Development Of Bilateral Relations Research Articles

ПИТАННЯ КРИМУ В БРИТАНСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ВІДНОСИНАХ (ЛЮТИЙ 2014 – ЛЮТИЙ 2022 РОКУ)

The article analyses the issue of Crimea in bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and Ukraine in 2014–2022. It is noted that, on the one hand, the relevance, importance and interest in the issue are caused by the UK’s leadership in supporting Ukraine in the context of russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine. Thus, there is active economic, investment, political and other cooperation between the UK and Ukraine on a systematic and consistent basis. The United Kingdom, along with promoting and further strengthening its own brand, actively supports and lobbies for Ukraine’s position among the countries of the world. On the other hand, the issue of Crimea is important, complex, and one of the cross-cutting issues in international relations in the context of the turbulence of the international order, on which the security and geopolitical situation in Europe and the world depends. Moreover, the article argues that, in addition to its geopolitical, security and strategic importance, Crimea has significant potential in tourism, energy and other sectors. The paper comprehensively examines the United Kingdom’s relations and cooperation with Ukraine, the state and development of bilateral relations on the eve of the annexation of the Crimean peninsula, the investment climate in Crimea before the annexation by the russian federation, the UK’s response to the occupation of the Crimean peninsula, the UK’s position on systemic human rights violations and persecution of activists by the Russian authorities in Crimea, the UK’s participation in the Crimean Platform, etc. It is analysed that British-Ukrainian relations, despite their ambiguity and inconsistency of quality cooperation since the restoration of Ukraine’s independence in 1991, have reached a fundamentally new level of close, multidimensional cooperation after the events in Crimea in February 2014 and, especially, after the beginning of Russia’s full-scale aggression against Ukraine. Ukrainian and foreign researchers have been and continue to be actively engaged in research on the United Kingdom’s foreign policy. Still, the issue of Crimea in British-Ukrainian relations has not been accentuated and deeply explored from a historical perspective.

Republic of North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina from establishment of diplomatic relations to today (1993-2022)

The Republic of North Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are friendly countries that have no outstanding issues and have been continuously improving their cooperation in all spheres of socio-political life and the economy on both bilateral and multilateral levels since their independence in 1993 to the present (2022). The ties and cooperation between these two states and their citizens have deep historical roots. The territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of North Macedonia has been part of the same state entities for more than five centuries, in various, but also very similar positive or negative contexts and processes. This has allowed for not only cooperation but also understanding and mutual support among the people of North Macedonia (Macedonians, Bosniaks, as well as Albanians, Turks, and others) and the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Certainly, the Bosniaks in North Macedonia are the most significant factor in connecting the two states. Unlike Macedonians and other people of North Macedonian origin in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who are in smaller numbers and have a very short continuity from the time of the former Yugoslavia, the Bosniaks are part of Macedonia's distant past, as well as its contemporary Macedonian reality. Without them, no process or Macedonian story would be complete. Therefore, in addition to a chronological overview of the establishment and development of bilateral relations between the two countries since their independence, this paper will also focus on the position of Bosniaks in North Macedonia and Macedonians in Bosnia and Herzegovina after independence. Although there are very important historical processes before independence, I believe it is more important to pay attention to the current moment, which is the goal of this academic conference.

Vizit Yu. Cedenbala v Kitaj 1952 g. v kontekste kitajsko-sovetskoj druzhby

With the establishment of friendship between China and the Soviet Union, Mongolia recognized the People's Republic of China and the two countries established formal diplomatic relations and exchanged ambassadors, and at the end of September 1952 a delegation led by the new leader of Mongolia, Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, arrived in China. This visit played an important role in the development of Sino-Mongolian relations, and the process of interaction between the two countries in 1952 and its results clearly showed that mutual political trust and high-level visits were important factors in the development of bilateral relations.

