Development Of Gastric Ulcers Research Articles

Anti-Helicobacter pylori Biofilm Extracts from Rubus idaeus and Rubus occidentalis.

Helicobacter pylori infections are still an important health problem and are directly related to the development of gastric ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosal lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and diabetes. At the same time, the number of substances/drugs effective against these bacteria is limited due to increasing resistance. Raw plant materials from various species of the Rubus genus-fruits and shoots-have shown antimicrobial activity in numerous studies against different bacteria, including H. pylori in a planktonic form. Research carried out on a model using fragments of intravenous infusions and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) as a dye showed that the shoot extract of Rubus idaeus 'Willamette', the fruit extract of R. idaeus 'Poranna Rosa', R. idaeus and R. idaeus 'Laszka', and R. occidentalis Litacz' prevent the formation of biofilm by H. pylori. Active concentrations inhibiting biofilm formation were 6.65 mg/mL for shoots and 16.65 mg/mL for fruits. However, in the resulting biofilm, the extract from the shoots of R. idaeus 'Willamette' and the fruit of R. idaeus 'Poranna Rosa' at a concentration of 16.65 mg/mL was active against living bacteria, and the remaining extracts showed such activity at a concentration of 33.3 mg/mL. In studies on the interaction of the extract with antibiotics on biofilm, the extract from the shoots of R. idaeus 'Willamette' showed synergy with doxycycline and levofloxacin, additivity with amoxicillin and clarithromycin, and neutrality with metronidazole. H. pylori biofilm research was carried out in a newly elaborated research model-culture on fragments of intravenous infusions with the addition of TTC as a marker of living bacterial cells. The research results may constitute the basis for the development of new combination therapies for the treatment of H. pylori infections, including its resistant strains. The proposed new biofilm research model, which is cheap and effective, may allow testing of new substances that are potentially more effective against H. pylori and other biofilm-forming bacterial strains.

Construction of Magnolol Nanoparticles for Alleviation of Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Injury.

Ethanol (EtOH) has been identified as a potential pathogenic factor in gastric ulcer development primarily due to its association with gastric injury and excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Magnolol (Mag), the principal active compound in Magnolia officinalis extract, is well studied for its notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, its limited solubility, propensity for agglomeration, and low absorption and utilization rates significantly restrict its therapeutic use. This study aims to overcome these challenges by developing a Mag nanoparticle system targeting the treatment and prevention of EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in mice. Utilizing a click chemistry approach, we successfully synthesized this system by reacting thiolated bovine serum albumin (BSA·SH) with Mag. The in vitro analysis revealed effective uptake of the BSA·SH-Mag nanoparticle system by human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1), showcasing its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities. Additionally, BSA·SH-Mag exhibited gradual disintegration and release in simulated gastric fluid, resulting in a notable reduction of oxidative stress in gastric tissues and mucosal tissue repair and effectively reducing inflammatory expression. Furthermore, BSA·SH-Mag attenuated EtOH-induced gastric inflammation by decreasing the level of NOX4 protein expression and augmenting the level of Nrf2 protein expression. In conclusion, our findings indicate that BSA·SH-Mag represents a promising candidate as an oral therapeutic for gastric ulcer treatment.

Gastroprotective effect of rhodanine and 2,4-thiazolidinediones scaffolds in rat stomachs by contribution of anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and tumor suppressor (P53) proteins

