Development Of Depression In Adolescents Research Articles

Parenting Style in Single-parent Family Influence on the Development of Adolescent Depression

Parenting styles have been shown through empirical studies to be a central determinant in the depression of youth throughout the past decades. This review examines the two most dominant negative parenting styles in single-parent families and explores how single parents with two negative parenting styles contribute to adolescent depression. Based on the special economic constraints and excessive parenting responsibilities, single parents are apt to adopt authoritarian parenting and neglect parenting styles, in which authoritarian parenting styles presenting restrictive rules and harsh punishments will lead to low-level parenting self-esteem and high levels of emotional disturbances for teenagers. Also, neglectful parenting styles which are characterized by fewer parental involvements will significantly impair the adolescents disability to express and manage emotions. The conclusion is that authoritarian parenting style and neglectful parenting style negatively influence adolescent depression in single-parent families. This review provides a perspective on the impact of single-parent family background on adolescent depression. Future research should focus on how to help parents develop appropriate parenting styles to decrease the risks of suffering depression for adolescents.

Sex-specific inflammatory markers of risk and presence of depression in adolescents

BackgroundAssociations between inflammatory markers and depression are reported among adults; however, less is known in adolescent depression in particular whether these associations are sex-specific. We aimed to identify inflammatory markers of increased risk and presence of depression in adolescence and their association with severity of depressive symptoms in the entire cohort and separately in boys and girls. MethodsWe measured serum cytokines using a Meso Scale Discovery electrochemiluminescence V-PLEX assay in a cohort of 150 adolescents stratified for risk/presence of depression. Risk group and sex-specific differences in inflammatory markers were assessed with 2-way mixed ANOVA, and sex-moderated associations between inflammatory markers and the severity of depressive symptoms were assessed with moderated multiple hierarchical regression analyses. ResultsWe found a significant interaction between biological sex and the risk group, where boys showed higher interleukin (IL)-2 levels among the depressed group compared with the low-risk group. The severity of depressive symptoms was associated with elevated levels of IL-2 in boys, and of IL-6 in girls. There was a significant moderating effect of sex on the relationship between IL-2 and the severity of depressive symptoms but not for IL-6. LimitationsThe cross-sectional design means that we cannot be certain about the direction of the associations. ConclusionsOur findings suggest sex-specific associations between inflammatory markers and the development of adolescent depression, where IL-2 may increase risk for depression and severity of depressive symptoms in boys, but not in girls. However, IL-6 may increase risk for more severe depressive symptoms in girls.

How Obstructed Action Efficacy Impacts Reward-Based Decision Making in Adolescent Depression: An fMRI Study

Disruption of reward seeking behavior by unforeseen obstacles can promote negative affect, including frustration and irritability, in adolescents. Repeated experiences of obstructed reward may in fact contribute to the development of depression in adolescents. However, the neurocognitive mechanisms whereby goal disruption impacts reward processing in adolescent depression have not yet been characterized. The present study addresses this gap using neuroimaging and a novel paradigm to assess how incidental action obstruction impacts reward-based decision-making. We assessed 62 unmedicated adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD; mean age=15.6, SD=1.4, 67% female participants) and 68 matched healthy control participants (mean age=15.3, SD=1.4, 50% female participants) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they played a card game in which they had to guess between two options to earn points, in low- and high-stake conditions. Functioning of button presses through which they made decisions was intermittently blocked, thereby blocking action efficacy. Participants with MDD made fewer button press repetitions in response to action efficacy obstruction, which was more apparent in the low-stake condition (Rate Ratio =0.85, p=0.034). During response repetition across stake conditions, MDDs exhibited higher activation in regions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, caudate, and putamen (F(1,125)= 16.4-25.6, df=1,125; ps<0.001; Hedges' g=0.85-0.98). Adolescent with depression tend to exhibit less flexible behavioral orientation in the face of blocked action efficacy, and abnormalities in neural systems critical to regulating negative affect during reward-based decision-making. This research highlights possible mechanisms relevant to understanding and treating affective dysregulation in adolescent depression.

