Development Of Cyber-physical Systems Research Articles

A GRL-compliant iStar extension for collaborative cyber-physical systems

Collaborative cyber-physical systems are capable of forming networks at runtime to achieve goals that are unachievable for individual systems. They do so by connecting to each other and exchanging information that helps them coordinate their behaviors to achieve shared goals. Their highly complex dependencies, however, are difficult to document using traditional goal modeling approaches. To help developers of collaborative cyber-physical systems leverage the advantages of goal modeling approaches, we developed a GRL-compliant extension to the popular iStar goal modeling language that takes the particularities of collaborative cyber-physical systems and their developers’ needs into account. In particular, our extension provides support for explicitly distinguishing between the goals of the individual collaborative cyber-physical systems and the network and for documenting various dependencies not only among the individual collaborative cyber-physical systems but also between the individual systems and the network. We provide abstract syntax, concrete syntax, and well-formedness rules for the extension. To illustrate the benefits of our extension for goal modeling of collaborative cyber-physical systems, we report on two case studies conducted in different industry domains.

Mechanical concept development using principle solution models

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are characterized by the interaction of mechanical, electronic and information technology subsystems. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is an approach for the cross-domain development of CPS and requires compatible methods and models for a function-oriented collaboration of the domains. However, the mechanics operate mainly component-oriented and thus cannot participate in the function-oriented development process. We propose a new modeling method that allows mechanics to develop a consistent and function-oriented system model from requirements and functions to principle solutions. The principle solution formally specifies the physical effect, active surfaces and material through which a function is fulfilled. Since principle solutions are consistently parameter-based, they can be calculated by linked external models and checked against requirements. This enables to examine possible solutions for functions at an early stage without having to develop components. Since principle solutions consist of recurring elements, we also propose a modeling concept for a solution libraryso that proven models can be efficiently reused and the modeling effort is reduced. Modeling method, test and solution library are explained using the example of an electric water pump of an automotive cooling circuit.

Development of a cyber design modeling declarative Language for cyber physical production systems

This paper considers the issues of software development automation for cyber-physical production systems within the framework of the Smart Manufacturing (SM) and Industry 4.0 concepts. The development of cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) for each enterprise is an individual task that takes into account the specifics of the production process, the requirements for data visualization at each level from Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) to Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) in a single information space using different technologies for processing and storing data. To ensure all the requirements that are specified by the customer in the technical requirement (TR), the authors propose to automate the process of developing a cyber-physical production systems Human-Machine Interface (HMI) prototype at an early stage of drafting the terms of reference together with the customer, which will make it possible to take into account all the requirements for visualizations information. Based on the experience gained in the development of cyber-physical production systems, the authors have developed a declarative cyber-design modeling language based on parameters mathematical description of the and Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements events, which allows to simplify the process of HMI cyber-physical production systems development at an early stage by generating fragments of program code for object-oriented programming languages.

Model-Driven Engineering Tools and Languages for Cyber-Physical Systems–A Systematic Literature Review

The development of Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) draws more interest from both researchers and industrial practitioners considering the opportunities they offer in almost all areas of industry. However, the engineering and management of CPS are challenging tasks due to their inherent heterogeneity and complexity characteristics. Regarding the development of CPS, there currently exists no standard methodology owing to the complexity of the domain. One of the key approaches to reduce the development complexity for CPS is Model-driven Engineering (MDE), which is frequently used in many industrial domains for software development to increase the level of platform abstraction. Nevertheless, it is always almost challenging, especially for the new researchers in this field, to determine the appropriate tools and languages to perform a particular MDE activity during CPS development. To the best of our knowledge, there is no guideline that demonstrates which language(s)/tool(s) to use for the various MDE techniques/phases for the development of CPS. This paper presents a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) study that focuses on identifying and classifying the recent research practices pertaining to CPS development by applying MDE approaches. With the objective of providing a general overview of the field, the study evaluates 140 research papers published during 2010–2018. Accordingly, a precise view of the various MDE tools and languages used in the development life-cycle of CPS, addressed MDE techniques/activities, and targeted CPS components is presented. We believe that the conducted study will guide researchers and practitioners to identify appropriate tools and languages according to the system requirements. It may also help in getting an overall understanding of the research trends for further research and development on the MDE of CPS.