In recent times, the methods used to evaluate gastric ulcer healing worldwide have been based on visual examinations and estimating ulcer dimensions in experimental animals. In this study, the protective effect of rhodanine and 2,4-thiazolidinediones scaffolds compared to esomeprazole was investigated in an ethanol model of stomach ulcers in rats. Pretreatment with experimental treatments or esomeprazole prevented the development of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. The severity of the lesions and injuries was significantly lower than that of vehicle (10% Tween 80) treated rats. Significant and excellent results were obtained with the compound 6 group, with inhibition percentage and ulcer area values of 97.8% and 12.8 ± 1.1 mm2, respectively. Synthesized compounds 2, 7 and 8 exhibited inhibition percentages and ulcer areas of 94.3% and 31.2 ± 1.1 mm2, 91. 3% and 48.1 ± 0. 8 mm2, 89. 5% and 57. 6 ± 1. 2 mm2, and 89. 1% and 60.3 ± 0. 8 mm2, respectively. These biological outcomes are consistent with the docking studies in which Compounds 7 and 8 showed remarkable binding site affinities toward human H+/K+-ATPase α protein (ID: P20648), rat H+/K+-ATPase α protein (ID: P09626), and Na+/K+-ATPase crystal structure (PDB ID:2ZXE) with binding site energies of − 10.7, − 9.0, and − 10.4 (kcal/mol) and − 8.7, − 8.5, and − 8.0 (kcal/mol), respectively. These results indicate that these test samples were as effective as esomeprazole. Likewise, immunohistochemical staining of antiapoptotic (BCL2) and tumor suppressor (P53) proteins showed strong positive marks in the10% Tween 80- treated group, opposing the mild staining results for the esomeprazole-treated group. Similarly, the staining intensity of the group treated with Compounds 2–8 was variable for both proteins.

Utilizing the drug repurposing strategy on current drugs: new leads for peptic ulcers via biochemical and biomolecular dynamics studies

The hyperactivity of urease enzymes plays a crucial role in the development of hepatic coma, hepatic encephalopathy, urolithiasis, gastric and peptic ulcers. Additionally, these enzymes adversely impact the soil’s nitrogen efficiency for crop production. In the current study 100 known drugs were tested against Jack Bean urease and Proteus mirabilis urease and identified three inhibitors i.e. terbutaline (compound 1), Ketoprofen (compound 2) and norepinephrine bitartrate (compound 3). As a result, these compounds showed excellent inhibition against Jack Bean urease i.e. (IC50 = 2.1–11.3 µM), and Proteus mirabilis urease (4.8–11.9 µM). Moreover, in silico studies demonstrate maximum interactions of compounds in the enzyme’s active site. Furthermore, intermolecular interactions between compounds and enzyme atoms were examined using STD-NMR spectrophotometry. In parallel, molecular dynamics simulation was carried out to study compounds dynamic behavior within the urease binding region. Urease remained stable during most of the simulation time and ligands were bound in the protein active pocket as observed from the Root mean square deviation (RMSD) and ligand RMSD analyses. Furthermore, these compounds display interactions with the crucial residues, including His492 and Asp633, in 100 ns simulations. In the binding energy analysis, norepinephrine bitartrate exhibited the highest binding energy (-76.32 kcal/mol) followed by Ketoprofen (-65.56 kcal/mol) and terbutaline (-62.15 kcal/mol), as compared to acetohydroxamic acid (-52.86 kcal/mol). The current findings highlight the potential of drug repurposing as an effective approach for identifying novel anti-urease compounds. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Comparison of the Effect of Keeping Rats in the Mountains and on the Plain on the Development of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Gastric Ulceration

Hypoxia can correct the development of diabetes and its complications in animals and humans, and diabetes exacerbates the gastric ulceration. However, the effect of hypoxia on the gastric ulceration in diabetes remains unknown. The task of the work was to compare the effect of keeping rats in the mountains under moderate natural hypoxia and on the plains on the development of type 1 diabetes and the gastric ulceration. Two weeks after the rats acclimatized to hypoxia (Elbrus region, 2125 m above sea level), they were injected with streptozotocin (STR, 50 or 70 mg/kg) or its vehicle. Simultaneously, rats on the plains were injected with STR (or its vehicle) at the same doses. Indomethacin (IM, 35 mg/kg) was administered two weeks after STR or its vehicle injection in rats after 24 h of fasting, both in the mountains and on the plains, which led to the gastric erosion formation 4 h later. The injection of STR (50 and 70 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent increase in blood glucose levels in rats both in the mountains and on the plains, which indicates the development of diabetes of varying severity. In rats on the plains the administration of STR (50 and 70 mg/kg) led to a dose-dependent increase in the area of erosions induced by IM compared with those in control animals (STR vehicle). In rats in the mountains, an aggravation of gastric mucosal injury caused by IM was observed, both in control rats (STR vehicle) and in animals with STR-induced diabetes, compared with the gastric injury in rats of the corresponding groups on the plains. The greatest increase in the proulcerogenic effect of STR in the mountains was observed when it was administered at a dose of 70 mg/kg. Thus, persistent moderate hypoxia may lead to an increase in IM-induced gastric ulceration in rats with type 1 diabetes, and, in addition, by itself exacerbate the ulcerogenic effect of IM.

