Development Of Cyber-physical Systems Research Articles

Cyber-Physical Perception Interface for Co-Simulation Applications.

Co-simulation can bring improvements to the development of cyber-physical perceptive systems (CPPS) in critical fields, allowing uninterrupted system operation and flexibility to use both real-time sensor data and non-real-time data. This paper proposes a co-simulation approach that integrates physical systems and communication systems, including both hardware and software components. This study demonstrates how systems of different natures with discrete or continuous events can be simulated using three methods: time stepped, global event driven, and variable stepped. Through two case studies from the medical and energy fields, CPPS and co-simulation reveal their importance for the future by improving precision and efficiency, which leads to more accurate diagnoses and personalized treatments in the medical field and increases the stability of energy networks.

Advancing Sustainable Cyber-Physical System Development with a Digital Twins and Language Engineering Approach: Smart Greenhouse Applications

In recent years, the integration of Internet of Things technologies in smart agriculture has become critical for sustainability and efficiency, to the extent that recent improvements have transformed greenhouse farming. This study investigated the complexity of IoT architecture in smart greenhouses by introducing a greenhouse language family (GreenH) that comprises three domain-specific languages designed to address various tasks in this domain. The purpose of this research was to streamline the creation, simulation, and monitoring of digital twins, an essential tool for optimizing greenhouse operations. A three-stage methodology was employed to develop the GreenH DSLs, a detailed metamodel for enhanced smart monitoring systems. Our approach used high-level metamodels and extended Backus–Naur form notation to define the DSL syntax and semantics. Through a comprehensive evaluation strategy and a selected language usability metrics, the expressiveness, consistency, readability, correctness, and scalability of the DSL were affirmed, and areas for usability improvement were highlighted. The findings suggest that GreenH languages hold significant potential for advancing digital twin modeling in smart agriculture. Future work should be aimed at refining usability and extending its application range. The anticipated integration with additional model-drive engineering and code generation tools will improve interoperability and contribute to digital transformation in the smart greenhouse domain and promote more sustainable food production systems.

Effect of Human Interaction Modalities on the Usability and Performance of a Robotic Cyber-Physical System for Construction Progress Monitoring

The construction industry has been slow to adopt advanced technologies like Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), underscoring the necessity for a human-centered approach to their development. This study aims to understand the significance and impact of human-CPS interaction modalities on human perceptions of CPS, specifically in the use case of construction progress monitoring. A mixed-method approach comprising quantitative observations and qualitative interviews was employed to evaluate the system’s usability and performance with different human-CPS interaction modalities. The findings reveal variable levels of usability and performance across different human-CPS interaction modalities. Users expressed a preference for the three-dimensional immersive environment compared to a two-dimensional setting due to a better sense of presence. However, they experienced heightened cognitive load when utilizing novel interaction methods such as hand gestures and voice commands. Interestingly, despite this increased cognitive demand, users exhibited comparable performance in the assigned task, irrespective of their familiarity with the interaction modality. The results underscore the importance of human-centered design in CPS development. It contributes empirical evidence crucial for understanding and improving human-CPS interactions, thereby advancing the implementation of CPS in construction progress monitoring.

Research on defense strategies for power system frequency stability under false data injection attacks

The rapid development of cyber-physical power system has highlighted the pressing issue of cyber attacks (CAs) faced by large-scale renewable energy power systems (LREPS). The injection of false data attacks on critical electrical equipment by attackers can lead to abnormal system frequencies, triggering cascade failures and causing widespread blackouts. This paper introduces a tri-level defense model specifically crafted for LREPS, comprising an upper, middle, and lower level (defender-attacker-operator). By promoting collaborative decision-making among these agents, the model aims to mitigate the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) and effectively withstand CAs. The upper-level employs an economic-inertia optimization strategy, scheduling generator units to maximize system inertia while minimizing generation costs. By leveraging the strong duality theorem, the tri-level model is decomposed into a bi-level model consisting of a master problem and a subproblem, solved using the Benders decomposition method. Furthermore, this paper also considers augmenting the virtual inertia of renewable energy units when defense resources are insufficient, ensuring RoCoF remains within limits after CAs. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and strategy are validated through case studies based on the improved IEEE 118-bus system. The results demonstrate that the model can reduce load shedding caused by the worst-case CAs, enhance system inertia, lower RoCoF, and improve the stability of LREPS.

