Development Of E-learning Systems Research Articles

Student adoption of e-learning at makerere university during COVID-19: A structural equation modelling based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology

The onset of COVID-19 dealt a severe blow to the education sector in Uganda, leading to the mandatory closure of all learning institutions to mitigate the spread of the virus. Makerere University, a venerable institution in the region, was not exempt from this directive. The initial uptake of e-learning was sluggish due to various factors, including inadequate infrastructure, digital illiteracy among both students and some faculty members, and, most notably, a lack of preparedness in utilizing digital eLearning technologies. The objective of this study was to examine the factors that impacted students’ embrace of eLearning at Makerere University during the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing a quantitative approach, the study utilized questionnaires structured based on the nine constructs of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology model. Between August and December 2021, a questionnaire was distributed to 374 students from two colleges. Structured equation modelling was employed to assess 16 factors that were hypothesized to have an impact on adoption. Effort expectancy emerged as the most robust predictor. Likewise, the behaviour of utilizing eLearning technologies was predominantly impacted by facilitating conditions. Utilizing the UTAUT methodology, this study’s theoretical significance arises from our effort to broaden the existing literature on the utilization of video conferencing software (Zoom) in conjunction with a learning management system (MUELE) during the challenging period of COVID-19, an area that has not been extensively explored. The results offer insights into the embrace and approval of both systems within the framework of a developing nation. This study delivers valuable perspectives for developers of eLearning systems, emphasizing the importance of creating user-friendly platforms that enhance the learner experience. This includes the incorporation of intuitive designs and intelligent features such as chatbots and AI-driven tutoring systems, which adapt to the unique needs of students.

Exploring the Satisfaction and Continuance Intention to Use E-Learning Systems

In view of the global crisis that has increased the use of online learning, it is imperative to comprehend the factors that affect users' perceptions and behaviors when utilizing e-learning systems. In order to examine the impact of quality factors on user satisfaction and continuance intention using e-learning systems, this study integrates the Information Systems Success Model (ISSM) with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The aim of this research is to shed light on the relationships between the e-learning systems' quality, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, user satisfaction, and intention to continue using them. This research employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the research model. The analysis was grounded in survey data collected from a randomly selected sample of 372 students at Arab Open University in Saudi Arabia. The study's results confirm that information quality for platforms and courses positively influences perceived usefulness, system quality, and perceived ease of use. Additionally, perceived usefulness and ease of use are significantly linked to user satisfaction, supporting the notion that enhancing information quality contributes to higher user satisfaction and encourages continued engagement. The developers of e-learning systems and educational institutions may use these findings to enhance the design, content, and usability of their platforms.

Peranan penggunaan model pembelajaran e-learning dalam meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran

The rapid development of technology and information has influenced various aspects of life including in the field of education, therefore, educational institutions must be able to anticipate these developments by continuously striving for a program that is in accordance with the needs of students. then in the application it is necessary to make educational innovations, one of the educational innovations by implementing e-learning, e-learning is a new way in the teaching and learning process that uses electronic media, especially the internet as a learning system. The expectation of the e-learning system in the future is that the use of e-learning becomes more effective along with the development of technology and learning methods used. Elearning system development is also expected to not only take into account financial and profitability issues, but also pay attention to the psychological side of students and be able to accommodate the various personalities and ways of learning of each participant.

The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on the Jordanian higher education system.

This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 pandemic-induced E-learning in Jordanian higher education. Through a quantitative survey, the study analyzes the independent variables of system use and user satisfaction, finding that information quality and service quality significantly affect these variables and that user satisfaction notably impacts E-learning. System usage moderates these effects. This research comprehensively analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on Jordanian higher education, focusing on E-learning. It shows how information, system, and service quality affect system use and user satisfaction. The study also emphasizes these aspects' importance in E-learning platform effectiveness. The study offers actionable insights and recommendations to help Jordan establish more resilient and effective educational policies and practices that can adjust to higher education shocks. The study recommends establishing a specialized department to modify student intention to use E-learning systems, not only during the pandemic crisis but also after-ward, to improve familiarity with E-learning tools. This study provides insights into the pandemic's impact on Jordan's higher education system and suggests future approaches to enhance E-learning platforms. It contributes to the development of effective E-learning systems that can improve higher education standards by pinpointing the key effects of the pandemic on the independent variables and offering workable solutions. The study emphasizes the importance of information and service quality in improving user satisfaction and system usage in E-learning.

