Capital Development Research Articles

Kapitalizmin Güncel Eğilimlerini ve Kapitalist Devleti Anlamada İlkel Birikimin Güncelliği

Today the social functions of the state and commons, which have been able to escape capital’s transformative effect so far, are under attack around the world. Discussions around the concept of primitive accumulation are attempts to understand the reasons, mechanisms and results of such attacks. Primitive accumulation in historical sense refers to a precapital separation of peasants from the means of production, which created the necessary conditions for capitalist development. On the other hand, many scholars since Luxemburg argue that primitive accumulation is a continuous process throughout capitalism’s history and it is intertwined with capitalist accumulation. Bringing primitive accumulation from precapital to contemporary era created theoretical problems. Since the state is traditionally the perpetrator of primitive accumulation, the proposed way to solve them is to revisit the capitalist state debate and scrutinize its role in contemporary developments, such as land, water and resource grabbing, simultaneously happening around the world.

현대일본문화의 엔트로피적 양상 - 1990년대 이후 대중사회의 상실감 -

Under the title Entropic Aspects of Contemporary Japanese Culture, this paper examines both sociological and personal aspects of Japanese literature. The paper examines concrete examples of desolated human existence and the loss of human identity at a historical moment faced with the prospect of a future where humans work together with AI or are dominated by it and the realization that human history does not necessarily move toward progress. Accordingly, it turns out that the end of capitalist development is not necessarily optimistic. Especially the paper illustrates that, from the 1990s onwards, through the Great Hanshin􋹲Awaji Earthquake and the Omjin Rikyo Incident, how the development of Japanese society, which has continued for 50 years after the war, became dangerous with degeneration. Lastly, through the literary work “Confession,” published in such a social situation, the paper investigates how much the inner world of human beings is devastated.

ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ НА РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНИХ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

Based on the results of the research, an analysis of the essence of the development of globalization processes in the context of their socio-economic, political, ecological and cultural manifestations was carried out. The peculiarities and role of the functioning of global international economic institutions, in particular such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organization (WTO), are determined. The negative consequences of globalization are identified and characterized, including the increase in migration, legal and illegal, either for economic reasons or due to environmental disasters. It has been established that in the social sphere globalization has significantly affected the levels and conditions of employment and the social rights of workers. The emergence of international movements, usually called anti-globalization, uniting trade unions, environmental non-governmental organizations, political, human rights, scientific circles, women's organizations and all those interested in creating a fairer world is substantiated. In the economic sphere, globalization is associated with the development of capitalism as an economic system, often based on the belief in self-regulating markets. Globalization has fostered economic freedom and supposedly raised living standards around the world, even as the gap between the rich and the poor widens in relative terms. The implementation of tasks to prevent the impact of various types of risks caused by globalization processes requires a deep analysis of the international legal field, requirements and rules that will need to be implemented for the actual implementation of international obligations at the domestic level through the transformation of international legal norms into national laws and by-laws . In the conditions of modern global challenges for the socio-economic security of Ukraine, it is relevant to study issues aimed at forming resistance to the influence of negative factors, strengthening competitiveness at the global level in general, quick response to changes in the establishment of global norms and ensuring their compliance. The relevance of this issue is the development of high-tech spheres of activity, the creation of new technology transfer centers or institutions, the introduction of measures to simplify the control of conducting business at various levels and stimulate their continuous development in order to reduce the level of import dependence, which in turn will lead to an increase in the volume of direct foreign investments.

