Development Of Charity Research Articles

The Phenomenon of Chinese Charity within the Paternalistic Model of Social Policy

This article highlights the main aspects of the development of private and corporate charity in the People's Republic of China and analyzes the process of integrating charity into the paternalistic model of social policy, traditional for China. The main data on the economic development of China, especially the private sector of the economy, which is the main donor of charitable projects and programs, are presented. The increased attention of the state to private charity is stated as an opportunity to make additional financial injections into solving social problems. A brief description of legal innovations concerning the development of Chinese philanthropy is provided. The specific features of national charity reflecting the socio-cultural and economic characteristics of the country are considered. The increased role of corporate and private charity in the fight against poverty, the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters, and the support of education is stated. At the same time, attention is drawn to the desire of the state to coordinate and control the processes of creating charitable organizations, to direct their activities, which in the conditions of paternalistic traditions looks natural. The political aspects of the growth of charity are considered, in particular, related to the concept of ‘universal prosperity’. The desire of the country's leadership to reduce the growing socio-economic stratification is clearly seen, using not only state programs, but also the potential of charitable organizations and individuals. The data of sociological surveys of the most affluent citizens of the People’s Republic of China are given, indicating their high motivation to help and support fellow citizens in need. The development of charity in China, especially corporate, is interpreted as a process of its peculiar ‘embedding’ not only in the economy, but also in politics.

The social state as a condition for the emergence and development of charity

The article is devoted to the study of the welfare state as a condition for the emergence and development of charity in Ukraine, because charity and charitable activity in the conditions of transformational challenges have become an important part of social and legal life. During the research, theoretical analysis, synthesis, systematization of current legal documents and the method of theoretical-structural refinement of the conceptual apparatus were applied. Social functioning is a tool for maintaining stability within the state, where there is a difference in income between the strata of the population. The fulfillment of the social duty by the state reduces the tension and dissatisfaction of population groups with insufficient income. Stability is a primary condition for ensuring economic growth, internal and external security. A social state should understood as a certain type of state, which differs from others by the priority of fulfilling a social function in the implementation of state policy. The main tasks of the state are: creation of a legally approved system of mechanisms and tools for the implementation of social functions; protection of the rights and observance of the interests of all citizens of the country on equal terms; implementation of the social component in all spheres of society. The strategic direction of the formation of civil society is the expansion of the scope of charity. Its nature consists in fulfilling a social function and uniting society. Modern charity is an objectively necessary typical practice of social interaction, supported by the system of institutions of social assistance, manifested in the forms of civic initiatives aimed at the integrative development of a harmonious social environment. Charitable activity is a necessary factor in the formation of civil society. Participation in it serves the social mobilization of society and forms the subject’s civic activity based on the principles of social solidarity. The social content of charity is a set of areas of socially significant activity that constitute voluntary selfless assistance to citizens and legal entities. The development of the institution of charity will allow consolidating the nation and humanizing the existing social relations.

CHARITY AS A MANIFESTATION OF THE SOLIDARITY OF CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE STATE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION

Abstract: the article analyzes the trends in the development of charity as a manifestation of solidarity in the context of a special military operation. Based on terminological analysis, the author singles out two main components in solidarity: unity and coherence. It is noted that the introduction of this principle into the Constitution of the Russian Federation is not declarative, but has deep historical roots. So, during the First World War, women of different classes together provided charitable assistance to soldiers who were at the front, both through fundraising and helping the families of soldiers. Similarly, at the present stage of development of Russian society, we observe the solidarity of civil society with the state through assistance to both participants in the special operation and refugees from the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics and Ukraine. The author also points out the traditional features of the Russian people in the form of charity and mercy, which manifested themselves in the new reality.

БЛАГОТВОРИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ И ВОЛОНТЕРСТВО В УПРАВЛЕНИИ ДЕЛОВОЙ РЕПУТАЦИЕЙ СУБЪЕКТА ТОРГОВЛИ

The relevance of the study of charity and volunteering in trade is associated with their distribution in trade practice with simultaneous assistance from the state. The main driver that encourages traders to solve social problems is the need for a stable positive business reputation. In this regard, the study is aimed at assessing the compliance of the practice of charity and volunteering in the trading business with the expectations of society. At the first stage, the practice of charity and volunteering in trade was summarized using the example of subjects - operators of federal retail chains and online stores, at the second stage, opinions about charity and volunteering in trade were revealed by students of the «Trading business» direction, who are real or potential trade workers and consumers . The results of the analysis of the practice and its perception by the society (its part), as well as their comparison with each other, made it possible to identify such directions for the further development of charity and volunteering that meet the expectations of the society and thereby help strengthen the business reputation of trade entities.

Алтайский губернский Союз увечных воинов (1918–1920 гг.)

The development of charity in Russia is increasingly reflected in contemporary Russian historiography. The military-revolutionary period of 1914–1920, associated with large-scale social cataclysms, in this respect it is especially relevant. The study of regional specifics is important for the disclosure of the problem. The purpose of the study is to reveal, using the example of the Altai provincial of war crippled (AlthrovUC), the peculiarities of the formation and activity of public associations under the conditions of the Russian Civil War in Siberia that provided support to disabled people of the First World War (training, employment, social care and adaptation, etc.). The source base of the work is the unpublished sources from the collections of the State Archives of the Altai Territory and materials of the West Siberian press, which are first introduced into scientific circulation. The anthropological approach and the theory of social adaptation became the methodological basis of the work. The author concludes that, despite the difficult conditions of the Russian Civil War (general financial and social crisis), AlthrovUC employees made a significant contribution to supporting the disabled of the First World War.

Socio-Cultural Practices of the Siberian Merchants of the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Century in the Coverage of Modern Russian Historiography

The study of the socio-cultural activities of entrepreneurs including the history of everyday life as its integral part is one of the important aspects of the study of regional history. The historiography of the history of socio-cultural practices in pre-revolutionary Siberia has not been fully studied yet. The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns of the modern historiographic situation on the basis of understanding the study of the history of socio-cultural practices of business people in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The work used the general methods of scientific knowledge: historicism, logical analysis, deduction and induction, which made it possible to conduct a consistent analysis of the works of researchers, to identify the main characteristics. Modern researchers in their works have raised a number of problems: trends in the development of charity, the scope of investment of donated money, forms of participation in various events, contributions to the development of libraries, museums, schools, orphanages, etc. Historians used quantitative indicators of the participation of entrepreneurs in the social and cultural life of Siberian cities, the motives of the merchants’ charity. The following topics were studied: support for education, participation in the improvement of cities, contribution to the development of culture and museum affairs, financing of expeditions, church and charitable activities, targeted assistance to those in need. In general, and in the conclusions of this article, the expansion of scientific knowledge about the socio-social history of Siberia after the reform period is emphasized, the points of view of historians on the role and place of businessmen in the cultural and social spheres of the life of the region are revealed. Historiographic analysis is relevant from the point of view of modern discussions about the contribution of entrepreneurs to the development of cities, culture, economy, and charity in pre-revolutionary Siberia. The revival of entrepreneurship, modern socio-economic processes encourage specialists to in-depth study of the history of socio-cultural practices of the Siberian merchants.

Vplyv sotsialnoho zabezpechennia na minimizatsiiu sotsialnykh ryzykiv u suspilstvi

It is argued that the transition in Ukraine from the command-administrative system that existed in the Soviet period on the basis of a monopoly for power, truth and property, to the market-based model led to a radical break in all the social, spiritual and economic foundations of the public life. As a result, there was a sharp decline in social protection. It is shown that this objectively leads to an increase in social tensions in society, which potentially exacerbates social risks. It is pointed out that under such conditions there is an urgent need to «reset» the social security system, which can be viewed as a means for minimizing social risks in society. The reasons for the emergence and formation of a welfare state aimed at protecting the most vulnerable citizens are discussed. The main historical stages of the development of social security as a social phenomenon are analyzed. The positive role of Christianity in the development of charity as a form of social protection for the needy is shown. It is proven that the implementation of the principles of justice and target group orientation in the activities of social security bodies minimizes the existing social risks in society. It is shown that rural poverty and large families increase the level of social risks. Attention is drawn to the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic and the aggressive war on the part of the Russian Federation are factors that pose significant social risks. It turns out that the reform of the social security system is based on the neoliberal model of developed European states, which is not adapted to the Ukrainian reality. Therefore, the ongoing economic transformations in the state did not have an effective system of necessary precautionary mechanisms for social protection in the face of a sharp decline in the living standards of the majority of the population. It turns out that the social security system, which was established in Soviet times, could not fully become a factor in minimizing social risks in society. It is emphasized that the implementation of reforms initiated in the social sphere, first of all, needs to be modernized and updated, which will allow it to become an important factor in minimizing social risks in society.