The Evolution Mechanism of Correctness for Cyber-Physical System

Cyber-physical Systems (CPS) are widely used in all areas of life. Ensuring the correctness of CPS remains an enduring challenge during its development and design phases. One approach to ascertain the correctness of CPS is behavior equivalence based on bisimulation. However, whether the implementation development process develops in the right direction has an important impact on obtaining the correct system implementation. Especially, the development process of complex CPS often yields a multitude of implementation versions, the correlation among these versions partly signifies the correctness of the development process. This paper formalizes the relationship between the implementation versions and establishes a formal description of the development process progressing in the correct direction, leveraging the concept of a “limit idea.” Initially, we introduce the concept of “limit bisimulation” for CPS systems to delineate implementations acquired during the CPS development process. Specific limit bisimulations are demonstrated to represent distinct scenarios within the development process. Subsequently, the convergence mechanism of implementations is modeled through bisimulation limits, encapsulating the CPS’s specification as the ultimate goal of obtained implementations during the development process. Finally, the congruence property of the bisimulation limit is proved, which accounts for the relation between specification and implementation versions can be decomposed into a refinement hierarchy. The limit theorem of bisimulation in CPS can help the designer and developer of CPS to comprehend the development course better.

Active Fault-Tolerant and Attack-Resilient Control for a Renewable Microgrid Against Power-Loss Faults and Data Integrity Attacks.

The next-generation power grid evolves from the development of fundamental cyber-physical energy systems called smart microgrids. In order to improve the reliability, safety, and security of smart microgrids and achieve a more cost-effective operation, innovative approaches for physical fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control (FTC) as well as intrusion detection and attack-resilient control (ARC) should be investigated. Given that, this article considers a smart hybrid renewable-based microgrid with different types of distributed generation units, including solar photovoltaic (PV) array, wind turbines, and battery energy storage system. Novel active FTC and ARC strategies are designed for pulse-width modulation (PWM) converters at microgrid level. The proposed fault-tolerant controller is based on an optimal fuzzy gain-scheduling technique that is used to accommodate the adverse impacts of PV power-loss faults. Also, the proposed attack-resilient controller relies on the estimated values of sensor measurements during the occurrence of data integrity cyber-attacks. To access and evaluate the microgrid's real-time health status, both FTC and ARC strategies employ an integrated model-based intrusion detection and fault diagnosis (IDFD) system that is designed using a fuzzy modeling and identification technique. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed solutions is demonstrated via a series of simulations in MATLAB/Simulink using an advanced microgrid benchmark.

Development of Cyber Physical System Based Manufacturing System Design

Cyber Physical System (CPS) is Informatics and computer science. Cyber physical manufacturing system is a new research field. In the fields of computer science and manufacturing science and technology Promote the Fourth Industrial Revolution known as Industry 4.0. CPS is generally focused. About the integration of the physical world and cyberspace. It`s the integration of communication, Computational, control, and physical elements. Currently, CPS is Science, government and industry. Systematic literature review on cyber. The physical system of the manufacturing system is not available. The purpose of the chapters in this bookis to gain insight into manufacturing systems and develop cyber-physical systems. Physical systems for intelligent manufacturing. CPS is written using the concept of CPS. A 5-tier architecture system for manufacturing systems. Continuous Key Release. It also describes the technology of cyber physical manufacturing systems. Combined with manufacturing, CPS enables intelligent manufacturing and provides technical support for manufacturing upgrades and conversions. This can be summarized in three aspects: internet-based manufacturing, process intelligence, and product intelligence. Future manufacturing is said to be personalized manufacturing based on cyber physical systems, intelligent manufacturing, digital manufacturing, and network-based manufacturing. CPS continues to transform the manufacturing trends of the industry, creating even more amazing value for future global manufacturing scenarios

Artificial cognition vs. artificial intelligence for next-generation autonomous robotic agents.

