Balanced Development Research Articles

Optimal Global Population: Balancing Development, Environment and Well-being in Dynamic Equilibrium

This paper examines the complex and multifaceted relationship between population growth, economic development, resource allocation, and social welfare, focusing on the evolving concept of the "optimal global population." It highlights how moderate population growth can boost economic productivity and living standards by fostering technological innovation and driving industrial transformation. Conversely, unchecked growth intensifies issues such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and social inequality, creating significant barriers to sustainable development. Recognizing the diversity of global contexts, the analysis emphasizes the need for region-specific and adaptive policymaking. It advocates for aligning demographic trends with economic strategies, environmental sustainability, and social policies to promote balanced and harmonious global development. Additionally, it underscores the importance of global collaboration to tackle shared challenges, such as ensuring equitable resource distribution, fostering innovation, and protecting the environment for future generations. Ultimately, the paper concludes that the "optimal global population" is not a fixed figure but a dynamic and evolving concept. Achieving this balance demands continuous monitoring, informed decision-making, and a steadfast commitment to sustainable development, social equity, and environmental stewardship.

Research on Innovation and Flexibility of Senior High School Education System

Chinese senior high school exam-oriented education has been continuously influenced by the Chinese traditional education system for thousands of years which is often based on scores and rankings as the core competition points. In modern times, constant education reform and learning from the continuous improvement and improvement finally evolved into the current exam-oriented education system. Under the exam-oriented background, it has its own unique excellent characteristics, but it also has some shortcomings which mainly embody at the lack of innovation and flexibility, the severe situation of students' psychological behavior under great pressure and other small aspects. This paper will analyze the education system from these aspects, and puts forward relevant suggestions for improvement in view of the problems existing in exam-oriented education: pay more attention to students' academic performance and comprehensive quality and ability, and build a Chinese-style quality-oriented education suitable for Chinese senior high school students. Additionally, it is better to introduce related technology to assist in order to learn from the existing basis and constantly innovate. Only in this way can China promote a balanced development of China's education.

Evaluating the Coupling Coordination Levels and Critical Obstacle Indicators of Urban Infrastructure Resilience: A Case Study in China

Natural and man-made disasters significantly challenge the safety and stability of urban infrastructure (UI), disrupting daily operations and impeding economic development. However, existing research on urban infrastructure resilience (UIR) lacks comprehensive categorization of critical infrastructure, insufficiently considers the impacts of natural disasters, and offers limited empirical analysis of the interactions among the pressure, state, and response (PSR) dimensions. This study aims to establish a comprehensive UIR assessment index and examine the coupling coordination (CC) levels and critical obstacle indicators of PSR resilience across four Chinese municipalities. The results reveal that (1) response resilience is most influential on overall coupling and is more amenable to artificial interventions than pressure and state resilience; (2) generally, the CC levels of PSR in the four municipalities were relatively high, advancing from an inferiorly to an intermediately balanced development stage over the study period, highlighting effective strategies such as enhanced resource allocation and post-disaster recovery initiatives are recommended for adoption by similar cities; and (3) critical obstacle indicators impeding UIR development were identified, and targeted interventions were proposed based on each municipality’s unique characteristics. The research findings offer theoretical insights and practical implications for enhancing UIR from the perspective of utilizing CC and PSR models.

Dual-Performance Multi-Subpopulation Adaptive Restart Differential Evolutionary Algorithm

To cope with common local optimum traps and balance exploration and development in complex multi-peak optimisation problems, this paper puts forth a Dual-Performance Multi-subpopulation Adaptive Restart Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DPR-MGDE) as a potential solution. The algorithm employs a novel approach by utilising the fitness and historical update frequency as dual-performance metrics to categorise the population into three distinct sub-populations: PM (the promising individual set), MM (the medium individual set) and UM (the un-promising individual set). The multi-subpopulation division mechanism enables the algorithm to achieve a balance between global exploration, local exploitation and diversity maintenance, thereby enhancing its overall optimisation capability. Furthermore, the DPR-MGDE incorporates an adaptive cross-variation strategy, which enables the dynamic adjustment of the variation factor and crossover probability in accordance with the performance of the individuals. This enhances the flexibility of the algorithm, allowing for the prioritisation of local exploitation among the more excellent individuals and the exploration of new search space among the less excellent individuals. Furthermore, the algorithm employs a collision-based Gaussian wandering restart strategy, wherein the collision frequency serves as the criterion for triggering a restart. Upon detecting population stagnation, the updated population is subjected to optimal solution-guided Gaussian wandering, effectively preventing the descent into local optima. Through experiments on the CEC2017 benchmark functions, we verified that DPR-MGDE has higher solution accuracy compared to newer differential evolution algorithms, and proved its significant advantages in complex optimisation tasks with the Wilcoxon test. In addition to this, we also conducted experiments on real engineering problems to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of DPR-MGDE in dealing with real engineering problems.