Radio production in Zapotec in San Pablo Güila, Oaxaca, and the regulation of sector in a capitalist environment

In Mexico, the socialization of messages from communities and ethnic groups through broadcasting is complex (Calleja & Solís, 2005) (Esteinou Madrid & Alva de la Selva, 2011) and is adapted to the capitalist context. This is due to regulatory policies of the telecommunications sector oriented towards capitalist development that favors media concentration (of capital and structure) (Alva de la Selva, 2015) (Becerra & Mastrini, 2010), and limits the plurality and diversity of actors and content. The objective of this communication is a descriptive review, focused on the production of programming in their mother tongue (Zapotec) in the face of public government intervention, of the operation of the station 102.7 Fm Radio Comunitaria De San Pablo Güilá, Agency of the Santiago Matatlán municipality, a indigenous community of Oaxaca. It is a qualitative case study based on critical political economy, production itself is considered the dependent variable, which is influenced (independent variable) by a variety of factors (internal and external); in the particular case, the regulatory and economic framework is explored. The topic, in itself, is a contribution because the empirical information is scarce or null. We worked with the collection and review of primary data (direct observation and interviews) and secondary data (bibliohemerographic).

Instinctive Behaviour, Producer Surplus, and Corporate Social Responsibility

In a broader sense, CSR became an issue mainly in the recent years. The evolution of this phenomenon is largely to be credited to the neoliberalist era that began in the last quarter of the 20th century and continues to dominate the new millennium. Not surprisingly, the conceptual and operational definitions of CSR are subject to as many controversies and disappointments as is the outcome of neoliberalist economics manifested in looming threats to social, economic and environmental sustainability. The scope of this study is, however, only limited to addressing the issue of CSR. The analysis is carried out by adopting an inductive approach while probing into both interconnected aspects and disconnected separate currents of the phenomenon. The interconnectivity of CSR relates the capitalist paradigm with the individual/collective human behaviour. The disconnection on the other hand refers to specific real world issues with local and global contexts involving simultaneous but unequal capitalist development in the North and the South. The paper is divided into three parts. Part 1 reflects on the relationship between instinctive and ethical behaviour of the entrepreneurs. The former is driven by the motivational force of self-interest exhibited in efforts to accumulate producer surplus, while the latter demands social responsibility under the influence of intrinsic and/or extrinsic regulations. Part II presents a brief review of the literature on CSR, largely relating to the corporate sector in the North. Finally, Part III of the paper analyses the literature on CSR in the developing countries and highlights its recent origins in a world where Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) are increasingly underscoring the North-South divide in gains from economic globalisation.

Gurli Jakobsen and Jens Erik Torp (ed.). Understanding Business Systems in Developing Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. Paperback. 260 pages. Indian Rs 225.00.

Edited by Gurli Jakobsen and Jens Erik Torp, Understanding Business Systems in Developing Countries strives to do just that by presenting the views of scholars in the field of development economics. Analyses of developing business systems at the international, national, and sector levels provide the reader with significant insight into how economies actually function. The dominant paradigm within which these analyses take place is that of growth-oriented capitalistic development. Richard Whitley’s study of emerging capitalistic economies and Henrik Schaumburg-Mueller’s study of firms in the developing world represent the international level studies. Their overviews provide some interesting perspectives on the response of the private sector to structures at the national and international levels.

Muhammad Saleem Kamdar. Development of Capitalism in Agriculture: An Essay on the Nature of Transformation (Change) of the 19th Century Agrarian Structure of Sindh Province in Pakistan. Stuart, Florida. 1996. 146pp.Paperback. price not give

This study examines the nature of ‘transformation’ or ‘change’ in the agrarian structure of the then western part of India (now Sindh province of Pakistan). It employs a Marxist-Structuralist framework in contrast to earlier, mainly historical, studies. The author indicates that development or change is a long-term process which involves relations between producers and others (landed aristocracy, agricultural traders, and the state) involved in the agricultural structure. And he considers ‘change’ or ‘development’ as a consequence of interactions between the ‘forces of production’ (inputs, technology, and natural resources) and the ‘relations of production’ (control of the forces of production). The major objective of the author’s analysis is to determine whether or not British control of Sindh for more than a century resulted in a major implementation of capitalism in agriculture.

