Development Cooperation Research Articles

КИТАЙСКО-РОССИЙСКОЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО В ОБЛАСТИ ТУРИЗМА: СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ

As each other’s largest neighbors, China and Russia have always maintained good diplomatic relations. This laid a solid foundation for the development of tourism economic cooperation between the two countries. Both China and Russia have abundant tourism resources, and each is a source country for tourists and a popular tourist destination. Each of the two countries uses its own tourism resources to deepen tourism cooperation between the two countries, strengthen tourism, economic and trade exchanges between the two countries, and achieve mutually beneficial cooperation. This article discusses the development of Sino-Russian tourism economic cooperation in the context of economic globalization. At the same time, the problems arising in the process of Sino-Russian tourism cooperation are analyzed, and proposals are put forward to solve them in order to promote faster and better development of tourism economic cooperation between the two countries.

History of ukraine’s participation in bilateral scientific and technical cooperation projects: transformation processes and geopolitical challenges

Bilateral scientific and technical cooperation develops at two levels: at the macro level, it includes interstate cooperation (cooperation agreements, intergovernmental agreements, etc.), and at the micro level, it includes direct agreements between scientific institutions or organizations of different countries. The article examines the history of bilateral cooperation, reveals the essence of key transformational processes on the way to the development of bilateral scientific and technical cooperation in Ukraine, and analyzes the trends in the development of bilateral cooperation and its main indicators over the past 7 years. As a conclusion, further vectors for the development of bilateral cooperation in Ukraine are outlined and the need to create a system for monitoring the results of bilateral projects and evaluating the effectiveness of their implementation is emphasized.

Актуальные направления меридиональной трансформации транспортно-транзитной системы Азиатской России

The study focusses at describing and determining the prospects for the implementation and operational routes of the meridional transformation of the transport and transit system (TTS) of Asian Russia (AR) in the context of external sanctions pressure and the development of trade and economic cooperation with friendly and neutral states. Goal. Development and implementation of a promising model for connecting the TTS of Russia and the countries of the Global South, primarily in the direction of North Asia – Central Asia – South/West Asia. Tasks. To analyze and determine the prospects for the implementation and current routes of the meridional transformation of the TTS of the Republic of Armenia in the context of external sanctions pressure and the development of trade and economic cooperation with friendly and neutral states. Methodology. The research uses the methods of evolutionary and institutional theory, the theory of industrial and technological balance of the economy and technical and economic structures, expert and analytical assessments, content analysis of materials from periodicals. Results. Based on the theory of transit economy developed by the author's team, modeling the creation and functioning of trade routes and their innovation and industrial belts (IIB), a promising model of the interaction of the TTS of Russia and the countries of the Global South, primarily in the direction of North Asia – Central Asia – South/West Asia, has been developed. Theoretical, methodological, scientific and practical support for the change in the configuration of global, macroregional and regional trade routes of the AR is given, the necessity is justified and proposals for the directions of meridional transformation of the transport and communication infrastructure of the AR are developed. The necessity of intensification of the meridional transformation of the TTS AR is substantiated. The analysis of current infrastructure projects of meridional transformation is given, the groundwork, significance and complexity of the implementation of global projects of latitudinal and meridional transformation of the TTS AR are considered. Conclusions. The most effective direction of the meridional transformation of the TTS AR is the construction of a new Arctic Ocean – Indian Ocean (AO – IO) transport corridor based on the Sixth Technological Order.

Regulatory framework for cross-border cooperation in ukraine

Cross-border cooperation covers joint actions aimed at establishing and deepening economic, social, scientific, technological, environmental, cultural and other ties between the subjects and participants of these relations in Ukraine and the relevant subjects and participants of such relations in neighbouring states, within the competence defined by national legislation. The development of cross-border cooperation can become an effective tool to accelerate Ukraine’s integration into the European Economic Area. The institutional and legal framework for the development of cross-border cooperation in Ukraine consists of international legal instruments ratified by Ukraine, interstate agreements, national legislation, interregional agreements, as well as agreements between participants, including Euroregional entities, relating to cross-border cooperation. The article examines the peculiarities of legal regulation of cross-border cooperation in Ukraine. The author analyses the main international and national regulations that ensure the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation at various levels. Attention is focused on the need to bring Ukrainian legislation in line with European legal norms. The author also analyses the current state of cross-border cooperation in Ukraine, identifies the main problems and outlines the prospects for its development.