A Systematic Review of the Challenges of e-Learning Implementation in Sub-Saharan African Countries: 2016-2022

Even a cursory review of the research literature over the past two decades will reveal many e-learning implementation challenges facing sub-Saharan Africa Higher Education Institutions. The last available systematic review of these challenges was conducted in 2017. To address this gap and by following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, our systematic review aimed to find answers to the following two research questions: (a) What e-learning challenges were identified in research conducted in Higher Education Institutions in sub-Saharan Africa from 2016, and (b) Which e-learning challenges identified before 2016 remain and which are new? Using search terms and synonyms associated with e-learning challenges, three reviewers performed a Boolean search in Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus. After duplicates (113) were removed, a total of 353 potential articles were imported into a collaboration platform and filtered using the following inclusion criteria: (1) Higher Education Institutions in sub-Saharan Africa (2) English articles from 2016 to 2022 (3) user data on real-world e-learning implementations are available (4) use of a computer/mobile device excluding m-learning approaches and (5) blended or fully online courses. After a selection process where article sets were reviewed, rotated, and conflicts resolved, 25 articles that met the inclusion criteria formed the primary evidence base. After a data collection process and using selected Grounded Theory techniques, a total of 48 challenges, synthesised in 25 challenge categories, were identified across six themes: university-related (36 citations), instructor-related (20), access-related (14), LMS-related (10), student-related (9) and computer literacy-related (9). The main challenges categories were ICT infrastructure (14 citations), technical support (10) and student bandwidth (8), while the secondary challenges were mainly related to the instructor: commitment and capacity (7), capacity (6), LMS training (6) and instructional design and support (5). Suggestions are offered to address key challenges related to ICT infrastructure, technical support, and student bandwidth. Secondary challenges, which are mainly related to the instructor, are proposed to be resolved by a skilled and energetic instructional design and support team. Although many challenges identified before 2016 were reinforced in this investigation, no new challenges were identified. Overall, the number of citations for specific challenges shows that most challenges are context-specific, that is, limited to single HEIs. However, when combined in challenge categories and reflected as themes, the review reveals many challenges to remain persistent. To ensure that an institution, its instructors, and its students are geared and supported stepwise, a holistic top-down approach that considers all challenges is required. To achieve this, a recommendation for further research is the development of an updated SSA-specific checklist that can be used to rate e-learning readiness in terms of importance and context. The research aims to provide active researchers in the field with an update on the status of research on e-learning challenges in SSA, as well as to make decision-makers aware of potential challenges when implementing e-learning in the SSA context. This may result in better institutional strategies to support e-learning practitioners, as well as to ensure the effective development and implementation of e-learning management systems.

Mapping Research Themes and Future Directions in Learning Style Detection Research: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis

This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state and potential future research in learning style detection. With the increasing number and diversity of research in this area, a quantitative approach is necessary to map out current themes and identify potential areas for future research. To achieve this goal, a bibliometric and content analysis will be conducted to map out the existing research and identify emerging topics and directions for future research. The study analyzes 1074 bibliographic sources from Scopus and visualizes the results of the bibliometric analysis through co-occurrence and thematic map analysis using VOSviewer and BibliometriX software. Content analysis is then conducted based on the results of the co-occurrence analysis. The findings reveal a significant increase in publications and citations in the field, with popular research topics including classification, adaptive learning, and MOOCs, and the most frequently used learning style models being Felder-Silverman, VARK, and Kolb. Emerging research topics include the use of EEG signals, online learning, and feature extraction. Future research may focus on classification, intelligent tutoring systems, MOOCs, online learning, adaptive learning, and deep learning. This study provides valuable insights into the current and future research trends in learning style detection, which can support the development of adaptive e-learning systems, intelligent tutoring systems, and MOOCs. By identifying popular research topics and emerging areas of study, this research can guide the design and implementation of effective online learning environments. Additionally, the study advances the field of e-learning knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of the most frequently used learning style models and potential research areas. It sheds light on the ongoing development of learning style detection research and the potential for future advancements in the field, ultimately contributing to the growth and improvement of e-learning practices.