Inequalities in total fertility rate in Sierra Leone, 2008–2019

BackgroundTotal fertility rate measures the average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive age (typically 15-49 years). Despite the national decline in Sierra Leone, significant disparities in total fertility rates persist across socioeconomic and geographic lines. This study investigated the inequalities in total fertility rate among women in Sierra Leone between 2008 and 2019.MethodsWe utilized data from the three rounds of the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019. The World Health Organization’s Health Equity Assessment Toolkit was employed to calculate various inequality measures, including simple difference, ratio, population attributable risk, and population attributable fraction. The assessment focused on inequality across four stratifiers: economic status, level of education, place of residence, and sub-national province.ResultsThe total fertility rate declined in Sierra Leone throughout the period, dropping from 5.0 births per woman in 2008 to 4.3 births per woman in 2019. Economic disparity among women in the richest quintile compared with those in the poorest quintile increased from 3.0 births per woman in 2008 to 3.1 births per woman in 2019. The ratio between women in the richest quintile compared with those in the poorest quintile also increased from 1.9 in 2008 to 2.1 in 2019; the confidence interval suggest inequality, with women in the poorest quintile disproportionately affected. Inequality in education among women with secondary education or higher compared with those with no education decreased from 2.7 births per woman in 2008 to 1.9 births per woman in 2019. The ratio between women with secondary education or higher compared with those with no education decreased from 1.9 in 2008 to 1.6 in 2019, and the confidence interval suggest an inequality with women with no education disporportionately affected. Provincial inequality among women who resided in Western area compared with those in Eastern province decreased slightly from 2.3 births per woman in 2008 to 2.2 births per woman in 2019. The ratio between women who resided in Western province compared with those in Eastern province increased from 1.6 in 2008 to 1.7 in 2019 and indicate an inequality among women in the provinces.ConclusionThe results indicate substantial socioeconomic and geographical disparities in total fertility rate among women in Sierra Leone that require targeted policy interventions. The persistent and widening economic gap between women in the richest and poorest quintiles suggests that poverty reduction strategies and economic empowerment programs for low-income women need strengthening. While the decreasing educational inequality is encouraging, the continued disadvantage faced by women with no education indicates a need for enhanced educational access and adult literacy programs. The provincial disparities between Western and Eastern provinces point to a need for balanced provincial development policies and improved resource distribution, particularly in the Eastern province, where women face greater disadvantages. These implications collectively suggest that policymakers should adopt an integrated approach that combines economic empowerment, educational initiatives, and provincial development strategies to address these intersecting inequalities in TFR effectively.

Treatment of Qin Gui Wan (QGW) in PCOS abnormal oocytes development via AMPK/PGC-1ɑ pathway.

To investigate the therapeutic effects of Qin Gui Wan (QGW) and its disassembled functional drug groups, Wenyang Zhuhuo (WYZH) and Xinwen Zhuyang (XWZY), on letrozole-induced PCOS rats. PCOS rat model was established by administering letrozole for 21 days. The rats were divided into control, PCOS, Diane-35, QGW, WYZH and XWZY groups. The changes of body weight, ovarian coefficient, estrous cycle and sex hormone levels were observed. The ovarian histological characteristics and ovulation were observed by HE staining. P450arom, SF-1, and AMPK/PGC-1ɑ pathway mRNA and protein expression were analyzed using qRT-PCR, WB, and IHC. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C (CC) was used to explore the treatment mechanism of QGW in granulosa cells. And UHPLC-MS/MS was used to performed chemical composition analysis. QGW, WYZH, and XWZY can correct the disordered estrous cycle of PCOS rats and improve the serum hormone status of rats to varying degrees. HE results indicated that QGW, WYZH, and XWZY improved ovarian polycystic changes and normalized ovulation. qRT-PCR, WB, and IHC results demonstrated that QGW, WYZH, and XWZY increased PGC-1α, SF-1, and P450arom mRNA and protein expression in the ovaries of PCOS rats. The level of AMPK mRNA in the ovaries of QGW and its disassembled prescriptions increased, while only WYZH and XWZY rats showed increased ovarian AMPK levels. CC attenuated the activation of AMPK, PGC-1α, SF-1, and P450arom mRNA by QGW. This study demonstrates that QGW alleviates abnormal oocyte development in PCOS rats, possibly by enhancing P450arom expression via the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway, thus restoring normal androgen-estrogen balance and follicular development.