Розвиток транскордонного співробітництва в умовах євроінтеграції України

The aim of the article is to substantiate the essence and financial instruments for the development of cross-border cooperation in the context of Ukraine’s European integration. It is proposed to consider cross-border cooperation as joint, coordinated actions aimed at convergence, synergy, multiplicative effect in solving problems by subjects and participants of cross-border cooperation through the implementation of programs and projects using traditional and new financial instruments. It is specified that cross-border cooperation has three main goals. First, it contributes to the economic and social development of border areas, which can lead to the growth in terms of new enterprises and industries. Secondly, it addresses common challenges related to the environment, public health, safety and security and aims to create better conditions for the mobility of people, goods and capital across borders. Ukraine’s position on future membership in the EU and the possibility of participation in cross-border cooperation programs is substantiated, for which structural funds for 2021–2027 are allocated from the EU through the European Regional Development Fund and the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument. The thematic priorities of funding for the new program period are as follows: a sustainable, green border region; a healthy and attractive border region; joint border region. The possibilities of using IPA, the latest instrument of assistance at the stage of preparation for accession to the EU, which is aimed at supporting reforms through the provision of financial and technical assistance, are substantiated. It can be used by both existing and potential candidates for the EU membership. The author’s own calculations showed that out of the total volume of the operating budget for 2021-2027 under the assistance of the IPA III instrument in the pre-accession phase of the EU, the largest amount of funding will be directed to the the goal that is a «green» agenda, sustainable connectivity (transport and communication links); the thematic objective «Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth»; good governance, alignment with the EU acquis criterion, good neighbourly relations and strategic communication; the rule of law, fundamental rights and democracy; territorial and cross-border cooperation. Further research will be aimed at developing the conceptual foundations and strategic directions for the development of cross-border cooperation.

СТРАТЕГІЧНІ НАПРЯМИ СІЛЬСЬКОГО РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ «AGRICULTURE 5.0»

The statistics have examined the problems of forming strategic directions of agricultural development in the minds of the formation of “Agriculture 4.0” and its transformation in “Agriculture 5.0” It is stated that when formulating strategic directions for the development of agricultural enterprises, it is important to highlight the specifics of agricultural production, noting that supply chains in the agricultural state are the flow of products, knowing and information and the involved parties (producers and producers) at the skin stage of production processes, marketing and production. The emphasis is placed on the fact that when forming strategic directions, the development of agro-business is necessary to ensure the influx of agricultural production into the country and the development of rural territories. It is clear that in the agricultural economy of Ukraine there are problems arising from the emergence of differences in size, economic efficiency, innovative readiness and capabilities of economical entities tiv, which will require importance on the national level of strategic directions of agricultural development for the promotion of the current state and the “Agriculture 5.0”. The emphasis is placed on the lack of directness of “Agriculture 4.0” (“Industry 4.0”) in addressing environmental and social problems in the context of the implementation of the goals of the current development. Obviously, the particularities of the agricultural business in Ukraine have been brought to the attention of the need to implement a strategy for the development of farming states as the basis for food security and a rural-saving model of state rule. Meta-research – focusing on strategic directions in the development of farming dominions in the context of the security of minds and the formation of “Agriculture 5.0”. Based on the conducted survey, it was explained that the problem for small agricultural business entities is the lack of knowledge among management and government officials about the directions of innovative strategic development and the presence of a consistent level of digital maturity. The emphasis is placed on the fact that small agricultural enterprises do not have a long-term strategy, which is not suitable for long-term investments, and, consequently, the formation of innovative investment potential lu is problematic for them. It has been proven that promising strategic directions include the development of farmer states in combination with healthcare services, the formation and implementation of a digital strategy and the development of cooperation.

КООПЕРАЦИОННЫЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ В АГРОПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ: БАРЬЕРЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

In the context of this study, cooperation is considered as a form of joint activity of subjects (usually individuals) with the aim of realizing common interests. The main factors limiting the possibilities for the development of agricultural cooperation include: low level of social and economic trust of the rural population in each other, loss of trust in the cooperative ideology and the priority of private interests, lack of positive examples of the development of cooperation, high level of regression and disunity of rural communities, sporadic and fragmentation of the agricultural cooperation system, low level of financial capabilities of potential cooperators, limited sources of financing investment and operating activities, limited government support funds, low level of investment attractiveness of cooperative associations, shortage of qualified personnel, the need to ensure certain standards of product quality and its compliance with established requirements, etc. It is concluded that the potential for the development of cooperation in the agricultural sector is determined by the significant number of small businesses - potential cooperators, the ability of cooperation to increase the stability of social ties in rural communities and the effectiveness of economic interactions of rural economic entities, the ability of small commodity producers to function successfully in those market niches which are not attractive to large businesses, the possibility of cooperation to create conditions for increasing the level of income of participants in cooperative associations, the possibility of cooperation to saturate local markets in rural areas with high-quality food products and essential goods, the transition to a cluster model of development of agro-industrial integration, which involves easier entry into the cluster system of cooperative small commodity producers, etc.

Новая роль кооперации в условиях экономических санкций: оценки жителей Калининградской области

The current economic crisis conditions call for a search for new mechanisms to maintain the population’s well-being. Within this setting, cooperation may be considered a priority form of entrepreneurial activity, enabling the consolidation of financial resources and reducing business costs. This article aims to assess the potential of consumer cooperation in the Kaliningrad region under anti-Russian sanctions. The authors analyse the features of cooperation development within the territory and investigate the demands and expectations of the local populace. The principal method employed in the study is a survey of residents of the Kaliningrad region (N = 481), with its results strongly indicating that conditions for a renaissance of cooperative economic models have emerged in the Russian exclave. The region’s residents tend to express positive attitudes towards cooperation, drawing a link between economically challenging conditions and opportunities for cooperative development. Moreover, amongst respondents with personal or vicarious experience of cooperation, a substantially higher proportion assess cooperative practices positively. Yet, the deficit of interpersonal trust places a serious limitation on the development of cooperation. It is concluded that the economic crisis has shifted the focus of the region’s population’s expectations from social interests (collaborations with like-minded individuals) to undertakings aimed at increasing material well-being. Therefore, expectations of participating in cooperative activities are primarily associated with the opportunity to start one’s own business and increase personal income.

Armed Conflict as an ‘Undoing’ Force in Regional Integration and Its Impact on the Consolidation of AfCFTA Development Mission

The paper examines the intricate relationship between armed conflict and regional integration, focusing on its role as an ‘undoing’ force in the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) context. A significant element of development and economic cooperation in Africa is the perennial problem of violent conflict in almost all sub-regions. Moreover, organized crime is rising across the continent, coupled with the emergence of new forms of violence associated with today’s globalization and other post-Cold War phenomena. Globalization has led to greater interdependence among countries and fostered cooperation among states. However, a country’s internal conflict often has repercussions beyond its borders and threatens regional and global peace and stability. In addition, armed conflict can affect countries’ relations and state cooperation. Peace provides a good foundation for development and economic cooperation, while development ensures the permanence of peace. The central question addressed in this paper is whether constructive regional economic integration and cooperation can be effectively achieved while some African countries are experiencing armed conflict. A qualitative research approach is used to analyze how armed conflict will likely negatively impact the achievement of AfCFTA goals.