OPPORTUNITIES FOR MUTUAL ASSIMILATION OF LABOR LAW REGULATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE UAE IN CONDITIONS OF ACTIVATION OF MIGRATION FLOWS

The article deals with the problem associated with the development of bilateral relations between countries on the issues of ensuring the rights of labor migrants, analyzes the possibilities of mutual assimilation of labor law norms of the Russian Federation and the UAE in the context of increased migration flows. This topic is relevant in the light of the fact that the existing conventional mechanism of labor law is not able to provide the principle of universality in the regulation of labor relations, and therefore other approaches are needed to solve the problems of international labor law, which is especially important in the context of expanding migration flows. The problem that has arisen is due to the fact that modern international law is based on a system of international conventions, which demonstrates its inability to create universal legal norms suitable for effective interaction between countries in the field of labor migration. The lack of universality forces countries to look for other mechanisms of legal interaction in the field of labor relations, using, in particular, the possibilities of bilateral legal cooperation, one of which is the mutual assimilation of labor law norms. The article determines that the modern civilizational situation leads to the collapse of the system of international law, to an understanding of the need to form legal systems that meet the needs of each individual state. On these grounds, conditions arise for the development of two polar legal paradigms, where one of the lines of the “split” is the labor law issue, which becomes one of the elements in creating a political consensus between Russia and the UAE. The article shows the unity of the positions of Russia and the UAE on this issue, points out the need to assimilate the labor law norms of the Russian Federation and the UAE, considering the increase in the flow of labor migrants.

Модели кооперации в Восточной Азии на примере Японии

Limitations of the World Trade Organization system have pushed countries to intensify an independent cooperation agenda through development of bilateral relations outside the WTO. In the international economic space, from the geographical point of view, three basic trade blocs can be identified: the European bloc, the North American bloc and the East Asian bloc, with each having its own way of creating cooperation ties. In East Asia, the Big Three of Northeast Asia (the Republic of Korea, Japan and China) as well as Singapore play leading roles in intensification of cooperative ties. At the same time, Japan was one of the first states in the region that based its cooperation policy on several models that became a template for other East Asian countries. Thus, since 2003 the Republic of Korea has been implementing an FTA strategy and has been applying models of cooperation tested by Japan. Major models include: the «North-South» model, the «Flying Geese» paradigm, the «Core-Periphery» model and the «Hub-and-Spokes» model. It is important to note that models do not function separately, but form integration architecture for the countries, based on the objectives and specifics of cooperative ties. At the same time, the initiator in these forms of cooperation is the corporate sector: for example, keiretsu in Japan and chaebols in the Republic of Korea. Business needs are carried to the state/interstate level and can act as a trigger for establishment of regional trade agreements that allow create vertical and horizontal links determining stability of the international economic structure

Торговельно-економічне та науково-технологічне співробітництво між Україною та Індією на початку ХХІ століття

The article is devoted to the analysis of economic cooperation between Ukraine and India during 2001–2020. The study is based on data from the Trade Map portal, information from the website of the Embassy of Ukraine in India, India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), reports of international organizations and scientific publications. The article systematizes the legal acts regulating mutual foreign trade and scientific and technological cooperation. The dynamics of key indicators is analyzed: the dynamics of Ukrainian-Indian trade, share of India in Ukrainian merchandise exports and imports, share of Ukraine in trade flows to and from India. The main items of Ukrainian exports to India and the commodity composition of Ukrainian imports from India are identified. Special attention is paid to the possibilities of scientific and technological cooperation. It was found that the state of Ukrainian-Indian trade in goods does not correspond to the existing potential of both countries. The reasons are different in each case, but if desired, they are easy to overcome. The advantage for Ukraine is a significant positive balance of mutual trade. Some Indian goods are quite important items of import, but both countries are not critically dependent on each other by major product groups. Possible priority areas for Ukrainian-Indian cooperation in science and technology are: information and communication technologies, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and medicine, new materials and nanotechnologies, energy and energy resources, space and astrophysics. India is in the third group of priority countries for the development of Ukraine’s international cooperation. Further development and improvement of the structure of mutual economic relations already have a good basis and can increase their level of priority in the future. An important advantage in the development of bilateral relations with democratic India is that, unlike Russia, it does not pose challenges to internal stability, does not discredit Ukraine in the international arena and does not threaten the existence of our state. The study was hosted at the Country Studies and Tourism Department, Faculty of Geography, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