Comparison of the Effect of Keeping Rats in the Mountains and on the Plain on the Development of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Gastric Ulceration

Comparison of the Effect of Keeping Rats in the Mountains and on the Plain on the Development of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Gastric Ulceration

Boric Acid Alleviates Gastric Ulcer by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Related Multiple Signaling Pathways.

Oxidative stress and inflammation have pivotal roles in gastric ulcer development caused by alcohol consumption. Trace element boric acid taken into the human and animal body from dietary sources displays strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions of boric acid remain unclear, and its effectiveness in preventing gastric lesions is unknown. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of boric acid in alcohol-induced gastric ulcer and elucidate its potential mechanisms. Gastric ulcer was induced by 75% oral ethanol administration in rats, and the effectiveness of prophylactic boric acid treatment at 100mg/kg concentration was assessed by histopathological examination, ELISA assay and qRT-PCR. Gross macroscopic and histopathological evaluations revealed that boric acid alleviated gastric mucosal lesions. Boric acid decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and the overall oxidation state of the body while improving antioxidant status. It reduced the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The mRNA expression of JAK2 and STAT3 was decreased while the expression of AMPK was increased with boric acid pretreatment. Moreover, Sema3A and PlexinA1 levels were elevated upon boric acid pretreatment, and homocysteine levels were reduced. Our results demonstrated that boric acid protects gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced damage by regulating oxidative and inflammatory responses. In addition, our findings suggested that the gastroprotective activity of boric acid could be attributed to its regulatory function in the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling modulated by AMPK and that Sema3A/PlxnA1 axis and homocysteine are potentially involved in this process.

Contribution of intergenic interactions of polymorphic variants of candidate genes to the development of gastric ulcer

Introduction: Gastric ulcer is a chronic disease with a recurrent course. The morphological substrate during periods of exacerbation are ulcers of the gastric mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease has a high prevalence among the adult population and is often characterized by a complicated course. Hereditary predisposition, along with other external and internal risk factors, plays a role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. The aim of the study: To evaluate the effect of polymorphic variants of cell adhesion molecule genes on the development of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric ulcer (GU). Materials and methods: 119 patients with Helicobacter pylori-negative GU and 347 individuals of the control group were examined. The regulatory potential of 7 polymorphic loci of genes of cell adhesion molecules pathogenetically significant for the development of gastric ulcer (rs6136 of the SELP gene, rs8176720, rs2519093, rs507666 of the ABO gene, rs651007, rs579459, rs649129 of the ABO/RF00019 gene) was evaluated using the HaploReg v4.1, PolyPhen-2, GTEx Portal Internet resources. DNA samples isolated from peripheral blood were genotyped by PCR. The analysis of associations was carried out by the method of logistic regression in the framework of allelic, additive, dominant and recessive genetic models. Results: The T allele of the RF00019/ABO gene (rs651007) is a protective factor in the development of H. pylori-negative GU (OR=0.14). This polymorphism is located in the region of histones marking promoters, regions of hypersensitivity to DNAse and the HNF4 regulatory motif, is associated with the expression of the ABO and SURF1 genes and alternative splicing of the ABO and LCN1P1 genes in various organs (tissues), including in the organs of the digestive and nervous systems.

