Development Of Biosensors Research Articles

The development of carbon nanostructured biosensors for glucose detection to enhance healthcare services: a review

In this review, the forefront of biosensor development has been marked by a profound exploration of carbon nanostructured materials for the specific application of glucose detection. Moreover, this progressive line of inquiry capitalizes on the distinctive attributes of carbon nanostructured materials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, and graphene which exhibit unique characteristics in the development of biosensor engineering design. It also enhanced analytical performances regarding the limit of detection, selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility towards glucose detection in biological samples. Most importantly, the strategic integration of carbon nanostructured-based biosensor architectures has played a significant role in advancements, characterized by heightened sensitivity, exquisite selectivity, and augmented stability in glucose detection processes. Furthermore, utilizing these advanced materials has engendered a transformative impact on electrochemical properties, propelling the biosensors to achieve rapid and precise glucose-sensing capabilities. The confluence of carbon nanostructures with biosensor technology has not only elevated the scientific understanding of glucose detection mechanisms. Still, it has also paved the way for miniaturized and portable biosensors. This transformative shift holds great promise for the realization of point-of-care diagnostics, representing a pivotal step towards durability and efficient glucose monitoring in health/medical care. These advancements emphasize the crucial role of carbon nanostructured-based biosensors in opening the way to a new avenue of superiority and effectiveness in diabetes management. Conclusively, the challenges and, in a forward-looking stance, the prospective futures of glucose biosensors anchored on carbon nanostructured frameworks were considered.

Electrochemical Biosensors in Diagnostic Medicine: Detecting Lung Cancer Biomarkers – A Comprehensive Review

AbstractElectrochemical biosensors use biomolecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and antibodies, to translate the analytical signals detected in a sample. They have diverse applications including pesticide detection in agriculture, water analysis in various sectors, and biomedical and forensic diagnostics. With the estimated number of cancer cases in the US in 2024 being over two million, particularly lung cancer, which is notoriously difficult to diagnose early, the integration of biosensors into the Point‐of‐care Testing (PoCT) strategy can significantly improve the detection of cancer biomarkers, contributing to early diagnosis and successful treatment. Three‐dimensional (3D) printing is a promising alternative for reducing production costs and customizing devices in various ways. This review highlights recent trends and research on the development of electrochemical biosensors for early detection of lung cancer. These biosensors are expected to be more sensitive and selective for a variety of real samples and are precise, accurate, and stable during their commercialization. Significant progress has been made in the development of electrochemical devices for the early diagnosis of lung cancer, with various biomarker anchoring and detection strategies addressed throughout the study. Overcoming these challenges is key to advancing the use of these biosensors, thus improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling the successful treatment of lung cancer patients.

Development of flexible glucose biosensor for fish stress monitoring

Development of flexible glucose biosensor for fish stress monitoring

Towards the Development of an Optical Biosensor for the Detection of Human Blood for Forensic Analysis

Blood is a common biological fluid in forensic investigations, offering significant evidential value. Currently employed presumptive blood tests often lack specificity and are sample destructive, which can compromise downstream analysis. Within this study, the development of an optical biosensor for detecting human red blood cells (RBCs) has been explored to address such limitations. Aptamer-based biosensors, termed aptasensors, offer a promising alternative due to their high specificity and affinity for target analytes. Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences that form stable three-dimensional structures, allowing them to bind to specific targets selectively. A nanoflare design has been employed within this work, consisting of a quenching gold nanoparticle (AuNP), DNA aptamer sequences, and complementary fluorophore-labelled flares operating through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. In the presence of RBCs, the aptamer–flare complex is disrupted, restoring fluorescence and indicating the presence of blood. Two aptamers, N1 and BB1, with a demonstrated binding affinity to RBCs, were selected for inclusion within the nanoflare. This study aimed to optimise three features of the design: aptamer conjugation to AuNPs, aptamer hybridisation to complementary flares, and flare displacement in the presence of RBCs. Fluorescence restoration was achieved with both the N1 and BB1 nanoflares, demonstrating the potential for a functional biosensor to be utilised within the forensic workflow. It is hoped that introducing such an aptasensor could enhance the forensic workflow. This aptasensor could replace current tests with a specific and sensitive reagent that can be used for real-time detection, improving the standard of forensic blood analysis.