Patterns of Mother, Father, and Peer Attachment Quality as Moderators of Child Maltreatment Risk for Depression and PTSD Symptoms in Adolescent Females.

Child maltreatment (CM) is a robust risk factor for adolescent depressive and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Quality attachment relationships have been posited as a protective factor but findings are equivocal and studies have not adequately considered the complex network of interpersonal relationships that adolescents rely on. The current study applied a person-centered approach to (a) identify subgroups of adolescent females characterized by distinct patterns of attachment quality with peers, fathers, and mothers and (b) determine if the effect of maltreatment on depressive and PTSD symptoms varied as a function of distinct patterns of attachment quality. Data came from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of 464 racially diverse and adolescent females designed to examine the developmental sequelae of substantiated CM (260 maltreated and 204 demographically matched, nonmaltreated comparisons). Latent profile analysis (LPA) revealed four profiles of attachment characterized by: (a) above-average attachment quality across all three relationships (N = 207, 44.6%); (b) below-average quality with father and friends and above-average quality with mothers (N = 128, 27.6%); (c) below-average quality across all three relationships (N = 106, 22.9%); and (d) very low-(-1 SD) quality with mothers and above-average quality with fathers and friends (N = 23, 5.0%). Moderation models revealed that cumulative maltreatment exposure resulted in greater adolescent depressive symptoms only for those with a profile of attachment consisting of very low-quality maternal attachment and high-quality father and friend attachments. Profiles did not significantly moderate the effect of maltreatment on PTSD symptoms. Results identify subgroups of maltreatment survivors most vulnerable to the development of depression in adolescence. Such groups should be targets for the provision of finite clinical resources with clinical interventions that seek to promote healthy maternal attachment relationships to mitigate the impact of maltreatment on depression.

Uticaj socijalnih mreža na razvoj zavisnosti kod adolescenata

With the development of civilization the rate of adoption of new technologies has been increased drastically, and the researches show that media are generally adopted faster than other forms of new technologies. In this sense, the Internet has become a global phenomenon in a short period of time. A significant place in the variety of interactive communications on the Internet is occupied by social networks. They become an inevitable way to communicate, make contact, follow events and connect with the environment. Social networks such as Tik Tok, Instagram, Snapchat, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and many others have escalated into imperative usage, especially among young people. These are specific online communities, where users (especially young people) try to create their profiles in a creative and fun way, start communication, and some individuals also try to make money. In the last few years, the question of the real consequences of computer usage and the Internet usage especially by children, has become a new and very dynamic area of research. A large number of documents are being written about the consequences of using these innovations on the intellectual, emotional and social development of children, adolescents and adults. The work of a nurse as a member of a team in the prevention of addiction to the Internet and social networks is extremely important, especially in the field of counseling, which refers to a wide range of technically simpler psychological therapies, from giving advice, through compassionate listening to young people struggling with depressive disorders, to structured ways encouraging young people to solve problems. The aim of this paper is to consider the influence of social networks on the development of depression in adolescents, as well as the importance of nurses as educators of young people in the prevention of depressive disorders. A descriptive method is used in the paper in order to consider the influence of social networks on the development of depression in adolescents, as well as the role and importance of the nurse in educating young people about the risks of inappropriate use of social networks.

Perceived Support from Best Friends and Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence: Disentangling Personal from Dyadic Level Effects

Support from best friends is an important interpersonal factor in adolescent depression development but is often studied from an individual perspective in which dyadic effects are overlooked. This study aims to a) test whether differences in support vary at the individual level and are related to individual differences in the development of depressive symptoms, whether these differences vary at the dyadic level and are related to dyadic depression symptom development, or both, b) explore whether these associations are moderated by initial levels of depressive symptoms on the individual and/or dyadic level. Data from 452 adolescents (Mage = 13.03), nested in 226 same-gender friendship dyads (60.6% boy-dyads) who participated in the RADAR-Y project were included. Best friends self-reported annually (2006–2008; 3 waves) on their own depressive symptoms and perceived support from their friend. Multilevel models showed no direct association between support and depression development on the individual or dyadic level. However, the initial level of dyads’ depressive symptoms moderated the association between dyadic support and dyads’ subsequent depression symptom development. When dyads experienced relatively more initial depressive symptoms, higher levels of dyadic support were associated with relative increasing dyadic depressive symptoms. When dyads experienced relatively few initial depressive symptoms, higher levels of dyadic support were associated with relative decreasing dyadic depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that support from best friends can either protect against or exacerbate the development of depressive symptoms for friends, depending on the initial level of depressive symptoms of the dyad.