Oral swabs with a rapid molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children: a systematic review

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide, but diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis remains challenging. Oral swabs are a promising non-sputum alternative sample type for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of oral swabs to detect pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children and suggest research implications. In this systematic review, we searched published and preprint studies from Jan 1, 2000, to July 5, 2022, from eight databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Science Citation Index, medRxiv, bioRxiv, Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar). We included diagnostic accuracy studies including cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies in adults and children from which we could extract or derive sensitivity and specificity of oral swabs as a sample type for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis against a sputum microbiological (nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT] on sputum or culture) or composite reference standard. Of 550 reports identified by the search, we included 16 eligible reports (including 20 studies and 3083 participants) that reported diagnostic accuracy estimates on oral swabs for pulmonary tuberculosis. Sensitivity on oral swabs ranged from 36% (95% CI 26-48) to 91% (80-98) in adults and 5% (1-14) to 42% (23-63) in children. Across all studies, specificity ranged from 66% (95% CI 52-78) to 100% (97-100), with most studies reporting specificity of more than 90%. Meta-analysis was not performed because of sampling and testing heterogeneity. Sensitivity varies in both adults and children when diverse methods are used. Variability in sampling location, swab type, and type of NAAT used in accuracy studies limits comparison. Although data are suggestive that high accuracy is achievable using oral swabs with molecular testing, more research is needed to define optimal methods for using oral swabs as a specimen for tuberculosis detection. The current data suggest that tongue swabs and swab types that collect increased biomass might have increased sensitivity. We would recommend that future studies use these established methods to continue to refine sample processing to maximise sensitivity. Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (INV-045721) and FIND (Netherlands Enterprise Agency on behalf of the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation [NL-GRNT05] and KfW Development Bank, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [KFW-TBBU01/02]).

Рассказовское промысловое кооперативное товарищество кустарей-вязальщиков как успешный опыт реализации советской кооперативной политики

Introduction. The article deals with the specifics of formation and development of the trade cooperative society of knitting craftsmen in Rasskazovo. This association can be characterised as the most effective product of the Soviet policy of cooperating craftsmen on the territory of Tambov province. It is also remarkable that it was made up exclusively by women. The time frame of the study covers the period of war communism and the NEP. It was a time when the country was in deep economic crisis and most of the demands of the state and society could only be met by artisans. Materials and Methods. The authors of the article provide a brief historiographical review of the problem considered in the paper. It is important to note that in the Soviet period it was not systematically considered by scientists. Its relevance appeared only with the transition to a market system . In addition, the article characterises the sources used, including both archival documents and published materials. Results. As a result of the analysis of the sources it was possible to establish that the knitting trade on the territory of the Tambov district was widespread in the prerevolutionary period, which was a prerequisite for further co-operative development. At the first stages of its existence, the industrial co-operative society of knitting craftsmen in Rasskazovo faced the problem of lack of raw materials and financing, which limited the possibilities of expansion. However, already in 1919 the cooperation concentrated on work with the military department, which allowed to gradually expand production. This concept of work was maintained during the NEP years, although there were cases of selling products on the markets, including Moscow and Kharkov. The management of the cooperation constantly tended to modernise. And while in 1920 it was possible to electrify the workshop, the idea of mechanisation of production proposed by the management in 1925 was not implemented. Conclusion. Such research allows us to give an objective assessment of the effectiveness of the Soviet policy in the field of crafts industry.