The role of microRNAs in the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers

The research highlights the fundamental concepts of microRNA, the mechanisms of RNA interference, the importance of microRNA in the development of diseases. Combining the experience of domestic and foreign researchers, the authors identified the main miRNAs involved in the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers. The article also describes the main mechanisms of regulation of the inflammatory process in gastric and duodenal ulcers associated withHelicobacter pylori, the influence of microorganisms on the expression of various microRNA types and the control of the cellular immune response. In addition, the review presents the latest research on methods for diagnosingHelicobacter pylori-associated peptic ulcer based on the determination of circulating microRNAs. The results of an experimental model of treatment of patients infected with Helicobacter pylori with drugs that act on non-coding RNA are presented.

The Effect of Hypericum perforatum Extract on Gastric Ulcer Development in Rat Models

Gastric ulcer is a serious condition that results from the wearing/tearing of the stomach mucosa. A physiological equilibrium is maintained between mucosal defense and aggressive factors. In this study, the effectiveness of medicinal plants (Hypericum perforatum) in the management of gastric ulcer was compared to that of omeprazole, a well-known drug for gastric ulcer. This study involved numerous study groups of male rats comprising of the following: the first group (control group exposed to H. pylori and fed with normal animal feed), the second group (rats exposed to H. pylori and treated with two doses {of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg} of aqueous H. perforatum), and the third group (rats exposed to H. pylori and treated with 20 mg/kg of omeprazole). The outcome of the study demonstrated that a high dose of H. perforatum prevents (50.65%) the development of stomach ulcers. The group treated with omeprazole revealed a formation of stomach ulcers (24.50%). A high dose of the aqueous plant extracts showed greater effectiveness in preventing gastric ulcer formation compared to the lower dosage.

Features of stomach and duodenum peptic ulcer in patients with mesenteric atherosclerosis

Introduction . The high frequency of complicated forms of the stomach and duodenum peptic ulcer (PU) in patients with atherosclerosis requires the study of additional factors of ulcerogenesis in addition to infection with Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylor i) and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Currently, there is no clear understanding of the role of mesenteric artery (MA) atherosclerosis in the development of gastroduodenal ulcers. The purpose of the study . To evaluate the contribution of MA atherosclerosis to the development of gastric and duodenal ulcer in patients with multifocal atherosclerosis. Material and methods . The study included 91 patients with atherosclerosis of two or more vascular beds in the period from 2019 to 2021. The examination included the determination of the gastrin-17, pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II and antibodies to H. pylori IgG concentration in blood serum, as well as multispiral computed tomoangiography of the abdominal aortic branches and esophagogastroduodenoscopy with histological examination. Results . The patients were divided into two groups: group I – 36 (39.6%) patients with PU, group II – 55 (60.4%) patients without PU. A more frequent occurrence of hemodynamically significant stenosis of the MA and a higher percentage of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) stenosis in group I were noted. A positive correlation was found between the severity of erosive and ulcerative lesions and the percentage of SMA stenosis, levels of pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II. The combination of PU and MA atherosclerosis is characterized by a lesser severity of abdominal pain syndrome (p = 0.049). Risk factors for PU were identified: MA atherosclerosis (OR 4.953; CI 1.571–15.608); more than 8 points on the HADS depression scale (OR 2.970; CI 1.062–8.320) and on the Audit questionnaire (OR 5.787; CI 1.348–24.837). Conclusions . Risk factors for PU in patients with multifocal atherosclerosis were identified: MA atherosclerosis, subclinical depression, and health-threatening alcohol consumption. PU in patients with multifocal atherosclerosis is characterized by asymptomatic course.

