Development In Denmark Research Articles

Grundtvigs forhold til Sverige

“Grundtvig’s Relations with Sweden”By Valdemar NielsenIn continuation and conclusion of two previous papers by the same writer (printed in Gr.-St. 1958 and 1961) this paper from the annual meeting at Kungälv, 1969, gives an account of the various attempts during Grundtvig’s lifetime to bring about a meeting between Grundtvig and the Swedes who might be assumed to be interested in his thoughts. A number of conditions making the development in Sweden distinct from the contemporaneous development in Denmark are adduced to explain why the attempts failed each time.When in 1810 the Swedes elected marshal Bemadotte successor to the Throne instead of Frederik VI, and the former, in 1814, took the opportunity to become King of Norway too, Grundtvig spoke about this course of action in very harsh words. In Kort Begreb af Verdens Krønike (The History of the World) from 1812 Grundtvig’s comments on the organisation of the Swedish Church after the Reformation are very critical too; but in 1816 he wrote a very appreciatory article on a circular letter by the Swedish archbishop. In 1817 he corresponded with A. A. Afzelius, the Swedish Court chaplain, who visited Grundtvig in Copenhagen in 1845 and wrote an account of his visit. The reason why Grundtvig’s connection with P. Wieselgren, the dean of Gothenburg, did not result in a wider dissemination of Grundtvig’s thoughts may be the vastly different attitude to problems that Wieselgren, as a reader in Lund, expressed in his book Hvilken är Sveriges religion? (What is Sweden’s Religion) (1827). L1 book he distinguishes between “Bible Christianity” and “confessional Christianity”, by which he means that now the Bible was a guide to understanding the symbolic books authorised by the church, now the symbolic books guided the understanding of the Bible in Sweden. Wieselgren sent Grundtvig a copy of the book, asking him to comment on it, but he never did so in writing, although Wieselgren visited him two years later. Nor did Grundtvig bring his influence to bear in 1845 when his intervention might have had a salutary effect on the fight between the Swedish revival movements and the high church. He did not comply with Wieselgren’s direct request that he should become “the reformer of the Scandinavian Church”.But Grundtvig’s ideas of a learned union between the three Scandinavian countries have evoked a certain real response in Sweden, and have been carried through to a certain extent. First by the establishment of the University of Gothenburg, then by the establishment of the Nordic Folk High School at Kungälv, then by the annual meetings of the Nordic Summer University, and finally by the establishment of the Scandinavian Peoples’ Academy at Kungälv, where the annual meeting of the Grundtvig Society was held in 1969.Even though Grundtvig himself never availed himself of any of the opportunities he had to address a Swedish audience, his thoughts have inspired both debate and reflection in Sweden. But strange as it may seem he is not even mentioned in the monumental work En bok om kyrkan (A book about the Church) (1943), to which Professor Anton Fridrichsen, who admired Grundtvig highly, contributed two articles. Elsewhere (in Nordisk Tidskrift, 1942) he mentions Vilh. Grønbech’s statement that Grundtvig created a new religion, but he adds, “what Grønbech is referring to as new is old in Christianity, in fact the oldest part of it.” He looked upon Grundtvig as a guide, on a equal footing with Luther, to “the new interpretation of Christ and the new attitude to the church for which the age is thirsting and for which the church is striving.” After having mentioned Carstensen’s, Aronson’s, and Wentz’s works on Grundtvig Valdemar Nielsen concluded by quoting the poem by Hostrup in which it is said that Grundtvig inspires controversy because he touches upon fundamentals. This is still true about his relations with Sweden, even 100 years after his death.

