special attention in stress-induced gingivitis, since there are observations indicating its ability to stimulate the differentiation of myofibroblasts, which results in an increase in collagen production, the development of fibrous changes in the gum, which ultimately lead to tooth loss.&#x0D; Goal. The aim is to determine the relationship between the development of signs of depression, the frequency of detection of periodontal pathogenic bacteria and the spectrum of cytokines that play a likely role in the pathogenesis of gingivitis in cadets of the departmental institute under conditions of psychoemotional stress.&#x0D; Methodology. Psychological testing, clinical dental and laboratory examinations of 71 cadets of the departmental institute (41 women, 30 men) aged from 18 to 23 years were conducted. The detection of depression was carried out using the A. Beck scale, reactive and personal anxiety — Ch. Spielberger — Y.L. Khanin. To assess the periodontal condition, traditional hygienic and periodontal indices (OHI-s, RNR, PMA) were used. Identification of the marker DNA of periodontal pathogenic bacteria was carried out using a polymerase chain reaction using a test kit "Multident-5" manufactured by NPF GenLab (Russia). The content of cytokines in saliva was determined by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. For the detection of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFNu, TNFa, sets of NPO "Vector Best" (Russia) were used, for the cytokine TFRß — from Biosource (Canada).&#x0D; Results. It was found that the development of depression and gingivitis is accompanied by changes in the cytokine status, the main pathogenetic significance is IL-1β and TFRß, and the auxiliary is IL-12 and TNFa. At the same time, the cytokines IL-1β and TNFa are associated with the severity of the course of gingivitis. &#x0D; Conclusions. A correlation was established for the cytokines IL-1β, TNFa and TFRß with the first-order periodontopathogenic species A actinomycetemcomitans and T. forsythia.

Cytokine profiles and the dynamic of gingivitis development in humans.

To investigate the relationship between cytokine profiles and "fast" and "slow" patterns of gingival inflammation development. Forty-two adults participated in an experimental gingivitis study, comprising a 2-week hygiene phase (clinical examination and professional cleaning); a 3-week induction phase (absence of oral hygiene); and a 2-week resolution phase (re-establishment of oral hygiene). Plaque and gingival inflammation scores were assessed. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) from gingival crevicular fluid were collected and measured by multiplex ELISA. Group-based-trajectory-modelling (GBTM) was used to model cytokine profiles over the induction phase. The effect of gingival inflammation on cytokine levels over time was estimated with mixed-effects modelling. GBTM analysis revealed two cytokine profiles, "non-organized response" (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, and IL-13) and "organized response" (IL-2, IL-10, and TNF-α). Among the "slow" responders, neither cytokine profile was associated with gingivitis. In contrast, a "fast" response was associated with a higher "non-organized response" factor (coef. 0.14) and a lower "organized response" factor (coef. -0.03). A "fast" gingivitis development was associated with a higher "non-organized response" and a lower "organized response", which may elucidate the role of individual variability in gingivitis susceptibility.