Cortisol and development of depression in adolescence and young adulthood - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cortisol and development of depression in adolescence and young adulthood - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Gender Disparities in Dropping out of High School Students and their Level of Depression

Background: A drop-out can be defined as a child who enrols in school but fails to complete the relevant level of the educational cycle. It is usually associated with non-enrolment and a lower percentage of girls than boys in the school system. High school dropouts are more likely to be on welfare, have poorer health, have reduced intergenerational mobility, become teenage parents, unemployed, depressed, have substance abuse problems, engage in violent behaviours, and end up incarcerated. Adolescent depression is a mental and emotional disorder affecting adolescents and teens. According to WHO, globally depression is the number one cause of illness and disability in adolescent age group. Depression increases a teen’s risk for attempting suicide by 12 times and 30% of teens with depression also develop a substance abuse problem.&#x0D; Objective: To find out the gender disparities in dropping out of high school students and their level of depression.&#x0D; Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done in Adarsha Sadar, Cumilla, Bangladesh in between January 2014 to December 2014. Study sample was 339 adolescents of 13-19 years of that area. By purposive sampling technique data were collected through a pretested, semi-structed, interview questionnaire. Back Depression Inventory scale was used to assess the level of depression.&#x0D; Results: Proportion of male drop out adolescent was 54% and female drop out adolescents 46%. 44.5% adolescents had depression and a positive association was found between adolescent depression and dropping out from high school.&#x0D; Conclusions: There is an apparent gender gap among the high school dropouts, with more male adolescents dropping out than females. A positive association was found between the high school dropouts and the development of adolescent depression.&#x0D; Eastern Med Coll J. Jan 2023; 8 (1), 1-5

Cannabis Use and the Development of Depression in Adolescents: Is There an Established Linear Relationship Between the Two?

The period of adolescence is a stage during which individuals experience several physical and psychological changes which increase their vulnerabilities to environmental influences. Cannabis exposure is one environmental factor that may put their health at risk. Various research agree that a connection exists between the onset of depression and cannabis use. Cannabis can affect the adolescents’ brain, making them susceptible to depression. Depression is a disorder that manifests in a myriad of ways that can be detrimental to individuals. This problem is not only confined to the individuals themselves, but it is also a societal problem. The relationship that exists between cannabis use and depression is an extremely complex one. This study’s main objective is to review previously conducted research regarding the association between cannabis use and depression in adolescents.

The relationship between childhood abuse and depression among adolescents: The mediating role of school connectedness and psychological resilience

BackgroundAdolescent depression is a major public health concern worldwide, and depressive symptoms among adolescents in Chinese secondary school increase with grade. Although numerous studies noted that childhood abuse was associated with the development of depression in adolescents, the underlying mediators involved in this pathway remain unclear. Therefore, our study aims to explore whether psychological resilience and school connectedness mediate the association between childhood abuse and depression among Chinese adolescents. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was carried out among 1607 adolescents at four high schools located in Henan Province, Central China. Structural equation modeling was performed to determine whether psychological resilience and school connectedness mediate the influence of childhood abuse on depression. ResultsFindings revealed that childhood abuse was directly (β = 0.410, p < 0.001) and indirectly (β = 0.141, p < 0.001) related to depression. Specifically, psychological resilience (β = 0.018, p = 0.009), school connectedness (β = 0.087, p < 0.001), and school connectedness together with psychological resilience (β = 0.036, p < 0.001) partially mediated the relationship between childhood abuse and depression. ConclusionsThe detrimental impact of childhood abuse on adolescents' depression may be reduced by fostering psychological resilience and school connectedness.