Slægtens spor. Enok Mortensen: The danish Lutheran Church in America

Enok Mortensen, The Danish Lutheran Church in America (Philadelphia 1967. - Board of Publications, Lutheran Church in America, and Kirkehistoriske Studier, ed. by. Institut for dansk Kirkehistorie)Reviewed by Johannes Knudsen.The history of the emigration offers a particularly favourable basis for a study of the development of Grundtvig’s thoughts. Although Danish emigrants in North America in 1880— 1900 may have misunderstood and reinterpreted the Grundtvigian Church and Folk High-School heritage, their work was nevertheless characterized by a healthy primitiveness, forgotten and distorted in modern Denmark. I should dislike having the emigrants placed in a procrustean bed similar to the one which has been made for Grundtvig.Denmark still clings to colonies of an ecclesiastical or national description beyond the borders of the country, with the result that they are prevented from growing into the communities of which they have now become parts. In many respects the ecclesiastical development in Denmark has stagnated in self-satisfaction, whereas work is continued in the rest of the world. There seems to be a connection between this dogmatism and the fact that historians have inquired into the conditions of the emigrants too unrealistically. In my opinion it was a tragic mistake when 40 years ago the emigrant archives were taken to Denmark— the more so as no research is taking place there. The review has a quotation from Franklin Clark Fry, the world-famed chairman of the Lutheran Church in America who wrote the preface to Enok Mortensen’s book, where, with reference to the descendants of the emigrants, it is said that “love of humanity is bred in the marrow of their bones”.More than anybody else the author of the present work has dealt with ecclesiastical history from the Grundtvigian side in America, and for many years he was the official historian and archivist of the Danish Church. A sum was set aside for the purposes of research and publication, and the book is the result of a comparatively thorough work of research. The fact is that it had to appear in print before it would lose some of its interest after the union of the American Evangelical Lutheran Church, and the author himself was in the sixties. Accordingly, much material is left for examination, and it is to be hoped that the job will be taken up by others of the next generation. The book will keep its title as the work about the Danish Church in America, however.The author has acquitted himself extremely well as regards the somewhat delicate task of selecting subjects and judging people and situations. His many years’ experience as a writer of novels and stories makes itself felt. His narrative skill makes the book both fascinating and readable. Especially the last exciting years have been dealt with in a true and moving manner, although with a note of sadness. A more extensive study is required, however, also with regard to our understanding of the development in Denmark.To read this book is to do oneself a favour. It gives a true, sober, but also warm-hearted picture of a century when the Danish Lutheran Church, especially in its Grundtvigian shape, was planted in North American soil, grew, flowered, and bore fruit. It does not live independently any longer, but like the grain of wheat which is put into the soil and capable of germinating.

Interglacial vegetational succession and lake development in Denmark

Deposits from three interglacial stages are now known in Denmark. The Eemian Interglacial is the youngest one and is known from marine as well as numerous fresh-water deposits. The Holsteinian Interglacial has been studied only in a marine deposit, whilst a still older interglacial is known from the fresh-water deposits of Harreskov, Olgod and Starup. 
 The author has studied the forest succession of the Eemian in the lake deposits at Herning and Hollerup. 7 interglacial pollen zones are recognized. Light requiring plants were frequent in the early and the late stages of the succession, and acidophilous plants increase their frequencies in its later part. The lakes reflect a parallel development from basic to acid conditions, or from calcareous to non-calcareous deposition.
 The interglacial vegetational succession represented in the deposits at Harreskov and 0lgod is divided into 6 pollen zones. It differs essentially from the Eemian succession. Nevertheless, the general features of the successions are very similar, and the lake development is parallel too.
 The interglacial vegetational successions thus fall into a protocratic, a mesocratic and an oligocratic stage, the last stage being conditioned by soil evolution rather than by climatic change.

Urban development in denmark: A communication

Urban development in denmark: A communication

Problems of the Early Post-Glacial Forest Development in Denmark

The present paper is a slightly extended copy of a lecture given before the Danish Geological Society January 1959. At the same meeting Dr. J. Troels-Smith read a paper, and both lectures were followed by a discussion . The author's contribution to the discussion is incorporated in the present account.As the title indicates the paper deals with problems under debate. Because the author cannot, in this brief outline, express his hesitations in every single case, he wants to emphasize once and for all that the ecological interpretations are tentative only. Yet, he thinks the questions will have to be formulated and answered ecologically. However, the answers should be checked by an independent method. Fortunately this will be possible in many cases thanks to advanced methods now to hand, e.g. exact datings by radiocarbon.A more complete discussion of the ecological background for the author's interpretation will be given in connection with a full report of our investigations in Draved forest. I take this opportunity to thank the Carlsberg Foundation for its generous support to these investigations, the present paper is largely based on experience derived from them.Most of the problems of Post-glacial forest history have indeed been discussed in the well-known books by Firbas (1949) and Godwin (1956), which in addition contain complete references. The reader is referred to these books. The drawings have been most skilfully executed by Miss Ingeborg Frederiksen.

Grundtvig og den grundlovgivende rigsforsamling

Grundtvig og den grundlovgivende rigsforsamling

Recent Biometric Developments in Denmark

Recent Biometric Developments in Denmark

Plantevækst, Dyreliv og Klima i det senglaciale Danmark

Abstract A discussion is given of our present knowledge of the vegetational and climatic development in Denmark during the late-glacial period. The stratigraphic, microfloristic, and pollenanalytic evidence of climatic changes in the late-glacial period is discussed at length, and it is pointed out that the methods of pollen analysis must be adapted to the particular conditions prevailing in late-glacial time. The remarkable and rich late-glacial mammalian fauna is referred to, and the »steppc element» of the fauna and flora is discussed.

Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the War. Harald Westergaard

Previous article FreeBook Reviews and NoticesEconomic Development in Denmark Before and During the War. Harald Westergaard K. W. TaylorK. W. Taylor Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 31, Number 4Aug., 1923 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/253549 Views: 35Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War, by Harald Westergaard

Economic Development in Denmark Before and During the World War, <i>by Harald Westergaard</i>