Metabolically stable apelin analogs: development and functional role in water balance and cardiovascular function.

Apelin, a (neuro) vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling water balance and cardiovascular functions. Apelin and its receptor co-localize with vasopressin in magnocellular vasopressinergic neurons. Apelin receptors (Apelin-Rs) are also expressed in the collecting ducts of the kidney, where vasopressin type 2 receptors are also present. Apelin and vasopressin interact at the brain and renal levels to maintain body fluid homeostasis by regulating diuresis in opposite directions. Apelin and angiotensin II have opposite effects on the regulation of blood pressure (BP). Angiotensin II, by binding to AT1 receptors present in VSMCs, induces intracellular calcium mobilization and vasoconstriction, while apelin, by binding to Apelin-R present on vascular endothelium, increases nitric oxide production and induces vasodilation. Apelin also plays a crucial role in the regulation of cardiac function. Apelin-deficient and Apelin-R-deficient mice develop progressive myocardial dysfunction with ageing and are susceptible to heart failure in response to pressure overload. Since the half-life of apelin is very short in vivo (in the minute range), several metabolically stable apelin analogs and non-peptidic Apelin-R agonists have been developed, with potential applications in diverse diseases. In this review, we highlight the interaction between apelin and vasopressin in the regulation of water balance and that between apelin and angiotensin II in the regulation of BP. Additionally, we underline the protective effects of apelin in cardiac function. Lastly, we discuss the beneficial effects of Apelin-R activation in different pathological states such as hyponatremia, hypertension, and heart failure.

Economic and Sectoral Convergence in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Analysis of Beta, Sigma, and Gamma Convergence

The purpose of this study is to examine the economic and sectoral convergence of 32 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region from 1980 to 2022. The economic convergence hypothesis suggests that two economies with similar structural characteristics but different per capita income levels can tend to equalize in terms of income level in the long run. Confirming economic convergence has led to the development of various methodologies, among which dynamic and static disparity measures stand out. To achieve the objective of this research, both types of measures were calculated, determining beta and sigma convergence for dynamic disparity and gamma convergence for static disparity. This was accomplished by adopting the methodological approaches proposed by Sala-I-Martin and Marchante, Ortega, and Sánchez. The results show a gradual but steady evolution towards economic and sectoral convergence in LAC region during the 1980–2022 period. However, inequalities and divergences persist, requiring less developed countries to strengthen their institutions, implement sound macroeconomic policies, and diversify their economies. These measures are essential to driving economic growth and fostering more balanced and sustainable development across the region.

Comprehensive analysis and quantitative assessment of land use/land cover dynamics in Wakiso and Kampala, Uganda: a multi-decadal remote sensing study.

Aim of the studyThis study analyses LULC changes in Wakiso and Kampala districts from 1995 to 2024. Objectives include mapping LULC types, assessing changes, evaluating transitions among categories (agriculture, water, built-up areas, forests), and examining trends and drivers. It provides insights into the impacts of urbanization and agricultural expansion, offering practical implications for sustainable land management.Material and methodsLandsat images from 1995, 2010, and 2024 were used, sourced from NASA's Earth Explorer. January images minimized seasonal variation, and data were reprojected to UTM Zone 36N with WGS84. Pre-processing included corrections and haze reduction in ArcMap 10.4. Supervised classification used a False Colour Composite of blue, green, and red bands, with 2,500–3,000 pixels per LULC category sampled. Accuracy was assessed with Kappa statistics and overall accuracy, and NDVI and NDBI were calculated for vegetation and urban growth analysis.Results and conclusionsThe analysis showed significant land use changes: built-up areas increased by 163%, reducing vegetation cover by 30.7%. Agricultural land grew by 112.4%, while forest cover rose by 29.2%. NDVI trends revealed a vegetation density increase until 2010, then a slight decline by 2024 due to urban sprawl. NDBI showed substantial urban growth, stabilizing between 2010 and 2024. The study highlights the impact of urbanization and agricultural expansion in Wakiso and Kampala, emphasizing the need for sustainable land management to balance development and conservation.