Activities of Charitable Societies and Institutions in Nizhny Novgorod Province in Second Half of XIX — early XX Century

The article is devoted to the work of public charitable organizations and institutions in the Nizhny Novgorod province of the post-reform Russian Empire in various areas of the social sphere. The relevance of the study is due to the development of charitable activities in modern Russia, the need to get acquainted with the historical experience. A review of the activities of voluntary societies, both all-Russian, with branches in Nizhny Novgorod, and, in fact, regional, in the field of social security, health care and public education has been carried out. On the basis of the charters and reports of the companies, their goals, objectives, management structure, sources of funds, forms of assistance to those in need are considered. The author shows the possibilities of social self-organization in the conditions of autocracy, the nature and methods of cooperation between civil society and the authorities. The reasons for the development of charity in the Nizhny Novgorod province in the second half of the XIX century, the motives prompting various segments of the population to engage in it are revealed. The universalism of the work of organizations, in other words unification within the framework of one society of different areas of activity are emphasized in the article. The author comes to the conclusion that the second half of the 19th — the beginning of the 20th century was a period of activity of charitable societies and institutions, whose main obstacle in achieving their goals was a lack of funds.

THE HISTORICAL PHENOMENON OF PHILANTHROPY IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF GERMANY)

This article is devoted to the reformation of charity and charitable societies in Germany. The subject is the study of the formation and development of charity in Germany under the influence of socio-economic and cultural-historical factors.

Ukrainian

There is a steady trend in the wide range of literature on the study of institutions: the definition of theoretical judgments often does not coincide and is not combined with the definition of general connections and patterns, which leads to ignoring the principle of systematic analysis of socio-economic processes. Indirectly, this means the priority of the random (individual) over the whole and general. Meanwhile, the concept of an institution correlates with the specific content of a phenomenon or process and is supplemented by a generalized and systematic approach. The study of such an urgent problem of the market economy as institutional choice through non-profit organizations requires the extension of the analysis not only to governmental but also to non-governmental structures, which are an element of the whole. In this regard, the article provides a historical overview of the development of nonprofit organizations and charitable activities as a large-scale social phenomenon, which made it possible to draw attention to the possibility of using the experience of past years for the purposeful organization of non-state institutions of charity, including by improving social partnerships. Analysis of the current state of non-profit organizations in Ukraine, despite the growth in their number, shows a decrease in the volume of charitable activities. In recent years, the country has taken certain steps to improve charity. However, this is not enough. The institutional environment for philanthropy needs to be improved. The solution to this problem is possible with the active influence of the state on the management of non-commercial activities. Improving the tools of functioning, financing, as well as increasing attention to the development of statistics in this area of activity is considered relevant. In this regard, the purpose of the article is to identify pressing issues and ways to improve charitable organizations. The solution to this problem is possible with the active influence of the state on the management of non-profit activities. The development of the institutional framework of the nonprofit sector of the economy means the improvement of financial reporting, greater openness of charitable organizations, streamlining of their legal relations, liberalized taxation and strengthened control over the activities of non-profit organizations. The article pays special attention to the problem of accumulation and distribution of charitable funds. The potential of charitable organizations can be expanded by shifting the focus of their regulation away from predominantly corporate to regional administration, which increases the importance of the institution of partnership in the development of charity. The article uses historical and logical methods, which allowed to study the formation and development of non-profit organizations in the evolutionary aspect.