ПРОФИЛАКТИКА ПОРАЖЕНИЙ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ ЖЕЛУДКА И ДВЕНАДЦАТИПЕРСТНОЙ КИШКИ ПРИ ПРОВЕДЕНИИ ХИМИОТЕРАПИИ

Abstract. The main goal of the study was to prevent the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients with colorectal cancer receiving adjuvant therapy with 5-fluorouracil. Materials and methods. The study included 60 patients with a verified diagnosis of localized or locally advanced colon and rectosigmoid cancer after radical surgical treatment. The patients are divided into two groups. The first group included 28 people who were found to have Helicobacter pylori during fibro-gastroduodenoscopy and 13C-respiratory urease test. Patients underwent anti-Helicobacter and gastro-protective therapy before adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil according to the developed scheme. The second group included 32 people. Tests for infection with Helicobacter pylori in these patients were negative, they did not receive gastroprotective therapy. Research results. The study showed the effectiveness of prophylactic therapy administered to patients from the first group before the start of the adjuvant chemotherapy program, since ulcerative lesions of the mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenum in patients were detected less frequently, responded better to conservative therapy, and also did not cause a delay in the next course of drug treatment. including 5-fluorouracil. When preventive antiulcer treatment was administered, the chance of developing ulcer complications in patients decreased by 5.08 times. The most vulnerable in terms of mucosal damage were female pa-tients of elderly and senile age, complications developed even against the background of antiulcer treatment.

Contribution of intergenic interactions of polymorphic variants of candidate genes to the development of a gastric ulcer

Introduction: Peptic ulcer disease occurs in 5-10% of the adult population, and is characterized by a high percentage of complications, which is a serious medical and social problem. The contribution of hereditary factors to the etiopathogenesis of the disease leaves 5.5-50%. The aim of the study was to study the contribution of intergenic interactions of polymorphic variants of candidate genes (rs2294008, rs505922, rs6136, rs8176720, rs2519093, rs507666, rs651007, rs579459, rs649129) to the development of gastric ulcer (GU). Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 217 patients with GU and 347 individuals from the control group, the regulatory potential of polymorphic loci were evaluated using the online databases, and genotyping was performed by PCR. The study of SNP×SNP interactions of polymorphic variants of candidate genes associated with the development of GU was carried out using a modification of the MDR (Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction) - Model-Based-MDR (MB-MDR) method, data visualization was carried out in the form of a dendrogram and graph using MDR software (v. 3.0.2). Results: All 9 studied SNPs as part of 10 significant models of interlocus interactions are involved in the formation of GU. The largest number of models includes rs8176720 of the ABO gene and rs2294008 of the PSCA gene. These polymorphic variants have a pronounced regulatory potential in many organs (tissues), incl. in the target organ of GU (stomach).

Mineral water Vincentka and its influence on mucosal ulcers.

Gastropathy is one of the most common diseases of the human gastrointestinal tract. Apart from its consequences in the stomach, it is also manifested in other parts of the digestive tract, particularly in the duodenum. The aim of this pilot study was to verify on animal model the empirically observed alleviation of gastropathy symptoms in patients who underwent a drinking treatment of Vincentka natural mineral water during their spa treatment. Sixteen male Wistar rats were included in the study. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (E; n=8) and control group (C; n=8). The experimental protocol consisted of three phases: (1) handling phase (7 days); (2) mineral water (E)/tap water (C) administration (7 days); (3) acute gastritis induction (1 day). Twenty-four hours after the induction of acute gastritis, the animals were sacrificed. The collected tissues (stomach and duodenum) and blood were examined by standard histological microscopy, and by immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. Histopathological analysis revealed significantly reduced damage to the gastric mucosa in the experimental group. Significantly different values of blood plasma antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress parameters and blood plasma biochemical parameters were also found. Based on these results, we conclude that the mineral water Vincentka has a positive impact on development and symptoms of acute gastric ulcers.

The Association between Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastric Cancer: Results from the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project Consortium.