Brief Synopses of New Arabic-Language Publications

Brief Synopses of New Arabic-Language Publications

Background, Essence and Development Tendency of China-Israel Innovation Cooperation

On March 21st, 2017, China and Israel announced the establishment of "Innovative Comprehensive Partnership", which is a new milestone in the development of bilateral relations between the two countries since the establishment of China and Israel in 1992. In the field of scientific and technological innovation, China and Israel have complementary advantages. China's advantages mainly lie in infrastructure and creative output (such as the technology output), while Israel's advantages lie in system, human capital and research, market maturity and commercial maturity. China-Israel scientific and technological innovation cooperation is mainly reflected in two aspects: the mechanism of innovate cooperation and the level of innovation project. (1) The mechanism of innovate cooperation is led by the China-Israel Joint Committee on Innovation Cooperation, and local governments, enterprises and universities actively cooperate to build an Industry-University-Research's innovative ecologically chain; (2) Innovation projects mainly focus on the establishment of international innovation parks and private innovation and venture capital activities. In the future, the two countries should strengthen the mechanism and improve the evaluation in terms of innovation. (1) For the former, the two countries should try their best to attract larger enterprises and scientific research institutes in the province to carry out scientific and technological innovation cooperation with innovative enterprises, scientific research institutes and innovation incubators in Israel. (2) For the latter, for the innovation projects of China and Israel at the government level, an authoritative evaluation and supervision team should be set up on the basis of the China-Israel Innovation Cooperation Joint Committee to conduct a comprehensive investigation and study on the large-scale projects currently cooperating between China and Israel, so as to obtain relevant investigation reports. Although China and Israel have made achievements in the process of building a comprehensive partnership for innovation, they should also be aware of some shortcomings and challenges they are currently facing. (1) The main shortcomings include that there is no scientific and comprehensive evaluation mechanism for innovative enterprises of both sides, and high expense and high risks of the cooperation; (2) The homogenization of Israeli innovative enterprises introduced by local provinces and cities in China is serious, and there is a possibility that different provinces and cities compete for high-quality enterprises to enter the park, resulting in higher introduction costs. Local provinces and cities should be encouraged to discuss and cooperate to reduce the introduction costs; the main challenges are the cultural differences between Chinese and Israeli enterprises and the insufficient protection of intellectual property rights, which leads to the reluctance of some high-quality innovative enterprises to cooperate. Generally speaking, the establishment of an "innovative and comprehensive partnership" between China and Israel has a positive effect on the development of China-Israel relations, conforms to the common interests of both countries, and can effectively promote the exchanges among the governments, enterprises, universities and the public of the two countries, and promote the further development of bilateral relations.

Викладання в’єтнамської мови в Україні: стан та перспективи

At the state level, Ukraine and Vietnam have ample grounds for multifaceted cooperation: the two countries have traditionally friendly relations, established diplomatic relations, and signed agreements on cooperation in trade, finance, science, education, and culture. However, there is a lack of language specialists to positively and effectively implement the agreements between the two countries. Teaching Vietnamese in Ukraine has a quite short history. The article considers the main achievements in this field, problematic aspects, prospects and recommendations. The state of teaching Vietnamese to Ukrainians, as well as to children of the Vietnamese community living in Ukraine has been studied. It is determined that despite the different goals of these two areas, they have common problems. If we talk about the purpose of teaching Ukrainians the Vietnamese language, it is the development of bilateral relations between the two countries. And teaching Vietnamese to community children is preserving Vietnamese language and cultural identity. Among the common problems are the lack of teachers with appropriate professional qualifications, lack of textbooks, manuals, bilingual dictionaries and other educational materials. It was determined that the Vietnamese language for Ukrainians was taught in state educational institutions at the level of specialized secondary schools, as well as in higher education institutions, private courses were not considered in the article. The teaching Vietnamese to ethnic Vietnamese is provided only at the extracurricular level for schoolchildren and is an initiative of the Vietnamese community. The documentary and legal basis for cooperation in the field of education between Ukraine and Vietnam has been identified, as well as the necessary steps for further development of cooperation in this area.