The trend in industrial/service robotics is to develop robots that can cooperate with people, interacting with them in an autonomous, safe and purposive way. These are the fundamental elements characterizing the fourth and the fifth industrial revolutions (4IR, 5IR): the crucial innovation is the adoption of intelligent technologies that can allow the development of cyber-physical systems, similar if not superior to humans. The common wisdom is that intelligence might be provided by AI (Artificial Intelligence), a claim that is supported more by media coverage and commercial interests than by solid scientific evidence. AI is currently conceived in a quite broad sense, encompassing LLMs and a lot of other things, without any unifying principle, but self-motivating for the success in various areas. The current view of AI robotics mostly follows a purely disembodied approach that is consistent with the old-fashioned, Cartesian mind-body dualism, reflected in the software-hardware distinction inherent to the von Neumann computing architecture. The working hypothesis of this position paper is that the road to the next generation of autonomous robotic agents with cognitive capabilities requires a fully brain-inspired, embodied cognitive approach that avoids the trap of mind-body dualism and aims at the full integration of Bodyware and Cogniware. We name this approach Artificial Cognition (ACo) and ground it in Cognitive Neuroscience. It is specifically focused on proactive knowledge acquisition based on bidirectional human-robot interaction: the practical advantage is to enhance generalization and explainability. Moreover, we believe that a brain-inspired network of interactions is necessary for allowing humans to cooperate with artificial cognitive agents, building a growing level of personal trust and reciprocal accountability: this is clearly missing, although actively sought, in current AI. The ACo approach is a work in progress that can take advantage of a number of research threads, some of them antecedent the early attempts to define AI concepts and methods. In the rest of the paper we will consider some of the building blocks that need to be re-visited in a unitary framework: the principles of developmental robotics, the methods of action representation with prospection capabilities, and the crucial role of social interaction.

Опыт зарубежных стран по использованию систем виртуальной реальности в раскрытии и расследовании преступлений

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has led to a transformational wave of technological advances that have reshaped the fabric of society through the rapid development of cyber-physical systems, including artificial intelligence, robotics, 3D printing, virtual reality, augmented reality, and more. This paradigm shift integrates physical, digital, and biological systems, ushering in an unprecedented era of connectivity and automation. Central to 4IR is the digitization of information and the exponential growth of data, which has enabled innovative technologies such as virtual and augmented reality. When applied to crime detection and investigation, virtual reality has three main applications: scene examination, visualization of an objects for jurors, and training. As 4IR develops, the application of virtual reality technologies in the legal field appears promising, but faces corresponding challenges and opportunities.

Lessons from Bridge Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and Their Implications for the Development of Cyber-Physical Systems

This paper summarizes the lessons learned after several decades of exploring and applying Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) in operating bridge structures. The challenges in real-time imaging and processing of large amounts of sensor data at various bandwidths, synchronization, quality check and archival, and most importantly, the interpretation of the structural condition, performance, and health are necessary for effective applications of SHM to major bridges and other infrastructures. Writers note that such SHM applications have served as the forerunners of cyber infrastructures, which are now recognized as the key to smart infrastructures and smart cities. Continued explorations of SHM in conjunction with control, therefore, remain vital for assuring satisfactory infrastructure system performance at the operational, damageability, and safety limit-states in the future. Researchers in the SHM of actually constructed systems, given their experience in monitoring major structures in the field, are well positioned to contribute to these vital needs. Especially, SHM researchers who have learned how to integrate the contributions from various disciplines such as civil, electrical, mechanical, and materials engineering; computer and social sciences; and architecture and urban planning would appear to be well equipped and could become instrumental in assessing the health and performance of urban regions, which today must function by optimizing and balancing the needs of Livability, Sustainability, and Resilience (LSR).

Neurotechnologies Applied to Society's Perception of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) in Smart Cities

This study aims to quantify the perception of value and acceptance by citizens of the use of cyber-physical systems (CPS) in transportation systems and smart cities using neurotechnologies. The work has been developed in the main cities of the following Latin American countries: Spain, Ecuador, Colombia, and Argentina. Targeting urban, public transport-using graduates, it assesses CPS in smart cities and user experiences. Triangulating qualitative research and neurotechnology, the study extends the taxonomy of emotional domains. The results indicate that users do not always assign equivalent importance to what they truly feel, and it is noteworthy that the most important factor, both quantitatively and emotionally, is the application of CPS to improve efficiency in public transportation. The implications of these analyses are discussed in the final part of the article with the aim of providing recommendations to policymakers on the key aspects to be considered in the design and development of CPS for use in smart cities.