Neuropsychological and Personality Development of Adolescents with Depressive Disorders

The article provides a theoretical and methodological analysis of the neuropsychological and personality development of adolescents with depressive disorders. The equal role of biological and psychological factors in the development of adolescent depression is emphasized. The neuropsychological symptom complex of depressive disorders in adolescence is considered. The emotional and motivational features of personal development in the context of adolescent neurodevelopment are analyzed. We have noted strong mutual influences of neuropsychological and personal development of an adolescent; neurohormonal mechanisms of child behavior; connection of neuropsychological mechanisms of depressive disorders of psychogenic origin and character accentuations of asthenic, hypotensive, hysteroid type; propensity of teenagers to reactive depression with sensitive and labile character accentuations.To effectively prevent suicides, neuropsychocorrection of mental states in adolescents and implementation of a sociopsychological program for their personal development, and timely diagnosis of symptoms of depression and psychotherapeutic intervention have been proposed. A program for the development of emotional self-regulation in adolescents with depressive disorders and neuropsychological correction of their depressive states has been developed. A preventive and psycho-corrective program for expanding internal resources, reducing the risk of suicidal tendencies and overcoming depressive disorders in an adolescent, taking into account neuropsychological and personal developmental features of adolescence, has been proposed.

P289. Cortisol and Development of Depression in Adolescence and Young Adulthood - A Meta-Analysis

Previous evidence in adults suggests the involvement of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, less is known in the context of depression in adolescence and young adulthood, in particular in low-and-middle-income countries. To address this, we conducted a meta-analysis of worldwide studies investigating the relationship between cortisol, as a measure of HPA axis activity, and MDD in youth.

Healthy emotions and relationships with teens-a guide for parents: An intervention development study of a parent-based intervention for adolescents with depression.

Problems in parent-adolescent relationships are a significant risk factor for the development of depression in adolescents. This paper describes the development of a novel and innovative intervention for parents of depressed adolescents that targets attachment-related parenting behaviors, including parent responses to adolescents' emotions (Healthy Emotions and Relationships with Teens-A Guide for Parents [HEART-P]; Reigstad, 2017) and provides results of an open pilot study that was conducted to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. 15 parents/parent dyads of adolescents (age 12-18) with a depression diagnosis (14mothers, and one father) participated in a 10-week open trial of HEART-P. Data regarding acceptability and feasibility were collected. Self-report measures of parenting, stress, family relationships, and adolescent depression were also completed by parents at baseline, week 10, and 2months post-intervention. Parents completed the intervention with 100% adherence to the protocol and expressed high levels of satisfaction. Parents reported reductions in parenting stress, improvement in the quality of their relationship with their adolescent, and improvement in the perception of their parenting skills, with effect sizes in the medium to large range. Adolescents reported reductions in depression, with effect sizes in the small to medium range. Outcomes appear positive and promising, and the intervention was feasible to implement and acceptable to families. Conducting a full-scale randomized control trial to evaluate the efficacy of this newly developed intervention is warranted and timely given the public health need for improved depression treatment outcomes.

Effect of Parenting Style on Adolescent Depression

Background: Parenting style refers to the attitudes and behaviors of parents toward their children and an emotional environment in which the parents’ behaviors are expressed. Behavioral problems including externalizing and internalizing problems are amongst the most common mental health issues. Thus, to prevent the development of depression, it is necessary to understand the parenting styles. Objective: To determine the parenting style of parents of depressed adolescents. Study Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Child &amp; Adolescent Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, Benazir Bhutto Hospital Rawalpindi from 31st January to 31st July 2020. Methodology: One hundred and fifty adolescents were enrolled. The presence of depression in adolescent patients was assessed by using the Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM-D). For parenting style, the adolescent patients were asked to answer the Parental Authority Questionnaire. Results: Mean age was 15.90±2.82 years. 53 (35.3%) were male adolescents and 97 (64.7%) were female adolescents. Twenty two (14.7%), 75 (50%) and 53 (35.3%) patients had mild, moderate and severe depression. Eighty five (56.7%), 50 (33.3%) and 15 (10%) had authoritarian, permissive and authoritative parenting style respectively. Conclusion: The study reveals strong relation between depression and impaired parenting and emphasizes that parents should have warm and nurturing relationship with their children as it provides protection against the development of depression in adolescents. Keywords: Depression, Adolescents, Parenting style, Authoritarian, Permissive and authoritative parenting style