Analysis of E-Learning System Use Using Combined TAM and ECT Factors

The use of e-learning systems has become widespread in higher education institutions in Oman. However, understanding of factors that influence student acceptance and usage of these systems is lacking. This study combined the factors of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Expectation–Confirmation Theory (ECT) to examine the acceptance and use of e-learning systems by students in Omani HEIs. A survey was conducted with 220 students from Al-Buraimi University College in Oman to collect data on perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, behavioral intention, and e-learning system use. A model was created by merging eight interactions between TAM, ECT, and seven variables. The results showed that perceived usefulness and ease of use were significant predictors of students’ intention to use e-learning systems, and behavioral intention had a direct effect on the actual use of e-learning systems. These findings provide valuable insights for e-learning system designers, developers, and educators in Oman and similar contexts to design and implement e-learning systems that meet student needs and expectations.

Deep Analysis of Student Body Activities to Detect Engagement State in E-Learning Sessions

In this paper, we propose new 3D CNN prediction models for detecting student engagement levels in an e-learning environment. The first generated model classifies students’ engagement to high positive engagement or low positive engagement. The second generated model classifies engagement to low negative engagement or disengagement. To predict the engagement level, the proposed prediction models learn the deep spatiotemporal features of the body activities of the students. In addition, we collected a new video dataset for this study. The new dataset was collected in realistic, uncontrolled settings from real students attending real online classes. Our findings are threefold: (1) Spatiotemporal features are more suitable for analyzing body activities from video data; (2) our proposed prediction models outperform state-of-the-art methods and have proven their effectiveness; and (3) our newly collected video dataset, which reflects realistic scenarios, contributed to delivering comparable results to current methods. The findings of this work will strengthen the knowledge base for the development of intelligent and interactive e-learning systems that can give feedback based on user engagement.

Technologies for designing and programming big data in e-learning

Recently, e-education around the world is developing rapidly and the main problem is the timely provision of students with quality educational information. A significant impetus for this is the global epidemic of covid-19. The problem of implementing e-education cannot be solved without analysing the large flow of information coming into the information environment of e-education from participants in the educational process – students, teachers, administration, etc. In this environment, there are a large number of different types of data, both structured and unstructured, which are difficult to process by traditional statistical methods. The aim of the study is to show that the development and implementation of successful e-learning systems requires the use of new technologies that would allow the storage and processing of large data streams. Large amounts of disk space are required to store large data. It is shown that to solve this problem it is expedient to use cluster technology NAS (Network Area Storage), which allows to store information of educational institutions on NAS - servers and to have access to them from the Internet. To process and personalize Big Data in the e-learning environment, it is proposed to use technologies MapReduce, Hadoop, NoSQL and others. The article provides examples of the use of these technologies in the cloud environment. These technologies in e-learning make it possible to achieve flexibility, scalability, accessibility, security, confidentiality and ease of use of educational information. Another important problem of e-learning is the discovery of new, sometimes hidden, relationships in big data, new knowledge (data mining), which can be used to improve the educational process and increase the efficiency of its management. To classify electronic educational resources, identify patterns (patterns) of students with similar psychological, behavioural and intellectual characteristics, the development of individualized curricula in the article it is proposed to use methods of big data analysis. The article shows that to date, many software applications have been developed for big data mining. These software products can be used for classification, clustering, regression and network analysis of educational information. The application of these methods in e-education will allow teachers to receive timely information about students, to respond quickly to any changes in the learning process, to make timely changes to educational content. The obtained results of the research are offered to be used for development of recommendations at creation of electronic courses in higher and secondary educational institutions of Ukraine.