Review of methods for modeling and control of cyber-physical systems in multi-energy microgrids

The article analyzes the development of methods for modeling and control of multi-energy microgrids through cyber-physical systems. We used the methods of literature review and meta-analysis based on publications from international databases Scopus and Web of Science, Russian database eLibrary, digital platform IEEEXplore et al. According to the analysis, Smart Grid implementation drives the development of cyber-physical systems. As summarized in this study, control interfaces, data transmission channels, and remote debugging ports are vulnerable parts of IoT devices that can possibly be attacked by intruders. A review of the recent publications in this field finds multi-agent technologies to be an effective approach not only for the operational control of multi-energy microgrid modes, but also for the construction of its reliable information network at the level of medium and low voltage systems. In the field of distributed energy systems, literature review of information technology indicates that the more capabilities are added to receive and process various kinds of information (transaction data, mode parameters, status of controllers, etc.) from external sources, the more vulnerable a multi-energy microgrid is to any cyber threats. Modern mathematical methods such as artificial intelligence, dynamic optimization, and multi-agent approaches should be used to effectively solve the problem of load distribution between different energy sources with cost minimization.

Process Mining for Digital Twin Development of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Process Mining for Digital Twin Development of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

Enhancing functionality of two-rotor vibration machine by automatic control

The demand for the development of cyber-physical systems remains high across various production sectors. While some industries have made significant strides, others still require ongoing research and development efforts. This article delves into the application of feedback control for equipment in the processing industry, using a two-rotor vibration machine equipped with induction motors as a case study. Conventionally, such equipment is manually operated with the help of affordable constructive facilities, which does not align with the principles of Industry 4.0. In response, this paper explores an architecture for an automatic control system capable of handling various technological tasks, including mixing and transporting processed media. This architecture encompasses several components, such as real-time regulator tuning, control of the rotor speed loop, and/or adjustment of the phase shift between the rotors based on machine sensor measurements. A notable advantage of this control system lies in its complete software-based implementation. The article also presents the findings from full-scale experiments, demonstrating the capabilities and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A Literature Review on the Development and Creation of Digital Twins, Cyber-Physical Systems, and Product-Service Systems.

Digital Twins offer vast potential, yet many companies, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises, hesitate to implement them. This hesitation stems partly from the challenges posed by the interdisciplinary nature of creating Digital Twins. To address these challenges, this paper explores systematic approaches for the development and creation of Digital Twins, drawing on relevant methods and approaches presented in the literature. Conducting a systematic literature review, we delve into the development of Digital Twins while also considering analogous concepts, such as Cyber-Physical Systems and Product-Service Systems. The compiled literature is categorised into three main sections: holistic approaches, architecture, and models. Each category encompasses various subcategories, all of which are detailed in this paper. Through this comprehensive review, we discuss the findings and identify research gaps, shedding light on the current state of knowledge in the field of Digital Twin development. This paper aims to provide valuable insights for practitioners and researchers alike, guiding them in navigating the complexities associated with the implementation of Digital Twins.

On the impact of fuzzy-logic based BDI agent model for cyber–physical systems

Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS) interconnect embedded computing technologies into the physical world, forming a complex, multi-disciplinary, physically-effective system. However, interacting with the physical world brings unpredictability, as real-world events are uncertain and dynamic by its nature. Consequently, CPS must be capable of reasoning about these unpredictable situations and adapt their behaviour accordingly. Therefore, it is essential to enhance the intelligence of CPS to overcome this challenge effectively, leading to the development of smart CPS. As an approach, a reasoning mechanism can support the system to reason about its state and actions to handle unpredictable changes. In this study, we employ intelligent Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) agents to achieve this objective. Nevertheless, traditional logic approaches based on crisp numbers, which are used in typical BDI agents, may not effectively handle uncertainty. Hence, the reasoning mechanism can be extended with fuzzy logic to deal with run-time uncertainties. Thus, the target system’s suitable inputs, outputs and reasoning phases are fuzzified to indicate the impact of the fuzzy logic on the CPS. To this end, an architecture is provided to deploy BDI agents integrated with a fuzzy reasoning model for handling imprecise information and improving process control. The approach is validated and evaluated on a complex case study with a heterogeneous structure controlled by multiple agents, namely the “smart production system”. The multiple modular and end-to-end experiments conducted reveal that, on the whole, the fuzzy BDI agent outperforms the classical one by up to three times, with only requiring approximately 10% more computation time.