The impact of industrial structure upgrading on regional coordination development in the digital era: evidence from China

This paper investigates how industrial structure upgrading influences regional coordination in the digital era, using data from 253 Chinese prefecture-level cities between 2011 and 2021. The research employs a double machine learning model and constructs a Gini coefficient to quantify intracity disparities. Findings indicate that industrial structure upgrading reduces regional disparities overall, with stronger effects during the rapid digital economy development phase. However, in the initial phase of digital infrastructure construction, upgrading intensified disparities due to uneven access to resources and technologies. The analysis also reveals heterogeneity: cities with advanced industrial structures benefit from enhanced coordination, while those with underdeveloped structures face widened disparities. Digitalization moderates these effects by fostering innovation diffusion and improving resource distribution. This paper offers insights into how digitalization and industrial upgrading interact to influence regional coordination, providing a basis for tailored policies to achieve balanced and sustainable urban development.

The evolution of green spaces within institutional plots in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Understanding the dynamics of urban green coverage is crucial for informing urban planning and design decisions that foster sustainable cities. This study employed Google Earth imagery and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to investigate the changes in urban green coverage within institutional plots in Yeka Sub-City, Addis Ababa, over a twenty-year period from 2003 to 2023. Subsequent image processing and analyses were conducted using GIS and ERDAS Imagine software. The findings revealed a gradual decline in green space coverage by 10.86 hectare, primarily attributed to the expansion of built-up areas and an increase in bare land. These changes suggest that the trend is driven by institutions constructing new facilities and optimizing land use within their compounds. The moderate positive spatial autocorrelation (Moran’s I value of 0.60) indicated that changes in green space were not randomly distributed but tended to cluster in specific areas. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving and enhancing existing green spaces within institutional compounds to promote environmental, social, and economic sustainability. By integrating green space preservation into urban planning and institutional land management practices, policymakers can ensure balanced urban development that aligns with environmental sustainability goals.

Bisphenol F (BPF) exposure impairs sperm quality and offspring development in male zebrafish.

Bisphenol F (BPF), a substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), is widely used in consumer products, increasing the potential for environmental exposure. Our study investigated the reproductive effects of BPF on adult male zebrafish and explored its toxicological mechanisms, as well as its intergenerational effects. Adult male zebrafish were exposed to BPF concentrations of 0, 50, 500, 2500, and 5000 nM for 21 days. We evaluated sperm cell quantity and quality, hormonal markers testosterone (T) and vitellogenin (VTG), gene expression profiles related to hormone synthesis, metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle, sexual behavior, and offspring health metrics including survival, development and locomotion. BPF exposure did not significantly affect body weight or gonadal index. However, at 500 and 2500 nM, a significant reduction in sperm count was observed. BPF exposure led to decreased serum T and increased hepatic VTG levels, indicating hormonal disruption. At 50 nM, BPF initiated sperm apoptosis, and at higher doses, it disrupted sperm meiosis, affecting cell distribution. This exposure negatively impacted sperm quality, reduced offspring survival rates, and altered sperm motility in adult fish. Offspring from BPF-exposed groups showed developmental issues, including increased mortality, delayed developmental stages, abnormal tail coiling and heart rate, which correlated with paternal sperm count and quality changes, alterations in T and VTG levels, and cell cycle phase distributions. Our study demonstrated that BPF exposure significantly impacted sperm quality, characterized by reduced sperm count and altered motility patterns, leading to developmental anomalies in offspring. These novel findings highlight the need for further research into BPF's reproductive and developmental toxicity, emphasizing the potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. The observed effects on sperm quality, hormonal balance, and offspring development provide new insights into the reproductive toxicity profile of BPF.

Investigation of Diverse Urban Carbon Emission Reduction Pathways in China: Based on the Technology–Organization–Environment Framework for Promoting Socio-Environmental Sustainability

In the context of global carbon emissions and climate change, identifying context-specific low-carbon pathways for urban areas is critical for achieving socio-environmental sustainability. This study applies the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework to examine the driving mechanisms and the diversity in carbon reduction pathways across 81 cities in China. Utilizing partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and necessary condition analysis (NCA), this research assesses the roles of technological, organizational, and environmental drivers in urban carbon reduction. Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) is employed to uncover distinct carbon reduction pathways and causal asymmetries between cities. The findings reveal that technological, organizational, and environmental factors significantly drive carbon reduction, with technological and organizational factors playing the central roles. Environmental factors exert primarily indirect effects, interacting with technological and organizational drivers. This study categorizes cities into three distinct carbon reduction models: cities with high carbon-neutral potential primarily leverage technological innovation and energy efficiency optimization; cities with moderate potential integrate technology and policy, emphasizing green landscape planning to achieve balanced development; and cities with lower carbon reduction potential are mainly policy-driven, constrained by technological and resource limitations. This study underscores the role of computational modeling in providing valuable insights for the development of context-tailored carbon reduction strategies. It highlights the synergetic interactions among technological, organizational, and environmental factors, offering essential guidance for advancing sustainable development planning and facilitating the low-carbon transition of cities and communities.