Simple SummaryGastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. In this meta-analysis, we utilized SToP consortium data to investigate the association between gastric ulcer (GU) and duodenal ulcer (DU) and development of GC. Among 4106 GC cases and 6922 controls, we detected a positive association between GU and GC (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 2.07–4.49). On the other hand, no significant association between DU and GC was detected (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.77–1.39). In the pooled analysis, incorporating 11 case–control studies revealed positive association between the gastric ulcer and risk of gastric cancer. Background. Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality. Although the risk of GC and peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is known to be increased by H. pylori infection, evidence regarding the direct relationship between PUD and GC across ethnicities is inconclusive. Therefore, we investigated the association between PUD and GC in the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) consortium. Methods. History of peptic ulcer disease was collected using a structured questionnaire in 11 studies in the StoP consortium, including 4106 GC cases and 6922 controls. The two-stage individual-participant data meta-analysis approach was adopted to generate a priori. Unconditional logistic regression and Firth’s penalized maximum likelihood estimator were used to calculate study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between gastric ulcer (GU)/duodenal ulcer (DU) and risk of GC. Results. History of GU and DU was thoroughly reported and used in association analysis, respectively, by 487 cases (12.5%) and 276 controls (4.1%), and 253 cases (7.8%) and 318 controls (6.0%). We found that GU was associated with an increased risk of GC (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 2.07–4.49). No association between DU and GC risk was observed (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.77–1.39). Conclusions. In the pooled analysis of 11 case–control studies in a large consortium (i.e., the Stomach cancer Pooling (StoP) consortium), we found a positive association between GU and risk of GC and no association between DU and GC risk.

Role of erosive and ulcerative gastric lesions in the development of hemorrhagic complications in liver cirrhosis

We present the results of the treatment of 135 patients with a hepatic form of portal hypertension (liver cirrhosis) that have been hospitalized in the clinic of the Department of Surgery No. 2 in Bogomolets National Medical University within the period from 2011 to 2020. The aim of our study was to reveal the factors of the development of erosive and ulcerative gastric lesions in liver cirrhosis and their role in the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications. Based on studies of the rheological properties of gastric mucus, it was found that one of the leading factors in the development of erosive and ulcerative stomach lesions in portal hypertension is increased transcapillary filtration in the edematous-ascitic stage of liver cirrhosis. As a result, portal stagnation and reduced colloid mucus-bicarbonate barrier of the stomach led to the development of actual gastric ulcers. Erosive and ulcerative lesions on a part of the gastric mucosa were found in 66 (48.9%) of patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and in 45.2% of cases (28 persons) they were complicated by gastric bleeding development. Pathogenetic treatment of gastric ulcer-erosive bleeding in portal hypertension, against the background of the use of endoscopic hemostasis, should be aimed at strengthening the protective properties of the mucous-bicarbonate barrier of the stomach. Successful results of surgical treatment were achieved in 64.3% of patients. The overall mortality in liver cirrhosis complicated by gastric bleeding from ulcerative lesions of the stomach was 21.4% (6 patients died), and postoperative mortality was 25% (2 patients died).

REVIEW ON STIMULATIONS OF THE SPREAD OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN IRAQ

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria are microaerophilic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit the human stomach and duodenum. If left untreated, it can lead to prolonged infection in human life. Numerous studies have shown that H. pylori infection can cause several important gastrointestinal diseases, ranging from chronic active gastritis without clinical symptoms to peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Most modern publications are devoted to the pathogenic properties of microorganisms in the development of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer, and methods for their eradication. Helicobacter pylori was the first officially recognized bacterial carcinogen and one of the most successful human pathogens, as more than half of the world's population is colonized by this Gram-negative bacterium. The disease course is the result of complex interactions between the host and bacteria. Host immunity gene polymorphisms and gastric acid secretion largely determine the ability of bacteria to colonize specific gastric niches. Bacterial virulence factors such as the cytotoxin-related gene pathogenicity island-encoded protein CagA and the vacuolar cytotoxin VacA support this colonization of the gastric mucosa and subsequently appear to regulate the host's immune system. This study focuses on the microbiological, clinical, and immunological aspects of H. pylori pathogenesis; it also reveals the prevalence of H. pylori in some Iraqi governorates

