Development Of General Concept Research Articles

Д. Исабеков шығармасындағы «сүйекші» концептісінің көрінісі және орыс, ағылшын тілдеріндегі аудармада берілуі

The article is devoted to the study of the reflection of D. Issabekov’s individual author’s concept “suyekshi” in his work of the same title and the difficulties of reproduction in translations into Russian and English, taking into account the national and cultural characteristics of this concept. Since all three languages have their own linguistic features, it can be seen that there are differences in the historical causes of the mentality, worldview, and development of general concept. In the article, the authors demonstrate a cultural approach to the concept and prove that linguistic and cultural difficulties often arise in the process of translating the concept “suyekshi”. The authors adhere to the opinion about the concept as having a meaning-generating function. The study revealed that the volume and content of the concept “suyekshi” depends on the individual cognitive experience of the author and are largely determined by the living conditions and culture of the people. These differences in the meaning of the word “suyekshi” most clearly appear in translation, when it is necessary to adequately transfer this concept in the Kazakh language by means of the Russian and English languages. As a result, article determined with the help of a comparative method, national and cultural characteristics, and identified translation strategies.The results and conclusions of the study contribute to filling the theory and practice of domestic literary translation with scientific content, contribute to the scientific and theoretical substantiation of the relationship between language and culture and its manifestation in translation, to identifying trends occurring in the translation of domestic works into other languages in general.

(Nanocarbons Division Robert C. Haddon Research Award) Chemical Functionalization of Synthetic Carbon Allotropes

Chemical functionalization of new C-allotropes is of fundamental interest and opens the door to unprecedented materials applications. In principle, the physical and chemical properties of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are related to each other, although their levels of development vary considerably. In order to efficiently explore the reactivity of the less developed CNTs and especially that of graphene it is our goal to provide a unifying approach for the chemistry of all three new carbon allotropes. The fullerenes present the first family of synthetic carbon allotropes. Since their availability in macroscopic quantities numerous investigations with respect to their physical characterization and chemical functionalization have been carried out. CNTs - the second new family of C-allotropes - exhibit at least the same potential for unprecedented applications. Their chemistry, however, is much less developed. Although many protocols for covalent and non-covalent CNT functionalization have been published there are still many fundamental problems to be solved. This includes inter alia the highly selective functionalization of metallic- or semiconducting SWNTs, the high throughput isolation of SWNTs with single helicity, the development of general concepts allowing for tunable doping of individualized tubes with single helicity or least defined transport characteristics (metallic – semiconductive). Finally, the youngest representative in the list of new C-allotropes is graphene and its chemical functionalization opens exciting opportunities towards the development of precisely structured high performance materials. We will talk on the systematic investigation of the chemical properties of graphene both in homogenous solution and deposited on solid substrates. We have revealed fundamental reactivity principles, such as role of defects, charging and substrate. Moreover, we have disclosed for the first time basic fundamental topicity concepts. This allows us to tailor highly integrated graphene based 2D-materials. An example is the introduction of reversible covalent 2D-structuring providing the basis for chemical data storage.

(Nanocarbons Division Robert C. Haddon Research Award Address) Chemical Functionalization of Synthetic Carbon Allotropes

Chemical functionalization of new C-allotropes is of fundamental interest and opens the door to unprecedented materials applications. In principle, the physical and chemical properties of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are related to each other, although their levels of development vary considerably. In order to efficiently explore the reactivity of the less developed CNTs and especially that of graphene it is our goal to provide a unifying approach for the chemistry of all three new carbon allotropes. The fullerenes present the first family of synthetic carbon allotropes. Since their availability in macroscopic quantities numerous investigations with respect to their physical characterization and chemical functionalization have been carried out. CNTs - the second new family of C-allotropes - exhibit at least the same potential for unprecedented applications. Their chemistry, however, is much less developed. Although many protocols for covalent and non-covalent CNT functionalization have been published there are still many fundamental problems to be solved. This includes inter alia the highly selective functionalization of metallic- or semiconducting SWNTs, the high throughput isolation of SWNTs with single helicity, the development of general concepts allowing for tunable doping of individualized tubes with single helicity or least defined transport characteristics (metallic – semiconductive). Finally, the youngest representative in the list of new C-allotropes is graphene and its chemical functionalization opens exciting opportunities towards the development of precisely structured high performance materials. We will talk on the systematic investigation of the chemical properties of graphene both in homogenous solution and deposited on solid substrates. We have revealed fundamental reactivity principles, such as role of defects, charging and substrate. Moreover, we have disclosed for the first time basic fundamental topicity concepts. This allows us to tailor highly integrated graphene based 2D-materials. An example is the introduction of reversible covalent 2D-structuring providing the basis for chemical data storage.