Chimbote in the Blue Revolution, 1940-1980

This paper looks at how the export-led growth and dependent development pursued by Peruvian politicians and capitalists produced a new nature in Chimbote. Starting in 1955, Peruvians extracted incalculable wealth from its ocean, and erected the world's largest fishing industry, centered on the production of fishmeal, a high-protein hog- and chicken-feed additive. Two decades of unrestrained exploitation of the country's natural resources and unregulated industrialization produced an ecological catastrophe in Chimbote, the center of the fishmeal industry. In 1940, it had been a serene village of 4,000; thirty years later it had become the world’s biggest fishing port, a ‘tragic city’ in which some 200,000 people lived amid thirty disturbingly polluting fishmeal processing factories. The once clear and fecund bay had become a cesspool of industrial and human wastes: Chimbote had been sacrificed to the nation's pursuit of capitalist development. This chapter decenters narratives of economic development and the environmental impact of industrialization. Most studies of Peru’s postwar industrial boom have focused on the Lima-Callao metropolitan area, to the exclusion of the vast majority of the rest of the nation. By shifting the focus from Lima to the intersections of nature, labor, and politics of rapid industrialization on the postwar Peruvian coast, we can better understand how elite schemes emanating from the metropole have impacted the people and ecologies of the periphery.

Predators in the web of life: World ecology of historical human–wolf relations in Finland

AbstractTo better understand current conflicts related to human–wolf interactions in Finland, this article undertakes a longue‐durée examination of societal structural transformations and how they have influenced ways of relating to nature in the country. Through a world‐ecological perspective, we weave together a historical review and results of ethnographic fieldwork to explain how and why human–wolf relations in Finland transformed from indifferent coexistence to purposeful eradication in the late 19th century and ultimately to contemporary contested protection. We argue that the nature‐making capacities of capitalist development are an integral part of the historical circumstances that led to the eradication of wolves, which was not only the result of animosity towards wolves but also fuelled by the interests of elite hunters. The resulting negative perceptions, coupled with changes in practices and landscapes during the wolf‐less era, are central in current contestations, illustrating the deep ideological, emotional, and practical nature relations that capitalism creates.

Person, Plantation, Property: A Comment on Daniel Heller- Roazen’s Absentees

The figure of the absentee is historically linked to negligent landowners and to frustrations with an intransigent workforce. Opening a conversation with Daniel Heller-Roazen’s Absentees: On Variously Missing Persons, this piece steps away from Heller-Roazen’s use of Aristotelian conceptions of natural personhood, and turns to Hegel’s conception of juridical personhood, to consider the absentee as an implicit property-holder whose legal status depends upon ownership. If we take legal ownership as implicit in the figure of the absentee, then the history of colonial, capitalist development matters in its explication. This paper places special emphasis on the importance of the plantation to absenteeism. Reading two novels with neo-feudal overtones, Maria Edgeworth’s The Absentees (1812) alongside Charles Dickens’s Bleak House (1852-53), I suggest that the opprobrium once directed to the abdication of property is redirected to workers, orphans, and the poor in the service of England’s internal capitalist development.

Neoliberal ideologies and philanthrocapitalist agendas: what does a ‘smart economics’ discourse empower?

Emerging as this era’s most prominent philanthropist organisation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) wield unparalleled influence over global development agendas. Their philanthrocapitalist approach seeks to apply ‘market logic’ promoting neoliberal economic policies to development challenges – from global health to agricultural development, and, more recently, to gender equality and women’s empowerment. We apply Kashwan, MacLean, and García-López’s (2019) ‘Power in Institutions’ framework to the analysis of BMGF’s organisational documents around gender and triangulate findings through key-informant interviews to explore the multiple dimensions of power that the BMGF exert over mainstream approaches to gender. Overt power is exercised through direct control over the types of gender projects funded and the mainstream monitoring techniques used to track progress in line with the BMGF’s impact-orientated approach. Agenda power is exhibited through their ‘smart economics’ discourse rationalising investments in women that set global development agendas around increased yields, productivity and market integration. Discursive/ideational power is evident through shaping narratives around vulnerability – discursively defining global challenges, how they should be addressed, and by whom. Our findings thus contribute to a growing critique against the current neoliberal development landscape where philanthrocapitalists like the BMGF solidify their hegemony through wielding their immense power to push capitalist development agendas.