Towards generative design in the development of mechatronic integrated devices (MID)

The spatial integration of mechanical and electrical components is a key enabler for the development of innovative cyber-physical systems. These Mechatronic Integrated Devices (MID) are necessary to meet the increased demands for miniaturization and functional integration. At the same time, the development complexity of these products as well as the dependencies of the production technologies increase. Product and production process must be developed integratively from the outset. The development of MIDs is supported by cross-domain development methods (e.g. VDI2206). However, the generation of solutions is often accompanied by individual solutions such as construction tools for 3D geometry design, routing on spatial surfaces and 2D logic planning for the topology of the mechanics. On the basis of initial domain-specific solutions, a complex, highly iterative optimization process takes place, in which the MID components are adapted to geometric and production-specific conditions. Generative Design offers a promising approach for the automation of design tasks. However, this approach is used outside of architecture only in mechanical designs and does not allow the automation of design aspects of complex multi-domain components like MID. This paper presents an initial approach towards the use of Generative Design in the development of Mechatronic Integrated Devices. The focus is to develop a hybrid design systematic that allows the (partially) automated evolvement of MID components based on a product specification and solution elements to be integrated. The Generative Design process is initiated by the specification of product requirements and constraints (e.g. existing mechanical solution elements). A knowledge base formalized via ontology is used to create a principle solution. Based on an initially generated population the biological-inspired evolution is triggered. Design variants are first synthesized together with 3D routing and then selected based on fitting functions. Satisfactorily evaluated MID variants are continuously mutated and recombined until the final design is created.

Integrating human factors in the model based development of cyber-physical production systems

In order to optimize production processes and to avoid errors, it is not only necessary to automate processes, but also to integrate workers wit their individual personality and skill profiles. For this purpose, human factors should be considered in the entire design process. The integrate view of mental human models, the cognitive demand of the working environment and the automation design is essential. Human-Syste Integration (HSI) constitutes a promising approach. Current model-based approaches offer possibilities to analyze and optimize tasks within a overall system, but they still lack integration. This leads to the research question: How can human factors be integrated into a system model of socio-technical, Cyber-Physical Production System? The paper at hand contributes an approach of human factor integration into the procedu of Model-Based Systems Engineering for Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). The approach combines a system model of a CPPS wi HSI concepts. In accordance to the benefits of MBSE, SysML is selected to integrate human factors in the development process of a CPPS. Th approach is divided into five steps, which include the extension of the SysML meta model. This allows the optimization of skill-based huma machine interaction. Defined HSI-Profiles enable system developers to integrate employee requirements at early stages within the developme process. The approach is demonstrated by the maintenance of a 3D-Printer as a case example. This research enables system developers to depi individual workers with the help of the developed concepts and systematically integrate them into the development process of a CPPS.

Imputation using information fusion technique for sensor generated incomplete data with high missing gap

Reliable data is crucial to furnish Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) utilities with quality. Connection error, meteorological extremes, sensing error, human error, etc. are reasons for incomplete data in CPS. Missing data is a leading challenge that confines development of CPS and applications. In this paper, we present Ratio-Based Imputation (RBI) algorithm to handle large missing gap based on combination of data fusion and data mining approach. Imputation is performed by data mining technique whereas analysis is done by data fusion technique. Different simulated datasets were generated from real dataset with random deletion of missing value with range from 6% to 25% where highest missing gap consists of 21% of missing data. Various performance indicators are used to compare accuracy of imputation of missing value. Results demonstrated that proposed method is effective and efficient as results enhanced on average of 26% and 28% based on root mean square error and mean absolute error on highly correlated datasets compared to a popular algorithm. All performance indicators accede to appraise proposed method performs better than existing multiple imputation method we compared. Projected imputation procedure exhibited better accuracy, data structure, and low error under various circumstances.

V-model based development of cyber-physical systems and cyber-physical production systems

Challenges of the development of mechatronic systems and corresponding production systems have increased steadily. Changes are primarily due to increased product complexity and the connection to the internet of things and services, enabling Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS). Major innovations of the revised VDI guideline 2206 for developing mechatronic systems are systems thinking as a core element and six checkpoints for structuring deliverables along the V-Model. These checkpoints serve for orientation in result progress and thus enable a structured and complete development process. However, tasks and checkpoints of the new guideline focus on the product development itself without integrating the development of related CPPS, enabling optimization simultaneously to system development. Implications are derived by a three-step analysis. The paper at hand contributes fundamental extensions of the checkpoint questions regarding integrated CPPS development. These questions provide methodical support for system developers of CPPS for CPS by enabling the project manager to check the status, schedule further development steps and evaluate the maturity of the whole, integrated development.