PEMBANGUNAN E-LEARNING SENI BUDAYA BALI BERBASIS WEB

Gahita.Com is a web-based e-learning platform, which provides videos for learning Balinese art and culture. The development of a Web-based Balinese Cultural Arts e-Learning information system on Gahita.Com has been successfully completed in accordance with the Team's agreement. Development is carried out using the Scrum Method where the work is organized into a unit called a backlog so that each progress can be easily tracked. Functionality testing carried out using the blackbox testing method on the development of Gahita e-Learning which consists of Login, User Profile, e-Learning Access, Quiz and Certificate can be said to work as expected. Testing is carried out by testers or product owners without knowing the details of the code implementation of the features or functionality being tested, so that the testing phase can be carried out more flexibly without considering the code aspect. The qualitative approach between the author and the resource person resulted in an alarming statement for the future of cultural arts being eroded by globalization which was considered to have a negative impact so that an e-learning information system was built in which there was a digital library which is expected to be useful for the next generation of cultural arts in Bali.

DEVELOPMENT OF E-LEARNING IN DEVELOPING WORLD COUNTRIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE IN INDIA AND ITS FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

From ancient period India was famous for her universities and culture of different branches of arts-science- polity. Students from different countries visited India with aim for studying famous universities like Takshila, Nalanda, and Bikramshila so on. Not only India but also all over the globe education system was based on concepts of “Guru-Sisya”, “ Pir-Murid”, “ Master-Apprentice”, “Teacher-Student”. However, during late 20th and early 21st Century, human world witnessed remarkable advancement in information and communication technology sector. According to some scholars, this development can be seen as “3rd industrial revolution”. Education sector has been also affected and changed greatly by these advancements. E- learning/Distance learning is emerging trend of modern academia’s-leaning can be defined as “Learning experiences in both synchronous and asynchronous platforms with internet access”. In Western World this E- learning system and facilities are not too new. J.Stor. Pro-Quest, Google scholar, Project Guttenberg, Y- Tube, Slide-Share etc provide open/paid access scholarly journals, books, power point presentations for quite long periods. In India, Indian Govt and semi- Govt. institutions are trying to provide e-learning facilities to their students as per their economic-technical capabilities. It is my aim in this study to analyses development of e-learning system in 3rd world countries with special reference of India and its future perspectives.

The role of web engineering in e-learning application development: a review study

Web engineering is a growing multidisciplinary paradigm that has hardly begun to curiosity the interest, researchers, and other key actors involved in developing web-based systems. Therefore, the effect of web engineering applications on e-learning systems should be investigated to guarantee that the web’s potential for supporting the learning process is appropriately used. The objective of the study highlights the advantages, benefits, and contributions of web engineering in developing e-learning systems. This is qualitative research. The primary data was collected via an in-depth study of pertinent research studies. The second tool was an interview with the e-learning systems developers. The results showed that the most influential web engineering tools to develop e-learning systems. Moreover, the main areas of development of e-learning systems include changing the learning environment characteristics, changing student behaviour, changing roles, and incorporating artificial intelligence (AI). The results also showed that web applications' main challenges in e-learning systems include technologies, adaptability, lack of experience and training, lack of funding, changing student preferences and needs, the gap between the mobile and computer versions, and security threats, job-overload, and time. It was found that web engineering has a significant role in developing e-learning applications.

Developing E-learning Systems in Arabic Universities in light of Some Contemporary Experiences

Aim of the study was determined in developing e-learning systems in Arabic universities in light of some contemporary experiences. The study followed the descriptive approach, i.e. survey and analytic methods. Content analysis method was used. Population and sample of the study consisted of (24) elements of literature and information resources. After analyzing the collected data, the study concluded with the following results. There are several challenges encountering Arabic universities regarding application of e-learning. Some of those challenges are: poor technological institutional capacity of universities, lack of planning and strategic vision, spread of technological illiteracy, low implementation of modern technologies in teaching and research, in university administration, shortage of funding, poor technological skills among university stuff. The study presented five Arabic and regional experiences in e-learning. These experiences are from Iraq, Jordon, Oman Sultanate, Malaysia, and Qatar. These experiences were explored in terms of proactive procedures, then procedures during implementation, and experience evaluation. The study concluded with determining several requirements of development of e-learning systems in Arabic universities, which were categorized into six categories. In light of results, some relevant-to-study-topic recommendations and suggestions were offered.

Exploring the acceptance for e-learning among higher education students in India: combining technology acceptance model with external variables.