Development and Optimization of a Redox Enzyme-Based Fluorescence Biosensor for the Identification of MsrB1 Inhibitors

MsrB1 is a thiol-dependent enzyme that reduces protein methionine-R-sulfoxide and regulates inflammatory response in macrophages. Therefore, MsrB1 could be a promising therapeutic target for the control of inflammation. To identify MsrB1 inhibitors, we construct a redox protein-based fluorescence biosensor composed of MsrB1, a circularly permutated fluorescent protein, and the thioredoxin1 in a single polypeptide chain. This protein-based biosensor, named RIYsense, efficiently measures protein methionine sulfoxide reduction by ratiometric fluorescence increase. We used it for high-throughput screening of potential MsrB1 inhibitors among 6868 compounds. A total of 192 compounds were selected based on their ability to reduce relative fluorescence intensity by more than 50% compared to the control. Then, we used molecular docking simulations of the compound on MsrB1, affinity assays, and MsrB1 activity measurement to identify compounds with reliable and strong inhibitory effects. Two compounds were selected as MsrB1 inhibitors: 4-[5-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide and 6-chloro-10-(4-ethylphenyl)pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-2,4-dione. They are heterocyclic, polyaromatic compounds with a substituted phenyl moiety interacting with the MsrB1 active site, as revealed by docking simulation. These compounds were found to decrease the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-1rn, leading to auricular skin swelling and increased thickness in an ear edema model, effectively mimicking the effects observed in MsrB1 knockout mice. In summary, using a novel redox protein-based fluorescence biosensor, we identified potential MsrB1 inhibitors that can regulate the inflammatory response, particularly by influencing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines. These compounds are promising tools for understanding MsrB1’s role during inflammation and eventually controlling inflammation in therapeutic approaches.

A fluorescent biosensor based on surface cell imprinting film for Salmonella typhimurium detection

Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) is a major foodborne pathogen that poses a potentialrisk to public health. The development of biosensors that are specific, sensitive, and easy to manipulate can greatly reduce the potential risk posed by S. typhimurium. A robust, highly sensitive and specific fluorescent biosensor was proposed by combining N-succinyl-chitosan-doped surface bacterial cell imprinted film (SCIF) with typical aggregation induced emission (AIE) fluorescent substance Au(I)-disulfide nanoparticles. The proposed fluorescent sensor can achieve linear detection of S. typhimurium in the concentration range from 10 to 106 CFU/mL with a detection limit of 4 CFU/mL. In addition, the modification of the SCIF on the surface enables specific abiotic recognition of the target bacteria. This fluorescence sensing strategy can be used for the detection of S. typhimurium in chicken meat samples. The platform can be replicated for the detection of other bacteria or cells via making different SCIFs, which is promising for the detection of practical samples for clinical and biological applications.

Electrochemistry–glucosemeter–smartphone integrated multi-mode biosensor for accurate detection of aflatoxin B1

BackgroundAflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widely distributed toxic contaminant in food and poses a serious threat to public health. Therefore, an accurate, simple, cost-effective and on-site assay method is needed for sensitive detection of AFB1. Aptamer shows great potential in the construction of biosensor due to its high specificity and affinity. Multimodal biosensor based on aptamer is highly suitable for the analysis of AFB1 under complex conditions. And the detection results in different modes can be verified with each other, which greatly improves the accuracy of AFB1 detection. ResultsHerein, accurate detection of AFB1 was achieved through the development of a multi-mode biosensor integrating electrochemistry, glucosemeter and smartphone-based colorimetric quantification. Streptavidin-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers (SA-Cu3(PO4)2 HNFs) were synthesised and then conjugated with biotinylated invertase as a signal probe. The electrochemical signal was achieved via intrinsic redox activity. Simultaneously, sucrose could be converted to glucose by the action of invertase, which can cause changes in the glucosemeter signal as well as in the colour of urine glucose test strips. The glucosemeter could complete the signal response in 7 s, and the urine glucose test strips could complete the colour development in 30 s. The detection range of AFB1 by this system in electrochemical mode is 0.001–100 ng/mL, and in glucosemeter mode and smartphone mode is 0.01–50 ng/mL. The limits of detection were 0.49 pg/mL in electrochemistry mode, 5.4 pg/mL in glucosemeter mode and 3.7 pg/mL in smartphone mode. SignificanceThe successful construction of this multi-mode biosensor demonstrates the advantages of multifunctional nanomaterials and mobile technology. Rapid and accurate detection of AFB1 is achieved through the integration of electrochemistry, glucosemeter and smartphone-based colorimetric quantification. And this biosensor provides a novel detection platform that combines sensitivity, accuracy, affordability and portability for rapid on-site food safety screening.

Tunable Multi-Enzyme Activities of Platinum Nanoclusters for Enhanced Specificity and Sensitivity in Biosensing

Nanozymes have gained prominence for their utility in biosensing and disease diagnostics. However, challenges arise from complex sample matrices and nonspecific enzyme activities that contribute to false signals. This study introduces multifunctional platinum nanoclusters (Pt NCs) exhibiting peroxidase-like (POD-like), oxidase-like (OXD-like), and laccase-like activities tailored for enhanced biosensing capabilities. By adjusting pH, we optimized the conditions to achieve distinct POD-like and OXD-like responses, thereby reducing background signals and improving detection accuracy. The addition of ATP further amplified the POD-like activity while minimizing interference from OXD-like activity. This combined strategy substantially enhanced biomarker detection selectivity, demonstrated through glucose detection in human serum samples. Moreover, thiol inhibition of laccase-like activity in Pt NCs was leveraged for thiol-based antioxidant assessment, revealing their application in quantifying total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human liver cancer cells, accounting for 44% of TAC. The Pt NCs demonstrated robust sensitivity and reusability, offering a novel multi-enzyme nanomaterial with potential for precise and interference-free biosensing applications. These findings contribute to the development of advanced nanozyme-based biosensors, addressing specificity regulation challenges and expanding their practical application in biosensing and disease diagnostics.

Enhanced ePAD-DNA biosensor incorporating ZnO-NRs: Rapid and reliable electrochemical detection of field-isolated Pasteurella multocida

An electrochemical sensor has received much attention due to its importance for early infection identification, hinting at its critical relevance in diagnostic applications. For the detection of field-isolated strains of Pasteurella multocida, this paper reports the development and fabrication of a DNA-based electrochemical biosensor by integrating zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs) into an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD). One significant improvement over the state-of-the-art features of the sensor is the using paper, an economically viable substrate that can be manufactured in large numbers. These sensors, being categorized under precision instruments with an ecologically friendly design, are ideal for mass production of eco-sensitive substrates. The biosensor is more sensitive and specific as compared to the conventional PCR-based sensing techniques. Moreover, the biosensor exploits the inherent properties of ZnO-NRs to amplify the signal output, whereas ePAD limits detection cost. In addition, a probe targeting the KMT gene of P. multocida was first characterized using conventional PCR and then immobilized onto the ZnO nanorods-modified ePAD surface, which improved the biosensor's ability for the rapid and selective genetic material of the pathogen detection. In addition, the sensor was validated using the methods of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). The reported biosensor it provides Linear Response of 0.001-10 μg/ml with LOD 0.001 μg/ml within a response time of 30 s. Subsequently, the biosensor reveals fast kinetics of the reaction as a powerful tool for timely and accurate diagnostics, pointing to its contribution to further development in biosensing technologies in the diagnostic area of infectious diseases at hospitals and clinics.