Spatiotemporal D2D Small Cell Allocation and On-Demand Deployment for Microgrids

Microgrids in smart grid development create a new era towards resilient energy supply. In turn, They also render complicated cyber-physical system development towards high scalability and comprehensiveness. Heterogeneous Small Cell based Networks (HSCNs) endow a suitable cyber infrastructure for microgrid based cyber-physical systems. To tackle this emerging research area, this paper proposes a S patiotemporal D evice-to-device communication based H S CN D eployment scheme for Microgrid based S mart grid D evelopment (3xSD), to achieve high energy efficiency with high quality-of-service, chronically and dynamically. Concretely, a joint optimization for long-term energy efficiency and achievable data rate maximization with interference mitigation is formulated for spatial small cell positioning, which models both cyber and physical characteristics of Smart Grid User Equipment (SGUE). A Temporal On-demand Small cell Powering and work-Offloading scheme (TOSPO) is proposed on top of the determined small cell positioning. TOSPO considers the real-time heterogeneous features and demands of SGUEs to maximize energy and cost efficiency, for both communication and computation perspectives. To evaluate the performance of 3xSD, spatial analysis, temporal analysis, and selected case study are simulated. Numerical results showcase that 3xSD is capable of providing both long-term and on-demand optimal energy efficiency and quality-of-service solution for microgrids, outperforming existing benchmarks in the literature.

Cyber-Physical Systems: Challenges and Future Directions

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) integrate computational algorithms with physical components, enabling advanced functionalities in various domains. This paper explores the challenges and future directions of CPS, focusing on security, safety, privacy, and interoperability. In terms of security, CPS face threats to confidentiality, integrity, and availability, necessitating advancements in intrusion detection, prevention systems, and secure communication protocols. Safety improvements include predictive maintenance and autonomous decision-making systems to enhance reliability and resilience. Privacy-enhancing techniques like anonymization and user-centric controls are crucial for data protection. Interoperability solutions, such as middleware and semantic frameworks, facilitate seamless integration among heterogeneous CPS components. Future directions involve leveraging machine learning and AI for security, integrating digital twins for predictive maintenance, and enhancing user-centric privacy controls. These advancements are vital for the continued development and adoption of CPS in diverse applications.

Development of cyber physical system based manufacturing system design for process optimization

Cyber physical systems (CPS) are known as one of the significant advancement in computer science and IT. Cyber physical manufacturing system is the emerging research area in the field of computer science as well as manufacturing science and technology which is promoting the 4th industrial revolution which is known as Industrie 4.0. CPS generally focuses on the integration of physical world with cyberspace. It is the integration of communication, computation, control and physical elements. At present time, CPS is the point of interest for academia, government and industries. However, a systematic literature review of cyber physical system for manufacturing system is not available. This paper aims to present the findings on cyber physical systems on manufacturing systems and development of cyber physical system for intelligent manufacturing. The CPS is explained with the concept of CPS and five level architecture system for manufacturing systems. Further, key enabling technologies for cyber physical manufacturing systems is also discussed. In this paper both WoS and Scopus databases (2000-2020) is taken in consideration for literature review. Top journals, top cited papers, top authors and top research categories have been found out.

Lantern: A domain specific language for energy awareness in smart-homes

This paper argues that energy consideration should be central to software development. It speculates that including the notion of energy awareness in programming language design for domain specific languages (DSLs) is a novel way in which energy-aware and energy-efficient applications can be developed. It outlines the design criteria and rationale for using a language-focused approach for energy-awareness. It proposes Lantern, a DSL for supporting energy awareness in Cyber-Physical Systems software development. Lantern allows the development of applications that better manage and reduce the carbon footprint of devices. The design of Lantern is aimed at supporting the general development of Cyber-Physical Systems. This paper focuses on the scenario of smart homes, using statically defined locations within a specified environment.