The concept of e-learning has now become fundamental in student learning process. This concept becomes even more relevant in situations of global crisis such as that arising from COVID-19. Since this pandemic there have been tectonic shifts in the education sector. Effective implementation of e-learning in higher education depends on students’ adoption of this technology. So, this study aimed to identify the factors influencing the behavioral intentions and actual usage of students in adopting e-learning. Additionally, it also examined the mediation effects among different latent constructs. Based on technology acceptance model (TAM), an explanatory structural model of technology acceptance was tested along with introduction of three external variables. To do this, a quantitative investigation was conducted using an online survey of higher education students in India, obtaining 570 responses. The structural model was examined through the partial least square structural equation modeling. Results obtained make it possible to validate the proposed model as findings explains the 56.2% variance of actual usage. In addition, it shows the direct and indirect effect of all three selected external variables of personal innovativeness, social factors and self-efficacy on the main constructs of TAM. The findings of this study are relevant for the higher education management, administration, e-learning system developers, marketers and researchers for improving the effective usage of e-learning by developing more focused and customized learning solutions.

The Significance of Adopting E-Learning in Institutions of Higher Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond

The confirmation of the first case of the Covid-19 pandemic in Kenya on 13thMarch 2020 led to suspension of face-to-face learning and closure of all schools and institutions of higher learning. In order to avoid massive loss in the development of human capital with significant long-term economic and social implications, institutions of higher learning were asked to adopt alternative ways and means to face-to-face instructional methods to enable learning to continue. This study points out that E-Learning had been widely adopted by Institutions of higher learning worldwide prior to COVID-19 pandemic. To date Institutions of higher learning have continued to use E-Learning in a blended mode in order to reduce the potential of COVID-19 transmission. The development of Information Technology, acceptance of E-Learning system by learners and instructors, prior experience in the use of E-learning platforms and need for self directed learning are some of the factors that have accelerated the adoption of E-Learning by institutions of higher learning worldwide. The findings of this paper show that the adoption of E-Learning by institutions of higher learning has numerous benefits and advantages. This study recommends that institutions of higher learning should involve all stakeholders in the development and implementation of E-Learning systems, develop E-Learning policies, carry out capacity building and change management, avail continuous technical support to learners and educators so that e-Learning is widely accepted and adopted

Data Mining Studies in Education: Literature Review For The Years 2014-2020

Data mining is one of the important and beneficial technological developments in education and its usage area is becoming widespread day by day as it includes applications that contribute positively to teaching activities. It is possible to make teaching activities more effective and efficient by transforming the raw data in the field of education into meaningful using data mining techniques. Studies carried out in the field of education between 2014-2020 with data mining methods were scanned from the "Science Direct" database. It was determined that 60 articles from the scanning studies were directly related to data mining in education. The studies include issues such as the development of e-learning systems, pedagogical support, clustering of educational data, and student performance predictions. These selected articles were analyzed in terms of purpose, application area, method, and contribution to the literature. The aim of the study is to group the work carried out in the field of education under specific headings using the data mining process, to evaluate its methods and objectives, and to direct the individuals who will work in this field.

Engagement Detection Based on Analyzing Micro Body Gestures Using 3D CNN

This paper proposes a novel, efficient and affordable approach to detect the students’ engagement levels in an e-learning environment by using webcams. Our method analyzes spatiotemporal features of e-learners’ micro body gestures, which will be mapped to emotions and appropriate engagement states. The proposed engagement detection model uses a three-dimensional convolutional neural network to analyze both temporal and spatial information across video frames. We follow a transfer learning approach by using the C3D model that was trained on the Sports-1M dataset. The adopted C3D model was used based on two different approaches; as a feature extractor with linear classifiers and a classifier after applying fine-tuning to the pre-trained model. Our model was tested and its performance was evaluated and compared to the existing models. It proved its effectiveness and superiority over the other existing methods with an accuracy of 94%. The results of this work will contribute to the development of smart and interactive e-learning systems with adaptive responses based on users’ engagement levels.