Тенденции и перспективы развития эквадорско-российских отношений (2017-2022)

The article discusses the features of the development of Ecuadorian-Russian relations, especially in the period from 2017 to the present. Various vectors of cooperation were studied: political, investment, trade, cultural, educational, technological, etc. It was noted that since 2017 there has been active political cooperation, within the framework of which a number of documents regulating Ecuadorian-Russian rela-tions have been signed and a number of intergovernmental contacts have been made; implemented a number of investment projects; in-creased volumes of foreign trade; cultural events are held on a regular basis; contacts in the educational sphere are expanding. The article also highlights the main problems in the development of bilateral relations between and defines the prospects for Ecuadorian-Russian cooperation. Among the problems that hinder the furthermore active development of Ecuadorian-Russian relations are: the growing interest on the part of the new government of Ecuador to expand contacts in various areas with the United States; logistical problems of transporting Ecuadorian ex-ports to Russia; the consequences of the pandemic of the new corona-virus Covid-2019, which led to the closure of borders, a decrease in the purchasing power of the population, problems for business entities. It is concluded that the pace of development of Ecuadorian-Russian coop-eration will depend on the stabilization of the socio-political situation in Ecuador; strengthening or, conversely, weakening the influence of the United States in Ecuador; economic situation in the world; initia-tives of Ecuadorian and Russian partners; as well as a number of other factors. In general, it is possible to predict the further development of cooperation between Ecuador and Russia, since various benefits from these relations have been noted for both the Ecuadorian and Russian sides. It was noted that for Russia the Latin American region is of strategic importance, and therefore the strengthening of the initiative on the part of Russia can be observed in the very near future.

EVOLUTION DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN-UZBEKISTAN RELATIONS: FROM TRADITIONAL COOPERATION TO STRENGTHENING STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

The article is devoted to one of the developed countries of the world - Japan and the development of bilateral relations between our countries. January 2022 marked the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Uzbekistan and Japan. The phenomenon of the Japanese economic miracle has been the subject of study by economists, lawyers, and sociologists for several decades. The author of the article expressed his point of view on Japan, the mentality and culture of this amazing people. The article briefly discusses the main stages in the formation of Japanese statehood, the role of legal and moral and ethical norms, the values of Japanese society, the problems of modern Japan, as well as the prospects for strengthening bilateral cooperation.

UNDERSTANDING COLOMBIA–UKRAINE RELATIONS: MODERN DEVELOPMENTS AND A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

This study analyses the evolution and current dynamics of bilateral relations between Colombia and Ukraine. Since Ukraine gained independence in 1991, the relations existing between the parties still focus on those areas of cooperation to be partially developed when the country was a part of the Soviet Union. Taking into account institutional cooperation established between the states in recent years, this research outlines the promising collaboration in the sectors of their common interest and its potential impact on the regional relations in Europe and Latin America, as well as on the global system of international interactions as a whole. The authors used comprehensive methodology including both general and specific scientific research methods. Historical analysis allowed determining the dynamics of relations between Colombia and Ukraine in retrospect. Comparative analysis and synthesis helped to identify priority areas of the parties’ relations that are confirmed by the available quantitative and qualitative data given by the state institutions and the media. System analysis allowed determining the essence of relationships existing between the countries and their influence on the regional and global systems of international relations, and the forecasting method helped to contemplate the potential consequences of intensification of these interactions on the world arena. The analysed information proves that Colombia and Ukraine should deepen not only their practical cooperation but also strengthen its regulatory framework, and the article provides relevant recommendations. The parties should intensify cooperation at the global level, as their common position on the international stage could strengthen their role in the world and confirm their status as the important elements of the contemporary international system. Since the essence and development of bilateral relations between Colombia and Ukraine are hardly considered in both Ukrainian and international political science, their analysis and forecasting allow forming a new scientific concept to explore interactions between these states on the international arena that would take into consideration their regional and global significance, as well as determine progressive areas of cooperation in view of its intensity nowadays.