Development of a Radio Frequency Biosensor for the Characterization of Organic Materials

Development of a Radio Frequency Biosensor for the Characterization of Organic Materials

Tuning the performance of a TphR-based terephthalate biosensor with a design of experiments approach

Transcription factor-based biosensors are genetic tools that aim to predictability link the presence of a specific input stimuli to a tailored gene expression output. The performance characteristics of a biosensor fundamentally determines its potential applications. However, current methods to engineer and optimise tailored biosensor responses are highly nonintuitive, and struggle to investigate multidimensional sequence/design space efficiently. In this study we employ a design of experiments (DoE) approach to build a framework for efficiently engineering activator-based biosensors with tailored performances, and we apply the framework for the development of biosensors for the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic degradation monomer terephthalate (TPA). We simultaneously engineer the core promoter and operator regions of the responsive promoter, and by employing a dual refactoring approach, we were able to explore an enhanced biosensor design space and assign their causative performance effects. The approach employed here serves as a foundational framework for engineering transcriptional biosensors and enabled development of tailored biosensors with enhanced dynamic range and diverse signal output, sensitivity, and steepness. We further demonstrate its applicability on the development of tailored biosensors for primary screening of PET hydrolases and enzyme condition screening, demonstrating the potential of statistical modelling in optimizing biosensors for tailored industrial and environmental applications.

Early Detection of Wildlife Disease Pathogens Using CRISPR-Cas System Methods.

Wildlife diseases are a considerable threat to human health, conservation, and the economy. Surveillance is a critical component to mitigate the impact of animal diseases in these sectors. To monitor human diseases, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated protein) biosensors have proven instrumental as diagnostic tools capable of detecting unique DNA and RNA sequences related to their associated pathogens. However, despite the significant advances in the general development of CRISPR-Cas biosensors, their use to support wildlife disease management is lagging. In some cases, wildlife diseases of concern could be rapidly surveyed using these tools with minimal technical, operational, or cost requirements to end users. This review explores the potential to further leverage this technology to advance wildlife disease monitoring and highlights how concerted standardization of protocols can help to ensure data reliability.

Magneto-optical Goos–Hänchen shift in uniaxial anisotropic epsilon-near-zero metamaterials

Abstract We theoretically investigate the enhancement of the magneto-optical Goos-Hänchen (MOGH) shift in multilayer structure combining uniaxially anisotropic epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterials with magneto-optical (MO) materials. The structure enables the excitation of magneto-optical surface plasmon resonance (MOSPR) without the need for a prism or grating coupler, thereby achieving a significant enhancement of the MOGH shift. The effect of the thickness of the ENZ layer and the type of magnetic metal in this structure on the MOGH shift is also discussed. Based on the above structure, we design a high-sensitivity miniature biosensor that is used for the detection of hemoglobin concentration in human blood. The maximum sensitivity achievable with this sensor is 1.4×106 λ/RIU. The results of this investigation contribute to the development of biosensors towards miniaturization and integration.

Genetically Engineered Filamentous Bacteriophages Displaying TGF-β1 Promote Angiogenesis in 3D Microenvironments

Combined 3D cell culture in vitro assays with microenvironment-mimicking systems are effective for cell-based screening tests of drug and chemical toxicity. Filamentous bacteriophages have diverse applications in material science, drug delivery, tissue engineering, energy, and biosensor development. Specifically, genetically modified bacteriophages have the potential to deliver therapeutic molecules or genes to targeted tumor tissues. The engineered bacteriophages in this study significantly enhanced endothelial cell migration and tube formation within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Compared to TGF-β1 alone and non-modified phages, the presence of TGF-β1 on the bacteriophages demonstrated superior performance as a continuous stimulant in the microenvironment, effectively promoting these angiogenic processes. Assays, including RT-qPCR, ELISA, and fluorescence microscopy, confirmed the expression of angiogenic markers such as CD31, validating the formation of 3D angiogenic structures. Our findings indicate that the TGF-β1 displayed by bacteriophages likely acted as a chemotactic factor, promoting the migration, proliferation, and tube formation of endothelial cells (ECs) within the ECM. Although direct contact between ECs and bacteriophages was not explicitly confirmed, the observed effects strongly suggest that TGF-β1-RGD bacteriophages contributed to the stimulation of angiogenic processes. The formation of angiogenic structures by ECs in the ECM was confirmed as three-dimensional and regulated by the surface treatment of microfluidic channels. These results suggest that biocompatible TGF-β1-displaying bacteriophages could continuously stimulate the microenvironment in vitro for angiogenesis models. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these functionalized bacteriophages have the potential to be utilized as versatile biomaterials in the field of biomedical engineering. Similar strategies could be applied to develop angiogenic matrices for tissue engineering in in vitro assays.