A Study on the Development of E-Learning System for Java Programming

Learning Java programming can be tedious and difficult for beginners. In addition, traditional teaching methods can be insufficient in acquiring an understanding of the entire Java programming concepts, enhanced coding abilities, and improved problem-solving skills. Lack of resources, files being easily deleted in computers, and poor academic performance were some of the identified problems that led to students’ very low competence in Java programming. This paper aims to develop an E-Learning system that would help solve or at least minimize the problems of students in learning Java programming. The expected users of the developed system are the students learning Java programming, the Instructors who will be managing the lessons, and the designated Administrator who will be in-charge in managing the accounts of students and instructors. The proposed E-Learning system for Java programming was evaluated by both the Information Technology (IT) experts and the students as the end-users. The evaluation results in general revealed that the developed E-learning for Java Programming is acceptable among IT experts and end-users.

Construction of a Standardized Tongue Image Database for Diagnostic Education: Development of a Tongue Diagnosis e-Learning System.

Tongue examination is an important diagnostic method for judging pathological conditions in Kampo (traditional Japanese medicine), but it is not easy for beginners to learn the diagnostic technique. One reason is that there are few objective diagnostic criteria for tongue examination findings, and the educational method for tongue examination is not standardized in Japan, warranting the need for a tongue image database for e-learning systems that could dramatically improve the efficiency of education. Therefore, we constructed a database comprising tongue images whose findings were determined on the basis of votes given by five Kampo medicine specialists (KMSs) and confirmed the educational usefulness of the database for tongue diagnosis e-learning systems. The study was conducted in the following five steps: development of a tongue imaging collection system, collection of tongue images, evaluation and annotation of tongue images, development of a tongue diagnosis e-learning system, and verification of the educational usefulness of this system. Five KMSs evaluated the tongue images obtained from 125 participants in the following eight aspects: (i) tongue body size, (ii) tongue body color, (iii) tongue body dryness and wetness, (iv) tooth marks on the edge of the tongue, (v) cracks on the surface of the tongue, (vi) thickness of tongue coating, (vii) color of tongue coating, and (viii) dryness and wetness of tongue coating. Medical students (MSs) were given a tongue diagnosis test using an e-learning system after a lecture on tongue diagnosis. The cumulative and individual match rates (%) (individual match rates of 100% (5/5), 80% (4/5), and 60% (3/5) are shown in parentheses, respectively) were as follows: (i) tongue body size: 92.8 (26.4/26.4/40.0); (ii) tongue body color: 83.2 (10.4/20.8/52.0); (iii) tongue body dryness and wetness: 88.8 (13.6/34.4/40.8); (iv) tooth marks on the edge of the tongue: 88.8 (6.4/35.2/47.2); (v) cracks on the surface of the tongue: 96.8 (24.0/35.2/37.6); (vi) thickness of tongue coating: 84.8 (7.2/21.6/56.0); (vii) color of tongue coating: 88.0 (15.2/37.6/35.2); and (viii) dryness and wetness of tongue coating: 74.4 (4.8/19.2/50.4). The test showed that the tongue diagnosis ability of MSs who attended a lecture on tongue diagnosis was almost the same as that of KMSs. We successfully constructed a tongue image database standardized for training specialists on tongue diagnosis and confirmed the educational usefulness of the e-learning system using a database. This database will contribute to the standardization and popularization of Kampo education.

E-Learning System Development: Challenges and Threats in the Digital Economy

In the context of the digital transformation of all socio-economic processes of society and the complex situation with «live» communication (as a result of the coronavirus pandemic), in Russia and other countries of the world, the problem of organizing an effective e-learning system at all levels of education is first on the agenda. In the Russian Federation, the solution to this problem is currently being exacerbated by the digital inequality of territories that has developed for various reasons. This situation is explained by many factors, including the level of availability of high-speed Internet, the level of digitalization of the local telephone network, the cost of IT services in various regions of our country. The article identified the current problems of the modern system of electronic (distance) education in the Russian Federation, revealed the impact of these problems on the practice of digital learning, examined the challenges and threats of implementing the e-learning system in practice, including those related to the digital inequality of Russian territories. The authors presented an analysis of statistical data that characterize the level of students’ access to broadband internet in various regions of Russia, which is required for the normal functioning of modern educational platforms. As a result of the analysis, the authors of the article formulated proposals to reduce the risks of distance education, as well as possible ways of its improvement.