UNDERSTANDING COLOMBIA–UKRAINE RELATIONS: MODERN DEVELOPMENTS AND A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

This study analyses the evolution and current dynamics of bilateral relations between Colombia and Ukraine. Since Ukraine gained independence in 1991, the relations existing between the parties still focus on those areas of cooperation to be partially developed when the country was a part of the Soviet Union. Taking into account institutional cooperation established between the states in recent years, this research outlines the promising collaboration in the sectors of their common interest and its potential impact on the regional relations in Europe and Latin America, as well as on the global system of international interactions as a whole. The authors used comprehensive methodology including both general and specific scientific research methods. Historical analysis allowed determining the dynamics of relations between Colombia and Ukraine in retrospect. Comparative analysis and synthesis helped to identify priority areas of the parties’ relations that are confirmed by the available quantitative and qualitative data given by the state institutions and the media. System analysis allowed determining the essence of relationships existing between the countries and their influence on the regional and global systems of international relations, and the forecasting method helped to contemplate the potential consequences of intensification of these interactions on the world arena. The analysed information proves that Colombia and Ukraine should deepen not only their practical cooperation but also strengthen its regulatory framework, and the article provides relevant recommendations. The parties should intensify cooperation at the global level, as their common position on the international stage could strengthen their role in the world and confirm their status as the important elements of the contemporary international system. Since the essence and development of bilateral relations between Colombia and Ukraine are hardly considered in both Ukrainian and international political science, their analysis and forecasting allow forming a new scientific concept to explore interactions between these states on the international arena that would take into consideration their regional and global significance, as well as determine progressive areas of cooperation in view of its intensity nowadays.

Features of the development of Sino-American trade and economic tensions under the administration of D. Trump

This study is devoted to the issues of the current agenda of bilateral relations between the United States and China. An overview, retrospective analysis of the relations between the countries during the period of D. Trump's tenure is given. The subject of the study is the Sino-American trade and economic relations of the period when D. was in power in the United States. Trump. The purpose of this study is to determine the contradictions affecting the development of Sino-American trade and economic tensions during this period. The methodological basis is a set of methods. A systematic approach to research is reflected in the use of traditional structural and functional analysis of individual elements of these relationships. The study uses a comparative historical method to identify patterns and trends in the development of bilateral relations during the period of D. Trump's administrations in power. In addition, the following general scientific methods were used in the study – analysis, synthesis, deduction, generalization and analogy. When preparing the article, the author used a wide range of sources from Russian and foreign authors. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive approach to analyzing the contradictions of Sino-American relations during the period of D. Trump's tenure. As a result of the conducted research, the author comes to the following conclusions: firstly, about the continuity of the problems that the US and China are forced to deal with at present, and, secondly, that the ties between both economies are so dense that a sharp "reversal" of either of them will inevitably lead to significant costs for both parties. The continuation of the situation of the "trade war" between the two countries may lead to a complete rupture of relations, which will eventually have a negative impact on the economy of the United States and China in the future. This study can be used as a construction of predictive scenarios by economists, sociologists and historians of different countries in the field of US-China relations.

Theoretical aspects of bilateral relations between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan in 1991 – 2016

. In the 90s of the XX century in the world political arena, because of the collapse of the bipolar world order and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the process of transformation in the system of international relations took a big turn. These processes taking place in the world are also reflected in the relations between the newly independent Central Asian states. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan are the two largest countries in Central Asia, and the relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the processes of economic development, security, political stability, interregional cooperation, and integration within the region are closely related to the state of relations between the two countries. Therefore, the strengthening of centuries-old friendship, good neighborliness, and multifaceted cooperation with neighboring Kazakhstan is of great importance in promoting the foreign policy interests of our country. In this regard, it will be important to improve the quality of close cooperation in the field of security, trade, economic, water, energy, transport, cultural and humanitarian spheres with neighboring Kazakhstan. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the theoretical aspects of the relationship between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, covering 25 years after gaining independence. The purpose of the article is a theoretical substantiation of the history of comprehensive relations between the two countries, as well as an analysis of regional integration processes that have failed in relations between the two countries using various paradigms. Considerable attention is paid to the scientific analysis of the role of the leaders of the two states in the development of bilateral relations. The basis of the methodology was historical-comparative, systematization, problemchronological, content analysis, and expert methods. It is concluded that bilateral Uzbek-Kazakh relations are comprehensive and uniquely complex, which is why several modern paradigms and approaches to the theory of international relations have been used to reveal bilateral relations between the two states.