МЕТОД ОЦІНКИ РИЗИКУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНИХ СИСТЕМ НА ОСНОВІ ВЗАЄМОЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ВРАЗЛИВОСТЕЙ

Information security has been growing steadily in recent times. Every organization depends on information technology and information security of cyberphysical systems to successfully perform its work. This has become not just a condition for the stability of doing business, but the most important strategic factor for its future development, even in the current, very turbulent environment. Cyberphysical systems can contain a wide variety of entities, ranging from office networks, financial and personnel systems to highly specialized systems. The rapid development of cyber-physical systems has become due to the large number of cyberattacks, which have become one of the most powerful threats to the security of cyber-physical systems. Many studies have been conducted on the risk assessment method, and limited work has been published on quantifying the security risk of cyber-physical systems. In this paper, a technique for the risk assessing of the cyber-physical systems’ information security based on the vulnerabilities’ interconnect is proposed. Technique operates with two indicators to quantify the risk: the probability of attack success and the index of the consequences of the attack based on the graph of the vulnerability. The first indicator - the index of the probability of a successful attack is calculated taking into account the interdependencies between vulnerabilities, the second indicator when calculating the index of the consequences of the attack takes into account the impact on the physical area resulting from cyberattack. A quantitative experimental example showed whether a system risk and an optimal attack target are possible.

Cyber—physical systems development for construction applications

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are intended to facilitate the tight coupling of the cyber and physical worlds. Their potential for enhancing the delivery and management of constructed facilities is now becoming understood. In these systems, it is vital to ensure bidirectional consistency between construction components and their digital replicas. This paper introduces the key features of CPS and describes why they are ideally suited for addressing a number of problems in the delivery of construction projects. It draws on examples of research prototypes developed using surveys, field experiments, and prototyping methodologies, to outline the key features and benefits of CPS for construction applications and the approach to their development. In addition, it outlines the lessons learned from developing various systems for the design, construction and management of constructed facilities, which include building component placement and tracking, temporary structures monitoring, and mobile crane safety. The paper concludes that the construction industry stands to reap numerous benefits from the adoption of CPS. It states that the future direction of CPS in construction will be driven by technological developments and the extent to which CPS is deployed in new application areas.

Hardware Trojans in Chips: A Survey for Detection and Prevention.

Diverse and wide-range applications of integrated circuits (ICs) and the development of Cyber Physical System (CPS), more and more third-party manufacturers are involved in the manufacturing of ICs. Unfortunately, like software, hardware can also be subjected to malicious attacks. Untrusted outsourced manufacturing tools and intellectual property (IP) cores may bring enormous risks from highly integrated. Attributed to this manufacturing model, the malicious circuits (known as Hardware Trojans, HTs) can be implanted during the most designing and manufacturing stages of the ICs, causing a change of functionality, leakage of information, even a denial of services (DoS), and so on. In this paper, a survey of HTs is presented, which shows the threatens of chips, and the state-of-the-art preventing and detecting techniques. Starting from the introduction of HT structures, the recent researches in the academic community about HTs is compiled and comprehensive classification of HTs is proposed. The state-of-the-art HT protection techniques with their advantages and disadvantages are further analyzed. Finally, the development trends in hardware security are highlighted.

Development of an architectural-logical model to automate the management of the process of creating complex cyber-physical industrial systems

Modern highly technological production puts forward new requirements and approaches to the implementation of the Industry 4.0 concept. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop a cyber-physical production system that would make it possible to fully take into consideration all the factors of the actual production system. All solutions must pursue the global goal of making the best use of production time and resources, as well as meet the Lean Production concept. Existing ISO-95, 5C, and 8C cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) reference architectures cannot provide clearly expressed systematization and detailing. Such systems are a set of general recommendations that show the interaction processes among the physical and cyber-components of CPPS. This paper reports a new approach to the systemic representation of the processes for managing the development of complex cyber-physical production systems in the face of today's threats. We have suggested a systemic representation of automating the process of managing the development of complex CPPS. Modern threats to the cyber-physical and information and communication systems (ICS) have been considered, which underlie CPPS. An architectural-logical model, as well as methods for automating the CPPS development process management, have been developed. This could help build a logical relationship from the initial target stage to the process of obtaining algorithms at each level and stage of CPPS development as a symbiosis of physical and cyber-components. The devised CPPS development process management model provides an opportunity to propose a group of mathematical models and methods that logically link all development stages into a single rigid hierarchical sequence. This makes it possible to build a single information space with a set of complex CPPS development methodology. The proposed solutions could enable the development of an automated system to manage the process of the development of complex CPPS

The Role of the Internet of Things in Health Care: A Systematic and Comprehensive Study