A Comprehensive Review on In-Situ Gel Drug Delivery System

Over the past ten years, in situ gelling drug delivery methods have attracted a lot of attention. Prior to injection, they are in a sol-state, and they can gel when exposed to a variety of endogenous stimuli, including temperature rise, pH changes, and the presence of ions. Such to accomplish the injection of a local or systemic medication, systems may be delivered by a variety of can also be employed effectively as carriers for nano- and microparticles that carry drugs. Natural or artificial or in conjunction with semi-artificial polymer exhibiting in situ gelling behaviour. For the development of such systems, coupling with mucoadhesive polymers is highly sought in order to prolong the duration spent at the site of action or absorption. Nasal drug administration is a superior option than oral and parental routes because of the high permeability of the nasal epithelium, rapid drug absorption, avoidance of hepatic first pass metabolism, improved bioavailability of the medication, and fewer adverse effects. adverse local and systemic effects, minimal dosage is required, Patient compliance has increased, direct distribution to the CNS and systemic circulation is available, and self-medication. The development of gastric ulcers can be prevented. Recent evidence indicates that many medications have greater oral bioavailability than nasal bioavailability. So, the focus of this review is on nasal drugs. Administration, various nasal architecture and physiology characteristics, the method of nasal absorption, and benefits, Evaluations of in situ gels' composition, use, and advantages and disadvantages.
 Keywords: Nasal formulation, sustained drug administration, mucoadhesive drug delivery system, and in-situ nasal gelation.

Repurposing dimethyl fumarate for gastric ulcer and ulcerative colitis: Evidence of local efficacy without systemic side effect

Ulcerative colitis and gastric ulcer are ulcers of gastrointestinal track, especially associated with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis and is considered useful in a variety of conditions associated with inflammation. We have investigated the effect of oral DMF (1, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg) in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. The effect of oral (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) and intracecal (15 mg/kg) DMF was also investigated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Treatment of DMF by oral route prevented the development of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers by decreasing oxidative stress in a dose-related manner. Oral and intracecal administration of DMF attenuated body weight loss, increase in disease activity score, colon length shortening, colon weight loss, inflammation and fibrosis, and decreased myeloperoxidase activity. Oral and intracecal DMF prevented a decrease in hemoglobin and suppressed oxidative stress, and also decreased MCP-1, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels in the inflamed colon. Unlike oral DMF, intracecal DMF treatment did not reduce spleen weight. The effect of intracecal DMF was similar to the highest tested dose of oral DMF (60 mg/kg). These results demonstrated that intracecal DMF suppresses inflammation and oxidative stress in ethanol and DSS-induced colitis without alteration of spleen weight. This suggests that the localized DMF administration could be beneficial approach of treating gastrointestinal ulcers.

Assessment of Gastric Acid Anti-Secretory Effects of Fraction Extracts of Piper guineense Leaf on Histamine-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats

Despite many etiological factors, gastric acid secretion is assumed to play a central role in the development of gastric ulcer. Blockade of gastric acid secretion therefore, seems to be the key therapeutic objective of gastric ulcer disease. Available acid-blocking/anti-secretory drugs used in the management of gastric ulcer are associated with high cost, unwanted side effects and treatment relapse. Extracts from plants can be useful and may serve as an alternative to conventional drugs in gastric ulcer management. This work was aimed at assessing the gastric acid anti-secretory effects of fractionated ethanol extract of Piper guineense leaf on histamine-induced ulcer in Wistar rats. This was conducted by administering orally, 400mg/kg of fraction extracts obtained by fractionation of ethanol-extracted residue, to fifty six adult Wistar rats randomized into eight groups (n=7) of animals followed by induction of ulcer with 40mg/kg histamine, orally. The effects of the plant extracts on histamine-induced ulcer, gastric pH and gastric volume were ascertained. From the results, all the extracts significantly (p<0.05) produced ulcer inhibition, increased gastric pH and reduced gastric volume. This study concludes that extracts of Piper guineense leaf possess antiulcer effects, which may occur via histamine-2-receptor blockade and/or anti-secretory mediated activities. Keywords: Gastric acid, Fraction extracts, Histamine, Anti­secretory, Piper guineense