РОЛЬ І ЗНАЧЕННЯ МІЖНАРОДНОГО СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА У РОЗВИТКУ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the role and importance of international cooperation of the National Guard of Ukraine. The main directions of international cooperation of the National Guard of Ukraine are determined and revealed. Perspective tasks have been identified, the implementation of which will ensure effective cooperation and development of bilateral relations with foreign military formations with law enforcement functions. It was emphasized that international cooperation is an integral part of the activities of the National Guard of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the Institute of International Cooperation of the National Guard of Ukraine is the tool that allows to fully ensure the protection of international security and the rights and fundamental freedoms of man and citizen. It has been established that international cooperation is an integral part of the activities of the National Guard of Ukraine. Its main directions: assimilation and use of international experience of other guard (law enforcement) bodies; organization and implementation of joint international projects (including research projects; cooperation in the field of crime prevention; training of National Guard personnel) (retraining, advanced training) in foreign countries. It is emphasized that the importance of international cooperation of the National Guard of Ukraine is difficult to overestimate, because with the help of international cooperation it is possible to regulate the activities of the National Guard of Ukraine with other law enforcement services and agencies so as to provide all necessary conditions for the National Guard of Ukraine. to fight crime, ensure peace and order. It is emphasized that the institute of international cooperation of the National Guard of Ukraine is the tool that allows to fully ensure the protection of international security and the rights and fundamental freedoms of man and citizen.

Nuclear disarmament as a catalyst for Ukrainian-American relations

The article analyzes the process of building relations between Ukraine and the USA in the first years of Ukrainian independence, trends in their development, agenda and contradictions. It is determined that the development of bilateral relations in the first half of the 1990s was marked by the sporadic political dialogue of the countries, the multidirectionality of interests and asymmetry of relations, and their agenda was limited to three main areas – political dialogue, nuclear disarmament and economic assistance. Both the administration of D. Bush Sr. and the administration of B. Clinton in the first years in office followed a Moscow-centric policy in the post-Soviet space, which left little room for Ukrainian diplomacy. The need to develop contacts with official Kyiv during this period for Washington was dictated solely by its interest in solving the nuclear issue. In turn, for the young Ukrainian state, both in the times of Leonid Kravchuk and after the second President Leonid Kuchma came to power, the American direction became one of the main foreign policy priorities. The complex process of solving the problem of nuclear disarmament of Ukraine, which became the central topic of Ukrainian-American relations in 1991–1994, is covered in detail. At the same time the approaches of the Republican and Democratic administrations to solving this problem were different. The position of the Bush administration in this matter was reduced to tough pressure and ultimatum rhetoric in order to achieve Kyiv's renunciation of nuclear weapons, which eventually led to its failure and lack of progress in the negotiations. The administration of Democrat B. Clinton, which came to power in the United States in 1993, rethought the policy towards Ukraine, offering more flexible approaches to the dialogue with Kyiv – expanded the bilateral agenda, expressed readiness to increase economic aid and discuss the provision of security guarantees. Official Kyiv in the negotiations on nuclear disarmament, despite the discussions in the Ukrainian politics, chose a bargaining strategy, seeking to extract as many economic and political dividends as possible from the United States. The interaction of flexible approaches of the USA to the nuclear issue and Ukrainian bargaining strategy resulted in the signing of the Budapest Memorandum on December 5, 1994.