Етапи і ефекти розвитку економіки Італії в історичному вимірі

The article analyzes the stages of the economic development of Italy from the mid-nineteenth century to the world economic and financial crisis in period 2007–2009. The economy of Italy is an interesting example among developed capitalist countries. In the post-war years, Italy, starting from a low level, quickly became one of the industrial powers in the world. The 1950s and 1960s were a period of dynamic industrialization of this country, which resulted in the expansion of a number modern industries, especially chemical and machine industries. Italy was even considered an example of an «economic miracle». The main feature of this period was the rapid growth of gross (GNP) and net (PNN) national product, which was accompanied by a high investment rate, dynamic export growth, a significant reduction in unemployment and profound changes in the employment structure. Since the mid-1990s, their economy has been developing significantly slower than the EU average. In 2019, GDP (nominal) in this country amounted to 1,988 billion dollars, which allowed Italy to take eighth place in the world ranking of the largest economies and despite the crisis, the fourth economy in Europe (after Germany, Great Britain and France). The economic problem is significant unemployment (9.8% in 2020) and the country's internal debt amounting to 134.8% of GDP (in 2019). The interdependence of export-investment-economic growth was historically the driving mechanism of the economic development of Italy in the 1950s and 1960s. However, in the 1970s, or even slightly earlier, the period of dynamic development ended. The aforementioned driving mechanism of the economy has ceased to function.

Food security and agricultural crises in a “financialized food regime”

The paper explores the impact of finance's penetration into agriculture and the global food system. The authors analyse the causes of the recent global food crises, unveiling the key role played by financial speculation and explaining why this phenomenon is likely to affect food security much more than the problems related to the supply and demand dynamics taking place in the “real economy”. Financial markets, it is argued, are engendering pricing mechanisms and dynamics of wealth distribution that have consequences on agrarian structures, but also on our daily life. While creating new profit opportunities for speculators and the agribusiness, the penetration of finance into food systems increase uncertainty and imply new risks for local actors, to the point of compromising their capability to respond to exogenous shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. To make sense of these phenomena, they must be linked to the broader transformation of our global system and to the long-term trajectories of capitalist development. This operation is here made with the support of the analytical tools provided by some approaches inspired by the world-system analysis, bringing to light the roots of what can be defined as a “financialized food regime” and discussing some of its important ecological and socio-economic contradictions.

Of Furtive Hedgehogs and Steam Machines: An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy

In “Afterwards”, Thomas Hardy includes the furtive hedgehog among the things and creatures that he draws attention to. Such a detail is symptomatic of Hardy’s ecopoetic approach to the nonhuman. While poems devoted to birds highlight man’s insensitivity, “The Mother Mourns” lays down Hardy’s own Gaia hypothesis, so to speak, as if he foresaw the extinction of species. This environmental ethics helps to cast light on Tess of the d’Urbervilles, where prevailing patriarchal models of capitalist development threaten the eponymous protagonist, but also animals and the land. An ecofeminist reading of the novel may trace the disquieting undertones of the apparently idyllic dairy of Talbothays, as well as the viral progression of machinery in Wessex. The novel dismisses the ideological dichotomy virgin/sinner and calls for an ecologically sound, non-exploitative version of agriculture as well as for women’s ability to use their bodies freely.

The Genie and the Troll: Capitalism in the Early American Republic

This essay reviews the efforts of modern historians to explain the rise and development of capitalism in the early United States. Often assumed to be synonymous with democracy and freedom, capitalism as a system of social and economic organization has presented historians with an interpretive dilemma—suggested by the allusion to "the genie and the troll." The rich historiography from the 20th and early 21st centuries is surveyed here.

