Development Of Basic Theory Research Articles

Development of basic theory and application of cryogenic X-ray spectrometer in light sources and X-ray satellite

Cryogenic X-ray spectrometers are advantageous in the spectrum research for weak and diffusive X-ray source due to their high energy resolution, high detection efficiency, low noise level and non-dead-layer properties. Their energy resolution independent of the incident X-ray direction also makes them competitive in diffusion source detection. The requirements for X-ray spectrometers have heightened in recent years with the rapid development of large scientific facilities where X-ray detection is demanded, including beamline endstations in synchrotron and X-ray free electron laser facilities, accelerators, highly charged ion traps, X-ray space satellites, etc. Because of their excellent performances, cryogenic X-ray detectors are introduced into these facilities, typical examples of which are APS, NSLS, LCLS-II, Spring-8, SSNL, ATHENA, HUBS. In this paper, we review the cryogenic X-ray spectrometers, from the working principle and classification, system structure, major performance characteristics to the research status and trend in large scientific facilities in the world.

The Research Development of Basic Theory in Micro-Forming

With the increasing demand for high efficiency, low cost and the bulk, so the production of micro-forming has a very important significance. Firstly, the introduction of micro-forming is introduced in this paper. Then, its basic theory, including size effects and temperature effects, is presented. At last, a future research direction is highlighted.

Group Process as Diagnostic

As a general policy, Small Group Research does not publish articles dealing with family therapy; there are several excellent journals that deal exclusively with this topic. We have decided to include this set of articles because they are tied together by a common methodology that appears to have broader relevance for the study of groups. Because the theory and method underlying these articles may not be familiar to many of our readers, we have also decided to include a brief article that provides background information on formal methods of group process analysis. For many years, work on group process was conducted primarily in the small group laboratory. In recent years, more and more research has moved to the field. We have shifted from the development of basic theory and methodology to practical application. This brief introduction to group process summarizes the methodology and recent applications.

Theory and Structure of Local School Administration

WITHIN the scope of this review, there is little to report of research in the area of the theory of school organization. Most studies in school organization in the 1949-1952 period were status studies useful in themselves and helpful prospectively in the determination of improved educational organization. Wood's study (64) was typical of the kind of study carried on with respect to contemporary school system organization. Concern with the development of a basic theory of school administration, especially public-school administration, was evidenced in declarations of leaders in the field and supported by a number of efforts perhaps best characterized as being of the nature of philosophical research (40, 41, 42, 51). It may be noted that the many studies of school district reorganization, not reported in this chapter, have borne upon the aspects of proper organization within the administrative unit and with the status studies of organization may well lead to the development of administrative theory suited to the time and presently not evident to the student of school administration. It should also be noted that many studies under the W. K. Kellogg Foundation grants and directed by the institutions acting as centers in the Cooperative Program in Educational Administration (11, 15, 16, 53) are underway and that important contributions to the development of basic theory may be expected. A review of the research of the past three years leads to these conclusions: There has been a growing interest in the development of basic theory in school system organization and administration but little significant research; most studies in the area of general school organization have been status studies or strongly related to them; the role and practice of the board of education concerned many researchers, whose interest reflected a growing professional concern, with the place and function of that body; there is need for many studies in the area of general school organization in keeping with the need for adapting intelligently school organization to changing times.