Managing charity 4.0 with Blockchain: a case study at the time of Covid-19

The Covid-19 emergency is demonstrating the need to follow new solutions that can support the important role played by non-profit organizations around the world. Contrary to what should have happened to further combat the effect of pandemic, the majority of philanthropic organisations had a negative impact on fundraising, suffering a substantial decrease. Today, the Blockchain can play a pivotal role to re-establish pre-pandemic standards and enhance the development of global philanthropy. However, it is still too little considered due to the criticalities encountered during the launch and development of the initiatives as well as for a general incomprehension of its technology. Therefore, this work aims to demonstrate the Blockchain impact on the development of charity 4.0, especially in an extremely dramatic historical moment marked by the Covid-19 pandemic. The objective is achieved through the case study of Charity Wall, an emerging Italian social marketplace appreciated by important business associations for its innovative solutions in the charity 4.0 sector and for the important support provided to NPOs during their traditional function as well as against Covid-19 in Italy. Through a benchmark analysis, this work succeeds in highlighting the innovative solutions proposed by Charity Wall compared to the charity 4.0 systems on the market. More specifically, through the Charity Wall case study it is possible to demonstrate which aspects of Blockchain technology can be used to strengthen the philanthropic system by avoiding cases of fraud to the detriment of beneficiaries, receivers and donors as well as to create a closer network between the various philanthropic players to support charitable initiatives against the Covid-19.

“Under the Romanovs’ Sceptre: the 300th Anniversary of Russia's Proclamation as an Empire”. “Russian Charity. Tradition and Modernity”. Review of International and Interregional Scientific Conferences

A review of international/inter-regional scientific conferences held by the Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the Foundation for the Revival of Traditions of Charity and Charity “St. Elisabethan and St. Sergius Educational Society” (ESPS Foundation) in 2021 is presented. In connection with the momentous historical date — the 300th anniversary of the proclamation of Russia as an empire — scientific conferences were held “Under the Romanovs' sceptre: on the 300th anniversary of the proclamation of Russia as an empire» with thematic blocks: “The Russian Empire: Projection to the West” (Kaliningrad), “The Imperial House of Romanov and the Inclusion of New Lands and Peoples in the Cultural and Civilisational Space of the Russian Empire” (Perm) and “The Russian Empire in Comparison with Other Empires of the East and West” (Kazan). There was also an international scientific and practical conference entitled “Russian Charity. Traditions and Modernity” (Kazan), whose scientific reports focused on the development of charity in Russia in the first half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. More than 300 leading scientists-historians, archivists, representatives of the museum community from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Perm, Kaliningrad, Voronezh, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Republic of Crimea and the CIS countries took part in the events.

Формирование и развитие мусульманских благотворительных обществ в Крыму (в конце XIX – начале XX века)

The article is devoted to the formation and development of charitable organizations of the Crimean Tatar people, whose main tasks were to combat poverty and illiteracy among the Muslim population in the Crimea in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The leading role of representatives of the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia in the development of charity is considered, with the help of which issues of an educational social and humanitarian nature, problems in the development of education and culture were solved. During the next meeting of the Tauride nobles in 1893, the well-known public and political figure Ismail Mufti-zade, the idea of the need for the Crimean Muslims to organize a charitable organization was presented. For this purpose, at the same time, 150 rubles were collected between the murzas, which served as the basis of capital. Ismail Mufti-zade drew up the «Charter of the Crimean Charitable Society in Simferopol for helping the Crimean Tatars in need», which was reviewed and signed at the Ministry of Internal Affairs on December 24, 1896. Crimean Charitable Society of Muslims in Moscow In Simferopol, «Dzhemiet Khayrie» was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Reports of the activities of the charity society after review and approval were sent to all the members of the society, and through the Taurida Governor and Trustee of the Odessa school district, was presented at the interior Ministry and the Ministry of national education. The charity society had its own seal and had the right to acquire and sell its own property on the grounds stipulated by law. According to the «Charter», the purpose of the society was to work in two main directions: social charity and charity education. In the first direction, the Society took care and helped the elderly and sick people from among the Crimean Tatars who were unable to work, and provided them with real material assistance. Russian Russian-Tatar schools, Russian classes at the existing mekteb and madrasahs, and placement of orphans and the poorest children in vocational schools were opened with the proper permission of the charity organization of the Crimean Tatars in the second direction. According to the «Charter», members of this society could be persons of both sexes, of all classes and ranks, except for underage students who were tainted by the court. The members of the society were divided into several categories: honorary members, full members of the society. The activities of the Muslim charity society in Simferopol are reflected in the reports of general meetings of different cities, which consider the positive aspects and shortcomings in the work of the society. At the beginning of the XX century. Charitable societies of Crimean Tatars were established in other cities of the Crimea: Yalta, Bakhchisarai, Kerch, Yevpatoria, Karasubazar, whose activities were aimed at solving social and humanitarian educational problems. With the beginning of the First World War, the financial situation of the Society deteriorated significantly, however, the needy Crimean Tatars continued to help receive financial assistance until 1920. With the establishment of Soviet power in the Crimea, charitable societies ceased to exist. The history of the creation and development of Muslim charitable societies in the Crimea is worthy of deep scientific research.