Exploring the role of interregional technological cooperation in macro-regional spatial and innovation development

Exploring the role of interregional technological cooperation in macro-regional spatial and innovation development

Unmasking International Relations in the Times of War in Africa: Beyond Rhetoric, Reality and Trust

This paper unmasks the concept of international relations using the lenses of realist school of thought. Relations of nation states towards each other, and with international organisations, including sub national entities is what international relations (IR) is all about (Antunes and Camisao, 2018; Adams, 2003; Wendt, 1992; Axelrod and Keohane 1993). The significance of IR in the contemporary world, as it were in the past cannot be overemphasized. It seeks to comprehend the roots of war and the preservation of peace both stemming from the nature and exercise of power within the global system. To this effect, the discipline of international relations comprises of numerous theories, each attempting to explain the power relations and the resultant behaviour of nation states on the international scene. Of particular interest to this article is how the realism theory of IR enhances the prospects of cooperation within the international environment and the realists’ main obstacles to achieving cooperation in international development. As one of the many theories in the IR discourse, Realism claims to explain the reality of international politics. Realists believe that sovereign states are the principal actors on the international political system, having at their disposal justifiable actions or tools for the protection of their interests. Proponents of realism argue that states are unitary and rational actors of importance seeking to secure their survival through reliance on their own means even if it meant war (Glaser, 1994; Brown, 2007; Milner, 1992).Drawing from secondary sources of data and using a desk top review approach, this study found that realists come close to explaining the actual happenings on the IR scene i.e. the survival of the state at all costs, also called the ethics of responsibility rather than by moral principles as other theorists argue. Realism as a school of thought in the IR discourse has generated a significant volume of debate and criticisms igniting valuable insights and remains an important analytical tool for stakeholders in IR.

Exploring the synergistic development strategy of vocational education and regional economy based on the separating equilibrium game model

Abstract To promote the synergistic development of vocational education and regional economy, this paper proposes to use the separated equilibrium game model to study vocational education and regional economy. Starting from the theoretical foundation of the components of game theory, the separated equilibrium game model oriented to the synergistic development of vocational education and regional economy is constructed by combining the game tree and the separated equilibrium game. According to the calculation formula for evolutionary stabilization strategies and equilibrium analysis, the case analysis of vocational education and regional economies is conducted. The results show that when W2 is taken as 2, 3, or 4, the system evolves towards antagonistic cooperation, but evolution is becoming increasingly slow. When W2=6, the two sides of the school and enterprise choose the strategy tends to (positive cooperation, positive cooperation), which indicates that in the school-enterprise cooperation, the government departments through tax concessions, capital subsidies and other incentives to improve the enthusiasm of enterprises is an effective method. This study analyzes the dispute of interests of school-enterprise cooperation in vocational education development from the game perspective. It provides the basis for the construction of regional economic synergistic development strategy.

Prospective directions for the development of cross-border cooperation in Ukraine

Prospective directions for the development of cross-border cooperation in Ukraine

Единая промышленная политика Союзного государства Белоруссии и России как инструмент обеспечения экономической безопасности

The issue of ensuring the economic security of the Union State and its industrial independence is a priority in the context of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, as well as outright economic pressure from Western countries. The assessment of the current level of economic security of the integration association based on three groups of indicators – the quality of life of the population, the state of foreign trade cooperation, the quality of industrial production and cooperation – revealed an insufficient level of development of industrial cooperation, investment, support for the introduction of R&D, high dependence on imports of goods of the machine-building complex, etc. In addition, the dynamics of the values of most indicators is negative, which indicates the need to develop new economic policy measures, including at the interstate level. The key condition for the self-sufficiency of the Union State in necessary goods, including high-tech ones, is the qualitative development of the industrial sector through active assistance from both state and supranational bodies. Measures taken at the interstate level should synergistically strengthen support at the State level. It is essential to understand the level of demand for critical goods (including raw materials and components for the production of new technological goods) and the necessary resources for the creation and development of their production facilities on the territory of the Union State (including scientific developments, technologies and human resources).

REVIEW: Green Morocco Plan and Moroccan legislation for the socioeconomic and sustainable development of agricultural cooperatives: Challenges and prospects

Since its inception, the Green Morocco Plan (MGP) has set as its overriding objective a strong territorial anchoring to enhance agricultural potential and make agriculture an engine of modern, competitive and inclusive economic and social development. The MGP has been designed according to the principles of sustainable agriculture and affects the plural form of all players, particularly professional agricultural organizations of all kinds. It is a national strategy that, among other things, targets socioeconomic development through several mechanisms to accompany and support the cooperative fabric. During the first years of implementation of the Green Morocco Plan, Law 112-12 governing cooperatives were enacted. Against this backdrop, we present the challenges and prospects of the government's strategy to boost agricultural cooperatives and the impact of Moroccan legislation on the development of this promising sector.