Capitalist development and european cultural formation in 19th Century Europe

Resumo: Apresenta resenha do livro Os europeus, do historiador britânico Orlando Figes. A partir de uma ampla gama de fontes primárias, Figes narra o triângulo amoroso entre o romancista russo Ivan Turgeniev, a cantora de ópera franco-espanhola Pauline Viardot-García e seu marido e empresário, o francês Louis Viardot. O historiador utiliza a vida dessas três pessoas do mundo das artes, cujas relações se desenrolaram em vários países europeus ao longo do século XIX, para traçar um panorama das mudanças econômicas e culturais pelas quais passava a Europa. Para Figes, o triângulo Turgeniev/García/Viardot pode ser considerado uma síntese da identidade comum europeia que se criava no século XIX.

Mining Capital and the Indonesian State

Arianto Sangadji traces the relationship between the state and mining capital in Indonesia throughout the historical capitalist development of the country from Dutch colonialism to the contemporary practices of multinational mining corporations. While these powerful firms have generated significant profits, they are also associated with dispossession, environmental degradation, and ruthless labor exploitation, spurring resistance from the local populations.

ZYX

The term 'hallucination' is used in relation to both human perception and machine learning. ZYX is a sound work that considers how Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) might be made to hallucinate and how that differs from human hallucination, specifically hallucinations triggered by LSD and grief. The work consists of a voice-over accompanied by filtered speech sounds. Both elements were made through the development and application of an audio filter that overemphasises disfluencies in speech in order to force errors in ASR. The script for the voice-over was written using erroneous output generated this way. Given the problematic ethics of the capitalist development of ASR systems that misrecognise large parts of human speech, the work proposes the forcing of errors as a potential form of resistance—as a disruption to 'smoothness' and also as a generative writing method. The sound piece should be listened to on its own, preferably with your eyes closed. A link to endnotes will appear afterwards.

Riverhood: political ecologies of socionature commoning and translocal struggles for water justice

ABSTRACT Mega-damming, pollution and depletion endanger rivers worldwide. Meanwhile, modernist imaginaries of ordering ‘unruly waters and humans’ have become cornerstones of hydraulic-bureaucratic and capitalist development. They separate hydro/social worlds, sideline river-commons cultures, and deepen socio-environmental injustices. But myriad new water justice movements (NWJMs) proliferate: rooted, disruptive, transdisciplinary, multi-scalar coalitions that deploy alternative river–society ontologies, bridge South–North divides, and translate river-enlivening practices from local to global and vice-versa. This paper's framework conceptualizes ‘riverhood’ to engage with NWJMs and river commoning initiatives. We suggest four interrelated ontologies, situating river socionatures as arenas of material, social and symbolic co-production: ‘river-as-ecosociety’, ‘river-as-territory’, ‘river-as-subject’, and ‘river-as-movement’.

The capital logic of platform economy globalisation and it’s critique and transcendence

PurposeTo realise the shared development of the digital economy, people need to transcend the capital logic and advocate the logic of cooperative development, i.e. “co-construction, benefit-sharing and co-governance”. This study aims to discuss the aforementioned statement.Design/methodology/approachPlatform economy is a new economic form produced by the transformation of the social production patterns in the era of digital capitalism. In the neo-imperialist stage, a new stage of capitalist development, capital logic promotes the global expansion of the platform economy and influences its development process, organisational form, contradictions and dilemmas and internal transcendence. Having the spatiotemporal chain of capital circulation repaired, the globalisation of the platform economy is reshaping how the means of production are combined with labour, affecting the local changes in the general relations of production and “international relations of production”.FindingsIn the accumulation of digital capitalism, the social contradictions and fundamental contradictions in the capitalist world have been further intensified, making exploitation, income distribution gap, monopoly and other problems increasingly severe. The imbalance and inequality in the global development of the digital economy are increasingly prominent.Originality/valueRegarding the global governance of the digital economy, China, as a major responsible country, will strive to encourage all countries to co-build a community with a shared future in cyberspace. In the new international development pattern of digital economy globalisation, China must take effective measures to actively safeguard its national security and development interests to meet specific challenges.