Bio-Psychosocial Impact on the Development of Depression in Adolescents

Depression is a complex and multi-layered mental health disorder, which leads to a loss of interest in the person's usual daily life activities with apparent low moods that last for an extended period and feelings of hopelessness. Depression is prevalent among all age groups, including adolescents, with devastating consequences that pose a public health concern. This paper analyzed the bio-psychosocial impacts on the development of depression in adolescents. The paper demonstrated that the onset of depression in adolescents is facilitated by bio-psychosocial factors of a biological, psychological, and social nature. Taking cognizance of the vulnerable nature of the adolescent developmental stage, this paper gave an expository explanation of the bio-psychosocial factors affecting the development of depression in adolescents. Proper understanding of and identifying the bio-psychosocial factors promulgating depression in adolescents underscores the need for propounding protective factors that could facilitate adequate prevention and intervention to mitigate the development of depression in adolescents.

Inflammatory pathways of depression in adolescents – Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence (IDEA) study

While the role of inflammation in adult depression is well documented, less is known in the context of adolescent depression. Our study aims to identify inflammatory markers associated with increased risk and presence of adolescent depression We recruited 150 adolescents stratified into 3 groups based on the depression risk score previously developed by our team: 1) low risk of developing depression, 2) high risk of developing depression, 3) current depression. Each group included 25 girls and 25 boys. We measured serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) using multiplex assay. Depression diagnosis was assessed by a structured clinical interview and dimensional depression with a self-report scale. We found a significant interaction between gender and the risk group on IL-2 levels. In boys, IL-2 increased from low risk to high risk reaching the highest levels in the depressed group (F=5.47, p<.01). Higher IL-2 in boys (rs=.38, p<.01), and IL-6 in girls (rs=.29, p=.01) were associated with more severe depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest a gender specific role of inflammatory pathways in the development of adolescent depression.

Delving into the detail: Greater episodic detail in narratives of a critical life event predicts an increase in adolescent depressive symptoms across one year

Depressed people have reduced ability to recall specific autobiographical memories, yet the role of reduced memory specificity in the development of adolescent depression is unclear. Two reasons are the limited longitudinal studies with this age group and the dominant use of just one measure of memory specificity, the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; Williams & Broadbent, 1986). In the current one-year longitudinal study, community adolescents (N = 132, M = 16.13 years at Time 1) wrote about a life turning point, and their narratives were coded with respect to the amount of episodic and semantic detail. Participants also completed an adapted version of the Minimal Instructions AMT. Greater episodic detail in young people's turning point narrative was positively associated with depressive symptoms separately at Times 1 and 2, and uniquely predicted increases in depressive symptoms across the year. A non-positive valence of the turning point resolution also positively predicted Time 2 depressive symptoms. In contrast, specificity as assessed by the AMT did not predict such an increase. The results suggest that episodic detail in highly self-relevant narratives may be a sensitive predictor of increases in adolescent depressive symptoms across time. We consider excessive self focus and retrieval style as potential explanations of our findings.

Depression in adolescents exposed to war trauma Risk factors for development of depression in adolescents exposed to war trauma: does PTSD matter?