Charity development trends in Russia

The article analyzes the problems of charity development in the world and in Russia over the past 25 years. The research reveals the issues of citizens' involvement in various forms of philanthropy and the specifi cs of national policy in this area. The author of the article examines the dynamics of increasing public confidence in NPOs and various charitable organizations, as well as identifi es new methods and means of providing support and donations to organizations in need. The author also analyzes the statistical database for the specifi ed time period.

Reflection of the Russian Empire Social Policy (1861–1914)
 in English-American Historiography

The article analyzes English and American researchers’ works which reflected the factors that influenced the formation of the state social policy of the Russian Empire in 1861–1914 and its individual aspects. It is noted that in studies on institutional history foreign scholars point to the problems in organizing the system of local government and self-government, which negatively affected the development
 of the social sphere. These drawbacks include the lack of institutional unity between the various branches of government and a single strategic purpose for the
 state development, the inability of various institutions of power to provide an effective solution to the problems of the population. These issues are indicated by A. Verner, N. Weissman, T. Pearson and others. The works of this direction contain
 negative or neutral assessments of the state internal policy, which included social policy. Its certain aspects have also received coverage in the studies on social history. In foreign historiography attention was paid to such problems as the development of charity in the Russian Empire and the situation of children, as and the healthcare system. For understanding the essence of the state social policy, the conclusions made by A. Lindenmeyr are of particular value. She points to gradual rationalization of assistance to the people in need as well as maintaining the general control of the state over its development. B. Gorshkov, analyzing the problem of child labor in the Russian Empire, for the first time affects the actual social policy of the state. He emphasizes that in this direction, state institutions and the public
 have managed to establish successful cooperation and achieve positive results.

Analysis of the confessional factor in charitable activities

Traditions of religious charity are leading from the beginning, perhaps, from the very times when blissful charm appears as it is. In the sacred texts of all religions, matters of mercy have a special place. On the one hand, help those who need it, there is a prescription or direct demand in different religions and religious communities. The main purpose of this article is to make a comparative analysis of the ideas of charity in such religious as Islam, Christianity (catolics, righteous, including the antiquity) of history. General features and differences between views on charity in these confessions are deduced. It was revealed that in Judaism there is a measure of permanent disbursements in favor of the poor and the uncommon – tzdaka, tenth part of the income. A similar norm is found both among Muslims and Christian communities. In any religious culture, be it to Islam, Orthodox or Catholic Christianity, Protes- tantism, Judaism speaks of the importance of charity and assistance to people in need. It is also presumed in what way the charity should be produced. From all of the above, it is possible to conclude that religion has imposed a serious imprint on the development of charity in different regions of the world. Key words: charity, religious charity, mercy, philanthropy, Islam, sadaqah.