The contribution of cognitive psychology to the study of human intelligence

Cognitive Psychology (CP) in the last 50 years has shown impressive development, producing a large body of data mainly concerned with specific elements of the complex cognitive architecture of the mind. The focus on single processes, in large part necessarily narrow and detailed, has not prevented the development of general concepts, paradigms, and models that can be useful to all areas of psychology. In fact, since the mind’s operations typically studied by CP, such as memory, attention, language, reasoning, and so on, are the basis for every psychological activity and behaviour, their scientific analysis can be used by other associated areas of study, for example Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Applied Psychology, Educational Psychology, Developmental Psychology, etc. Indeed, we are observing in these areas an increasing interest in concepts emerging from CP. The potential contribution of CP to the study of human intelligence is particularly representative and interesting. In fact, the consideration of individual differences in cognitive abilities and, in particular, in intelligence is one of the main topics that should be covered by CP. But this has not been the case for many years. Despite its obvious importance, the concept of intelligence has been suspiciously considered by many researchers and in particular by researchers working in the cognitive area. An implicit consideration has been that the concept ‘‘intelligence’’ is ill-defined and lacks an association with a well-supported research tradition. The misleading and circular definition of ‘‘intelligence’’, as the dimension measured by intelligence tests, was considered representative of the theoretical poverty of the field. For this reason the study of intelligence was mainly left to psychologists working in the psychometric tradition and to a certain extent the field of developmental psychology. However there are now signs that the time has come for CP to make a more substantial contribution to the study of individual differences in intelligence and other related cognitive abilities.

The integration of theory and practice in teaching designing for the screen

Future typographic and graphic designers will need to be able to design for a range of media, both to secure their role and to provide the necessary design expertise in technological environments. This paper proposes an approach to teaching which introduces theoretical issues within a practical design project to encourage the development of general concepts that can be transferred to different technologies. A specific project on designing for the screen is described, which is taught as part of a BA degree in Typography & Graphic Communication. In the context of this project, reasons for introducing theory are proposed, examples of the nature of the theory are given, and the methods used to introduce material are illustrated. A detailed account of one student's implementation of this project is used to demonstrate how theoretical issues can provide direction in a design task. However, careful consideration needs to be given to how theory and practice are integrated to encourage students to look beyond the short-term benefits of specific training to the development of more general knowledge.

Future Developments of Data Processing in Health Care

An analysis is made concerning the development of data processing in medicine and of medical informatics as a genuine methodological discipline. A classification is given for the major application areas: 1) Data analysis, 2) Information logistics and 3) Signal analysis.The present development is seen to be characterized by a tendency towards »peripheralization« and decomposition of central systems. Out of this development the necessity is formulated for medical informatics to move away from system realization and maintenance to methodological orientation and genuine research work in the field of information analysis, system analysis, decision support, development of general concepts for networks and application systems and quality assessment. New technological activities are expected in the field of imaging and endoprosthetics. The necessity for educational programs is emphasized.

Problems in invertebrate chemoreception.

C HEMORECEPTION in invertebrate animals has attracted several types of interest among biologists. Natural historians have long been impressed with the large number of cases in which responses to chemical stimuli underlie behavioral responses and important ecological relationships among invertebrates. More recently, physiologists have become aware of the invertebrates as experimental animals of choice in the study of many problems concerning the fundamental mechanisms of chemoreception. Farthest removed from direct concern with behavioral and ecological problems are those physiologists who are intrigued by the incredibly small amounts of chemicals which activate the chemoreceptors of invertebrates, and who look upon this area of sensory physiology as a promising approach to increased understanding of specific molecular interactions in living cells. Despite the breadth of this spectrum of interests, ranging from the behavior of intact organisms in their normal environments to the reactions of a few molecules within a minute part of an organism, the relevant scientific literature consists predominantly of natural history. Formidable technical problems have for a long time prevented work on any other level. Recent technological refinements, however, have made it possible to study the physiology of some primary chemoreceptor cells directly, and a rapidly increasing emphasis upon this level of physiological information can be expected. It is predominantly through accumulation of information about the physiology of the primary chemoreceptors that sound interpretations at the molecular level can ultimately be expected. Because of the new trends which appear probable in experimental work on chemoreception, this is an especially appropriate time to take stock of the past observations which suggest some of the areas in which future work might be most rewarding. The present review is directed toward two objectives. One is to analyze the bearing which the data on invertebrates have on the development of general concepts in this area of sensory physiology. In so doing, emphasis tends to fall upon similarities in the physiology of chemoreception, not only among invertebrate animals but in comparison to vertebrates as well. However, the differences in the methods by which various animals carry on a function usually are important for understanding the ways of life peculiar to the animals themselves. Since differences in the chemical senses influence host-parasite and other relationships of theoretical or economic interest, the dissimilarities as well as the similarities in chemoreception raise questions of more than anecdotal significance. The analysis of such differences and their significance is the second objective of this review. It is hoped that this type of treatment will help to retain and strengthen the connecting ideas between strictly physiological studies and the central concepts of