Study and optimization of the selectivity of an odorant binding protein-based bioelectronic nose

Over the past two decades, the use of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) for the development of biosensors and bioelectronic noses (bioeNs) aimed at detecting and analyzing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been the subject of considerable research. However, there is a lack of fundamental studies for better understanding the interaction between OBPs and VOCs in gas phase. In this work, we investigated the effect of two key factors, namely relative humidity (RH) level and immobilization technique, on the selectivity of two OBP-based biosensors in gas phase. Concerning the effect of RH, the results showed that our active OBP (wild-type rat OBP3) lost its selectivity at 0% RH but retained good selectivity at 30% and 50% RH. To better understand the effect of this parameter, the hydration mechanism of the OBP was studied both experimentally and through molecular dynamics simulations. The effect of a cysteine residue, genetically added to the N-terminus of OBPs to control their orientation after immobilization on the chip, was evaluated. A significant reduction in selectivity was observed in the absence of cysteine. As expected, the introduction of this amino acid enabled to control the orientation of OBPs, making their binding pocket more accessible to VOCs and favoring specific interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that combining OBP-based biosensors with different properties can improve the discrimination capability of our bioeN. Finally, the ability of our system to detect essential oil vapors was tested, providing preliminary evidence that our bioeN is capable of detecting VOCs in complex media.

Genetically encoded green fluorescent sensor for probing sulfate transport activity of solute carrier family 26 member a2 (Slc26a2) protein

Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors became indispensable tools for biological research, enabling real-time observation of physiological processes in live cells. Recent protein engineering efforts have resulted in the generation of a large variety of fluorescent biosensors for a wide range of biologically relevant processes, from small ions to enzymatic activity and signaling pathways. However, biosensors for imaging sulfate ions, the fourth most abundant physiological anion, in mammalian cells are still lacking. Here, we report the development and characterization of a green fluorescent biosensor for sulfate named Thyone. Thyone, derived through structure-guided design from bright green fluorescent protein mNeonGreen, exhibited a large negative fluorescence response upon subsecond association with sulfate anion with an affinity of 11 mM in mammalian cells. By integrating mutagenesis analyses with molecular dynamics simulations, we elucidated the molecular mechanism of sulfate binding and revealed key amino acid residues responsible for sulfate sensitivity. High anion selectivity and sensitivity of Thyone allowed for imaging of sulfate anion transients mediated by sulfate transporter heterologously expressed in cultured mammalian cells. We believe that Thyone will find a broad application for assaying the sulfate transport in mammalian cells via anion transporters and exchangers.

Optical Biosensors for Detection of Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Perspectives.

Optical biosensors are emerging as a promising technique for the sensitive and accurate detection of cancer biomarkers, enabling significant advancements in the field of early diagnosis. This study elaborates on the latest developments in optical biosensors designed for detecting cancer biomarkers, highlighting their vital significance in early cancer diagnosis. When combined with targeted nanoparticles, the bio-fluids can help in the molecular stage diagnosis of cancer. This enhances the discrimination of disease from the normal subjects drastically. The optical sensor methods that are involved in the disease diagnosis and imaging of cancer taken for the present review are surface plasmon resonance, localized surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and colorimetric sensing. The article meticulously describes the specific biomarkers and analytes that optical biosensors target. Beyond elucidating the underlying principles and applications, this article furnishes an overview of recent breakthroughs and emerging trends in the field. This encompasses the evolution of innovative nanomaterials and nanostructures designed to augment sensitivity and the incorporation of microfluidics for facilitating point-of-care testing, thereby charting a course towards prospective advancements.