Conceptualization, Realization, and Validation of Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems for Sensing and Automation

Abstract This paper investigates the feasibility of the pragmatic implementation of distributed algorithms in real-world cyber-physical systems (CPSs). We detail how distributed (and parallel) computing systems can be realized using existing system-design software for CPS development. A series of experiments is devised and used to verify the information-exchange capacity of the computing nodes and the synchronous and real-time operational effectiveness of the overall distributed computing system development framework. Finally, an actual distributed computing system is realized and validated by executing a fundamental distributed consensus protocol.

IDENTIFICATION OF CHATTER VIBRATIONS AND ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL BY USING THE SLIDING MODE CONTROLLER ON DRY TURNING OF TITANIUM ALLOY (TI6AL4V)

In recent years, with the development of sensor technologies, communication platforms, cyber-physical systems, storage technologies, internet applications and controller infrastructures, the way has been opened to produce competitive products with high quality and low cost. In turning, which is one of the important processes of machining, chatter vibrations are among the biggest problems affecting product quality, productivity and cost. There are many techniques proposed to reduce chatter vibrations for which the exact cause cannot be determined. In this study, an active vibration control based on the Sliding Mode Control (SMC) has been implemented in order to reduce and eliminate chatter vibration, which is undesirable for the turning process. In this context, three-axis acceleration data were collected from the cutting tool during the turning of Ti6Al4V. Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filtering, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis and integral process were carried out in order to use the raw acceleration data collected over the system in control. The system is modeled mathematically and an active control block diagram is created. It is observed that chattering decreased significantly after the application of active vibration control. The surface quality formed by the amplitude of the graph obtained after active control has been compared and verified with the data obtained from the actual manufacturing result.

Purpose and prospects for the development of cyberphysical systems for technoligical processes

The article is devoted to a new way of organizing production that is actively developing in the conditions of the industry's information transformation associated with the introduction of cyber-physical systems. Market analysis shows a positive trend in the growth of capitalization of this industry, indicating the widespread use of digital transformation tools for production and increased investment in the development of information technologies, including the creation and implementation of cyber-physical systems. The article analyzes the existing definitions of "cyber-physical systems" and "cyber-physical complexes." It also reveals the concept of a cyber-physical control system for the technological processes" and describes its main structure. The cyber-physical control system is considered a number of interconnected subsystems that perform strictly defined functions. The article presents a description of each of these subsystems, a generalized scheme of their hierarchical connections, and interactions. The article also considers the role of cyber-physical control systems in the information transformation of the industry and discusses the prospects for their future development.

РОЗРОБКА МОБІЛЬНОЇ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ КЛІМАТИЧНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ

The development of Mobile Cyber-Physical Systems (MCPS) is a promising research and development direction for many industries, such as manufacturing, healthcare, home automation, and many others. That is why a prototype MCPS based on a smartphone has been developed to collect, process, and transmit data from various devices and sensors in real-time, anywhere. The architecture of a mobile cyber-physical system for monitoring climatic parameters with telegram notifications has been designed. An algorithm for intelligent analysis and optimization of data transmission processes has been proposed for the developed MCPS prototype. The advantage of the developed system is the ability to determine the priority of monitoring parameters, which allows for a quick response to critical temperature changes at the object where the measurements are taken. Additionally, a unique method for measuring end-to-end data transmission delay using a timestamp in the packet header metadata has been implemented. This method enables the determination of the processing time of each component of the MCPS and, in case of exceeding the norms, automatically notifies about the necessary control decisions. Supporting such a method in MCPS is a particularly effective solution for monitoring the quality of real-time service delivery in critical infrastructure objects. Based on the conducted research, it has been established that the proposed algorithm for intelligent data analysis and optimization has reduced the number of messages by 3 times and the amount of transmitted information by 2.3 times. In the future, the developed system, in combination with artificial intelligence, will ensure reliable and high-quality data transmission even in unpredictable situations, making it a promising solution for improving the quality of life and the efficiency of smart infrastructures in various fields.