Russian Medical Emigration to France in the 1920s — 1930s and Its Role in the Development of Charity and Mercy

The activities of medical intellectuals in Russian Abroad during 1920s and 1930s, their role and participation in charity and clemency are revealed in this article based on a wide range of published sources. Authors of this article analyze the influence of Romanov family members who lived in France on the different forms of charity activities. The present study deals with such a problem as a perception of Russian emigration by the French and English newspapers. Authors of this article describe different types of professional activities available for Russian medical emigration in France during 1920s and 1930s. It is also possible to find in the present study a lot of important facts on the merits of the eminent doctors whose destiny is narrowly related to Russian Abroad in France. According to this article, scientific interests of Russian emigration covered different fields of medicine: therapeutics, general medicine, surgery, psychiatry, bacteriology.

Economy of culture and culture of economy: institutional aspect

The article analyzes the interaction of economic components of culture and of valuable components of the economy in the institutional environment. The analysis of interaction based on basic postulates of the behavioral economy. Following a number of Russian researchers the author comes to the conclusion that the culture economy can influence the dynamics of productivity and labor efficiency. The author based on the institutional approach, and he introduces “the traps of cultural degradation” and “cultural multiplier” concepts which are forming in the institutional environment. Spending of budget reduction on culture in the long time may lead to deformation of one's own cultural traditions and institutions. In the article offers a theoretical construct for interaction between the economy of culture and culture of the economy based on the concept of economic mentality. The author includes in the definition the value-motivational attitude to work, wealth, norms and patterns of established economic behavior, the national orientation of the economic agent and his assessment of his subjective economic wellbeing. The author argues that the low culture of economic interaction causes significant damage to the quality of market transactions through the growth of opportunistic behavior of economic agents, economic crimes, and so on. Opposite tendencies associated with the fixation of the theaters and museums visiting per 1000 people growth while reducing the average per capita monthly household income are revealed. In order to understand whether this is a trend characteristic of national economic mentality, or this is a feature of the demand for cultural goods, which is characteristic for them without national binding, the author suggests that a similar analysis for other countries of the world. The author comes to the conclusion that the economic mentality of economic agents should contribute to the development of charity and philanthropy institutions as an additional source of investment in the sphere of culture.

CHARITY IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING THE HUMANIST AXIOSPHERE OF CIVIL SOCIETY

Purpose. The research characterizes the charity as part of civil society, which develops based on humanism in modern society. Methodology of the article is based on the complex direction of research in the dialectical interaction of the triad of a single, a special and a general that allowed to consider certain phenomena in development and interconnection, unity and contradiction, in particular, in the study and analysis of individual concepts. The author used the method of abstraction and induction with the purpose of imaginary departure from the nonessential properties and connections characterizing individual concepts, with simultaneous isolation of their most important features. Originality. The author for the first time in this work has designated the interrelation between methodological approaches and diverse practical versions of the development of charity and the opportunities of civil society based on the humanistic principle. The paper presents the developed and ready for use hierarchical pyramid of charity, the criteria for placing elements of which is the creation of the most favorable conditions for the practical development of human in general and his humanistic qualities in particular, which is directly correlated with the Maslow pyramid of needs. The author has introduced and explained the notion of «active charity», as an activity that comprehensively solves social problems. Conclusions. Charity, as an institutional and resource component of civic activity, acts as one of the practical ways of building a society on the humanity principles. However, not all forms of charity are equally effective. Representatives of active charity, the highest level of the hierarchical structure of charity, are financially stable, conscious individuals who directly act as practitioners of humanism and become most effective.

Investing in charities in the nineteenth century: The financialization of philanthropy

This study deals with the impact of financialization on the development of charity during the nineteenth century. We argue that this has two key aspects: firstly, the growth of charitable provision via limited companies; and secondly, the financial audit by charities of the claimants who approached them. Limited companies operated mainly in the field of subsidized housing. These offered investors a satisfactory return, but at the cost of requirements regarding the level of rent and the behaviour expected from tenants which restricted the number of potential beneficiaries. The evaluation of claimants by charities was pioneered by, but not limited to, the new Charities Organization Society. This constituted a form of audit, with enquiry into claimants’ behaviour, financial status and prospects, and a refusal to support those seen as unreliable or unpredictable. We argue that these developments have significant implications for the social enterprise movement of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.