Russian-Indonesian relations through the ASEAN context: On the way to strategic partnership

In 2018-2021 Indonesia was the coordinating country for interaction with Russia under ASEAN which has a system of coordinators for cooperation with each of the Association’s dialogue partners. Coordinating countries fulfill their duties for 3 years. Jakarta announced three priority areas of cooperation between Russia and ASEAN: the fight against terrorism, cyber security and disaster management. According to the author, significant progress has been achieved in all the declared areas of interaction during this time. These years were marked by a number of significant events which allow conclude that cooperation between Indonesia and Russia is reaching a qualitatively new level. At the same time, despite an intensive political dialogue and a significant strengthening of the regulatory framework for bilateral relations and cooperation in international institutions of multilateral cooperation the practical implementation of joint economic projects remains at a very low level. This article analyzes the features of Russian-Indonesian cooperation at the present time, identifies key obstacles to deepening interaction and prospects for further development of bilateral relations. It can be said that relations between Russia and Indonesia are developing chaotically and inconsequently in many respects. Many events dedicated to commemorative anniversaries lead to a surge of mutual interest, but then contacts are reached to a minimum again until the next similar things. At the same time, a certain revival of bilateral relations has been observed in recent years. Significant changes in the statistics of trade turnover, investment cooperation and the practical implementation of large projects can be expected only in the medium or long term.

ПОЛІТИЗАЦІЯ ІСТОРІЇ І ЇЇ РОЛЬ В МІЖНАРОДНИХ ВІДНОСИНАХ: ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ ТА ЕМПІРИЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ НА ПРИКЛАДІ ПОЛЬСЬКО-НІМЕЦЬКИХ ВІДНОСИН

Development of bilateral relations between States is a complex and multifaceted process. There are many factors to affect the quality, and sometimes-quantitative characteristics of the relationship. For example: economic feasibility (bilateral patterns of trade, economic interest in partners, and level of investment attractiveness), political expediency (to what extent the partner country is of interest to political elites or the public), image of the country within society, cultural cooperation level. To the above list, which is by no means exhaustive, historical memory should be added. Historical memory of yourself and partner's country, or how this term is articulated within a given society.

Exchange of experience in the field of medical services as a form of international cooperation between Ukraine and Poland

Introduction. The development of bilateral relations in the context of globalization and European integration involves expanding the range of forms of cooperation, as well as those areas covered by cooperation. The implementation of medical reform in Ukraine necessitates the intensification of the exchange of experience in the medical field with other countries, including Poland. The rapid processes of digitalization against the background of the Kovid-19 pandemic determine the modernization of communication tools and cooperation in the field of health services.The purpose of the article is to study the state and prospects of exchange of experience in the field of medical services between Ukraine and Poland.Research methods. To achieve the goal set in the article, general scientific and special methods were used, namely: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and concretization, systematization, as well as elements of comparative analysis. The methodological basis for the study are national and international regulations of Ukraine and Poland, which regulate the functioning of health care and bilateral relations in the field of medical services, scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers, statistical reports and more.Results. The exchange of experience in the provision of medical services between Ukraine and Poland is carried out in a slightly different state of health care and taking into account Ukraine’s integration intentions using tools such as conferences, seminars, webinars, academic mobility of scientists and students, bilateral agreements between medical institutions with the support of local governments and self-government, etc. Digitalization, on the one hand, expands opportunities for collaboration, and on the other - necessitates the need to improve the quality of technical equipment of hospitals and makes new demands on human capital. Improving the exchange of experience in the field of medical services is enhanced by receiving technical assistance from Polish partners, including under the auspices of international institutions, such as the EU, WHO, UNICEF, etc. Perspective areas are the introduction of the eHealth system in Ukraine, as well as the involvement of Polish specialists to modernize the management system in domestic health care facilities. The article details the recommendations for intensifying the exchange of experience between Ukraine and Poland in areas and tools.Perspectives. Future research is important to focus on an interdisciplinary analysis of the consequences of health care reform in Ukraine and Poland in the context of the impact on the well-being of citizens.