Сотрудничество Китая и Республики Корея в экологической сфере и его влияние на регион Восточной Азии

In this article, the authors consider the issues of cooperation between China and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of Ecology. Recently, severe air pollution in China is becoming a serious environmental problem in East Asia. Air pollutants from China are becoming the main external factor in the deterioration of air quality in the Republic of Korea. Fine dust is transported over long distances, and under conditions of high concentration in the air, it looks like fog. Over the past few years, the Korean government and the PRC government have actively promoted policies to reduce "fine dust" and improve the air in the region. The solution of air pollution problems between South Korea and China involves the consideration of the issue of reducing air emissions by the PRC, expanding cooperation between the two states in the field of Environmental Policy. The study of environmental cooperation between the PRC and the Republic of Korea, the analysis of current issues in the field of Ecology on the basis of fine dust and the results of bilateral cooperation will determine the outcome of the environmental problem in the region. The main approach and method of studying this topic of research is"case studies", empirical methods of content analysis and information collection. In the article, the authors tried to use the most relevant data to help future readers conduct research. In conclusion, the authors conclude that the need to create conditions for the unhindered promotion of cooperation in the field of the air environment and the development of environmental cooperation between Korea and China is the priority task of the two states.

The Interconnectedness of Central Asia and the Caspian Region: Current Issues

The article presents the main prerequisites and factors for the interconnectedness of the Caspian and Central Asian regions; the “window of opportunity” for the development of regional cooperation both between the states of the region and with neighboring countries was explored. The main factors determining the strategic importance of the region in the international arena, the importance of the large volume of hydrocarbon reserves, and the geographical location of the region are shown; interconnectedness of the countries of Central Asia and the Caspian states. As a result, the significance and prospects of interconnectedness between Central Asia and the Caspian region were revealed. In these regions, almost all the challenges and threats of globalization characteristic of the world system are manifested: multipolarity and economic confrontation between the West and the East; growing civilizational contradictions; depletion of natural resources; the likelihood of environmental and man-made threats on a planetary scale.

The Belt and Road Initiative's impact on tourism and heritage along the Silk Roads: A systematic literature review and future research agenda.

This is a systematic review of the literature on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its impact on tourism and heritage in participating countries along the Silk Roads. China launched the BRI in 2013 with the aim of promoting global trade and stimulating economic growth through the development of infrastructure and cultural cooperation. This review examines studies for the period from 2013 to 2023, focusing on key themes such as tourist flows, destination development, urban renewal, heritage preservation, and cultural route revival. The systematic review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, incorporating 56 relevant documents that cover both tourism and heritage domains. The findings highlight substantial potential for the development of new tourism products and destinations, improved urban renewal, and the preservation of cultural heritage, provided that integrated policies, public-private collaboration, and equitable community participation frameworks are implemented with attention to ecological limits. However, the review also identifies significant challenges, including financial imbalances, uneven access to benefits, social disruption, cultural commodification, and environmental degradation. Addressing these issues requires careful, context-specific planning. The study concludes with a proposal for a future research agenda that includes exploring underrepresented regions, developing sustainable tourism models, and fostering interdisciplinary research to ensure a balanced approach to economic development and heritage preservation. This review's findings provide valuable insight for policymakers, tourism officials, and cultural heritage managers, guiding the development of policies that balance economic growth with the preservation of cultural and natural heritage sites. This research contributes to the academic discourse by elucidating the complex interplay between the BRI and the Silk Roads' tourism and heritage, offering a pathway for sustainable and inclusive growth.