Background: Depression is frequently comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substantially influences its severity, course and outcomes. Published studies linking war-related paediatric PTSD and Major depressive disorder (MDD) were mainly based on cross-sectional studies. Objective: To prospectively examine the role of PTSD and other risk/protective factors in the development of depression among adolescents with war-related trauma. Methods: A longitudinal study of 160 adolescents aged 15–17 years with war-related trauma and displacement due to war in Eastern Ukraine was performed. Of the 160 adolescents, N = 86 met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-4) criteria for PTSD. All adolescents underwent comprehensive psychiatric assessments that included Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) administered to both parents and children. Traumatic exposure was assessed using the modified Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for children (TESI-C). PTSD and MDD were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA) and Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), and diagnosed using DSM-4 criteria. Follow-up and repeated measurements occurred at 6 and 12 months. During the study, adolescents requiring clinical care were referred for best available care in the community. Results: Among 92.6% of study completers, 26/79 youth with PTSD developed MDD (32.9%), compared to 6/70 without PTSD (8.5%): relative risk (RR) = 3.83 (95% CI 1.67-8.78), p = 0.0014; Number needed to harm (NNTH) = 4.108 (8.53–2.7). Using logistic regression, variables of school attendance, ‘secondary’ traumatic exposure, and treatment with Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) were significantly correlated with the incidence of new-onset depression among adolescents with PTSD. Conclusions: War-related trauma with subsequent PTSD appears to be a significant risk factor for the later development of depression in adolescents. The role of PTSD as a moderator of depression merits further investigation in larger scale longitudinal studies in diverse populations.

Depression in adolescents exposed to war trauma Risk factors for development of depression in adolescents exposed to war trauma: does PTSD matter?

Abstract Background Depression is frequently comorbid with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substantially influences its severity, course and outcomes. Published studies linking war-related paediatric PTSD and Major depressive disorder (MDD) were mainly based on cross-sectional studies. Objective To prospectively examine the role of PTSD and other risk/protective factors in the development of depression among adolescents with war-related trauma. Methods A longitudinal study of 160 adolescents aged 15–17 years with war-related trauma and displacement due to war in Eastern Ukraine was performed. Of the 160 adolescents, N = 86 met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-4) criteria for PTSD. All adolescents underwent comprehensive psychiatric assessments that included Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) administered to both parents and children. Traumatic exposure was assessed using the modified Traumatic Events Screening Inventory for children (TESI-C). PTSD and MDD were assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents (CAPS-CA) and Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R), and diagnosed using DSM-4 criteria. Follow-up and repeated measurements occurred at 6 and 12 months. During the study, adolescents requiring clinical care were referred for best available care in the community. Results Among 92.6% of study completers, 26/79 youth with PTSD developed MDD (32.9%), compared to 6/70 without PTSD (8.5%): relative risk (RR) = 3.83 (95% CI 1.67–8.78), p = 0.0014; Number needed to harm (NNTH) = 4.108 (8.53–2.7). Using logistic regression, variables of school attendance, ‘secondary’ traumatic exposure, and treatment with Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) were significantly correlated with the incidence of new-onset depression among adolescents with PTSD. Conclusions War-related trauma with subsequent PTSD appears to be a significant risk factor for the later development of depression in adolescents. The role of PTSD as a moderator of depression merits further investigation in larger scale longitudinal studies in diverse populations.

Depressive Symptoms among Junior High School Students in Southern China: Prevalence, Changes, and Psychosocial Correlates

BackgroundDepression is one of the most common mental health problems in adolescents. A careful assessment of the prevalence and risk of depressive symptoms, as well as those factors that protect against it, is essential for prevention and intervention programs. MethodUsing two waves of data from Grade 7 to Grade 9 (N = 1,544 students in Wave 1), this study examined the prevalence and changes of depressive symptoms and their related psychosocial correlates (personal and familial factors, including family functioning and positive youth development [PYD] constructs) among junior high school students in Southern China. ResultsThe results showed that while depressive symptoms generally declined throughout the secondary junior school years, symptoms of major depression remained stable. Concurrently, academic achievement, family functioning, and PYD constructs regarding cognitive behavioral competence (CBC), positive identity (PIT), and general PYD qualities (GPYDQ) negatively predicted depressive symptoms in Wave 1. Longitudinally, being female, having poor academic achievement and family functioning, and having a low PIT in Wave 1 significantly predicted depressive symptoms in Wave 2. LimitationsThis study used the self-reporting approach, did not track a long-term developmental trajectories of adolescent depressive symptoms, and did not cover all potential predictors. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that being female and having poor academic achievement are risk factors, while positive family functioning and PYD constructs protect against the development of adolescent depression.