Nanoparticle-based Biosensors for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Many efforts have been made to develop biosensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. Development of nanoparticle-based biosensors is the most effective way to solve this problem. This review presents the latest technology of nanoparticle-based biosensors for environment monitoring to detect heavy metal ions, which are magnetic chitosan biosensor, colorimetric biosensor, and electrochemical biosensor. Magnetic chitosan biosensor acts as a nanoabsorbent, which can easily detect and extract poisonous heavy metal ions such as lead ions and copper ions. There are several methods to prepare the chitosan based on the nanoparticle, which are cross-linking, co-precipitation, multi-cyanoguanidine, and covalent binding method. In colorimetric biosensor, gold and silver nanoparticles are commonly used to detect the lead and mercury ions. In addition, this biosensor is very sensitive, fast and selective to detect metal ions based on the color change of the solution mixture. Meanwhile, electrochemical biosensor is widely used to detect heavy metal ions due to a simple and rapid process, easy, convenient and inexpensive. This biosensor is focused on the surface area, which leads to significant improvement in the performance of devices in terms of sensitivity. The wide surface area can affect the performance of the biosensor due to a limited space for operation of electrode. Therefore, reduced graphene oxide is a suitable material for making the electrochemical biosensor due to a wide surface area, good conductivity and high mechanical strength. In conclusion, these three technologies have their own advantages in making a very useful biosensor in the detection of heavy metal ions.

Bioinformatics design of peptide binding to the human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in biosensor development for myocardial infarction diagnosis.

Cardiovascular disease has reached a mortality rate of 470,000 patients each year. Myocardial infarction accounts for 49.2% of these deaths, and the cTnI protein is a crucial target in diagnosing myocardial infarction. A peptide-based bioreceptor design using a computational approach is a good candidate to be developed for a rapid, effective, and selective detection method for cTnI although it is still lacking in study. Hence, to address the scientific gap, we develop a new candidate peptide for the cTnI biosensor by bioinformatics method and present new computational approaches. The sequential point mutations were made to the selected peptide to increase its stability and affinity for cTnI. Next, molecular docking was performed to select the mutated peptide, and one of the best results was subjected to the molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, the results showed that the best peptide showed the lowest affinity and good stability among other mutated peptide designs for interacting with the cTnI protein. In addition, the peptide has been tested to have a higher specificity towards cTnI than its major isomer, sTnI, through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. Therefore, the peptide is considered a good potential bioreceptor for diagnosing myocardial infarction diseases.

Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Salmonella typhimurium in Food Matrices Using Surface-Modified Bacterial Cellulose with Immobilized Phage Particles.

The rapid and sensitive detection of Salmonella typhimurium in food matrices is crucial for ensuring food safety. This study presents the development of an ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor using surface-modified bacterial cellulose (BC) integrated with polypyrrole (Ppy) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), further functionalized with immobilized S. typhimurium-specific phage particles. The BC substrate, with its ultra-fibrous and porous structure, was modified through in situ oxidative polymerization of Ppy and RGO, resulting in a highly conductive and flexible biointerface. The immobilization of phages onto this composite was facilitated by electrostatic interactions between the polycationic Ppy and the negatively charged phage capsid heads, optimizing phage orientation and enhancing bacterial capture efficiency. Morphological and chemical characterization confirmed the successful fabrication and phage immobilization. The biosensor demonstrated a detection limit of 1 CFU/mL for S. typhimurium in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), with a linear detection range spanning 100 to 107 CFU/mL. In real samples, the sensor achieved detection limits of 5 CFU/mL in milk and 3 CFU/mL in chicken, with a linear detection range spanning 100 to 106 CFU/mL, maintaining high accuracy and reproducibility. The biosensor also effectively discriminated between live and dead bacterial cells, demonstrating its potential in real-world food safety applications. The biosensor performed excellently over a wide pH range (4-10) and remained stable for up to six weeks. Overall, the developed BC/Ppy/RGO-phage biosensor offers a promising tool for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of S. typhimurium, with robust performance across different food matrices.