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an emerging trend and has significant potential to replace other technologies, where researchers consider it as the future of the internet. It has given tremendous support and become the building blocks in the development of important cyber-physical systems and it is being severed in a variety of application domains, including healthcare. A methodological evolution of the Internet of Things, enabled it to extend to the physical world beyond the electronic world by connecting miscellaneous devices through the internet, thus making everything is connected. In recent years it has gained higher attention for its potential to alleviate the strain on the healthcare sector caused by the rising and aging population along with the increase in chronic diseases and global pandemics. This paper surveys about various usages of IoT healthcare technologies and reviews the state of the art services and applications, recent trends in IoT based healthcare solutions, and various challenges posed including security and privacy issues, which researchers, service providers and end users need to pay higher attention. Further, this paper discusses how innovative IoT enabled technologies like cloud computing, fog computing, blockchain, and big data can be used to leverage modern healthcare facilities and mitigate the burden on healthcare resources.

DoS attack detection method on application layer for publish-subscribe networks

Introduction: For the development of cyberphysical systems, new technologies and data transfer protocols are being developed, in order to reduce the energy costs of communication devices. One of the modern approaches to data transmission in cyberphysical systems is the publish-subscribe model, which is subject to a denial-of-service attack. Purpose: Development of a model for detecting a DoS attack implemented at the application level of publish-subscribe networks based on the analysis of their traffic using machine learning methods. Results: A model is developed for detecting a DoS attack, operating with three classifiers depending on the message type: connection, subscription, and publication. This approach makes it possible to identify the source of an attack. That can be a network node, a particular device, or a user account. A multi-layer perceptron, the random forest algorithm, and a support vector machine of various configurations were considered as classifiers. Training and test data sets were generated for the proposed feature vector. The classification quality was evaluated by calculating the F1 score, the Matthews correlation coefficient, and accuracy. The multilayer perceptron model and the support vector machine with a polynomial kernel and SMO optimization method showed the best values of all metrics. However, in the case of the support vector machine, a slight decrease in the prediction quality was detected when the width of the traffic analysis window was close to the longest period of sending legitimate messages from the training data set. Practical relevance: The results of the research can be used in the development of intrusion detection features for cyberphysical systems using the publish-subscribe model, or other systems based on the same approach

Cyber–Physical Systems Forensics: Today and Tomorrow

Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS) connect the physical world (systems, environments, and humans) with the cyber world (software, data, etc.) to intelligently enhance the operational environment they serve. CPS are distributed software and hardware components embedded in the physical world and possibly attached to humans. They offer smart features, such as enhancing and optimizing the reliability, quality, safety, health, security, efficiency, operational costs, sustainability, and maintainability of physical systems. CPS are also very vulnerable to security attacks and criminal activities. In addition, they are very complex and have a direct impact on their environment. Therefore, it is hard to detect and investigate security attacks, while such attacks may have a catastrophic impact on the physical world. As a result, CPS must incorporate security measures in addition to suitable and effective forensics capabilities. When the security measures fail and an attack occurs, it becomes imperative to perform thorough forensics analysis. Adding effective forensics tools and capabilities will support the investigations of incidents. This paper defines the field of CPS forensics and its dimensions: Technical, Organizational, and Legal. Then, it reviews examples of current research efforts in the field and the types of tools and methods they propose for CPS forensics. In addition, it discusses the issues and challenges in the field that need to be addressed by researchers and developers of CPS. The paper then uses the review outcomes to discuss future research directions to address challenges and create a more effective, efficient, and safe forensics tools and for CPS. This discussion aims to create a starting point for researchers where they can identify the gaps and challenges and create suitable solutions through their research in CPS forensics.

Cascading failure dynamic of cyber-physical power system considering malware attacks

With the development of cyber-physical power system, cyber security has a serious impact on the operation of power system. In this paper, a stochastic cascading failure model considering the structural and dynamical characteristics of cyber-physical power system is proposed. The model takes into account the community structure of networks, the heterogeneity of network nodes and the complex interdependence of coupling networks. Moreover, the malware spreading in the cyber network and the power flow redistribution in the power grid are considered to describe the dynamic physical processes of the system, and a stochastic method is adopted to describe the operating state transition of network components. Simulation results indicate that the cascading failure of coupled system is the result of malware attacks repeatedly triggering the power grid, and cyber coupling will aggravate the severity of grid failure propagation.