Internet Development Empowering Innovation Activities to Achieve Efficient and Balanced Development

Based on China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2021, this study examines the relationship between Internet development and regional innovation efficiency. The results show that Internet development can effectively improve innovation efficiency in China, and the promoting effect in the central region & western region is obviously stronger than that in the eastern region. Internet development can accelerate the convergence of the nationwide innovation efficiency gap in China, but it will hinder the convergence of innovation efficiency in the central region & western region and expand the innovation efficiency gap among its provinces. The coupling coordination degree between Internet development and innovation efficiency in China shows a steady upward trend, but there are obvious regional differences. During this period, the average coupling level in the eastern region has reached 7, which is in the primary coordination stage, while that in the central region & western region is only 5, which is on the verge of imbalance.

Assessment of Economic Management of Land Resources to Enhance Food Security

To achieve the goals of balanced development of the agricultural sector to ensure food security, there is a need to improve management processes in the sphere of agricultural land use. The aim of the article is to provide a rationale for the ecological-economic management of land resources based on agricultural zoning to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises. Research gaps include the need for detailed studies on localized ecological impacts and long-term outcomes of AZ-based land redistribution on soil health and agricultural productivity. Based on the analysis of documents (sources) and an expert survey, this study proposes a framework for ecological-economic management of agricultural land resources in Kazakhstan through agricultural zoning (AZ), aiming to optimize the allocation of grasslands, pastures, arable land, and water resources. Based on document analysis and expert surveys, an optimal land ratio of approximately 30% meadows/pastures, 20% arable land, and 20% water is recommended, aligned with practices in Western Europe and North America. The study suggests measures for sustainable land use, including transferring degraded lands to pasture, preferential taxation for ecologically clean production, and financial incentives for restoring and conserving land. These strategies aim to increase agricultural productivity, meet international quality standards, and support sustainable food security through enhanced land use planning and policy. Scientific novelty of the obtained results relates to the improvement of ecological-economic management of land resources at agricultural enterprises in the conditions of zoning, considering the potential of the agricultural zones of Kazakhstan.

Abnormal Temperature and Rural Energy Poverty: A Threshold Effect Analysis Based on the Urban–Rural Gap and the Quality of Rural Housing

In the context of global warming, abnormal temperature is becoming more frequent and its various impacts are receiving increased attention, but the impact of abnormal temperature on rural energy poverty has received relatively little focus. This study examines the effects of abnormal temperature on rural energy poverty, utilizing the systematic generalized method of moments with data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2001 to 2020. Using a panel threshold model, we investigate how the urban–rural gap and the quality of rural housing interact with the relationship between abnormal temperature and rural energy poverty. Our findings suggest that abnormal temperature significantly increases rural energy poverty by 5.7%, and the impact of abnormal temperature on rural energy poverty is exacerbated by a greater urban–rural gap and lower quality of rural housing. This study yields several policy implications for achieving a coordinated and synergistic response to climate change and the eradication of energy poverty based on the promotion of balanced development.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННЫЙ МЕХАНИЗМ МОНИТОРИНГА КАЧЕСТВА И УРОВНЯ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ НА РЕГИОНАЛЬНОМ УРОВНЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The role of the quality and standard of living of citizens for the balanced and sustainable development of individual regions of the country is revealed. The multidimensional conditions for ensuring the quality of life of citizens at the regional level are revealed and the conclusion is made about the expediency of conducting monitoring studies of socioeconomic development vectors. The subgoals of national development in terms of population preservation, human health and wellbeing, as well as target parameters are presented. The forecast of the total population growth in the Russian Federation was carried out in accordance with the projected measures to improve the birth rate based on the measures provided for in national projects, as well as the average life expectancy of citizens, which allowed us to conclude that it is necessary to build a clear mechanism for monitoring indicators at the regional level. The author's defini-tion of the regional system for monitoring the quality and standard of living of citizens is proposed, the principles of its functioning are disclosed, the constituent elements and requirements for obtaining representational data are described, which are further applied to improve socioeconomic policy.

Recent advances in the nitrogen cycle involving actinomycetes: Current situation, prospect and challenge.

Actinomycetes are essential for sustaining the ecosystem's nitrogen balance and stimulating plant development. In contrast, existing detection and culture techniques for actinomycetes are still limited, making it difficult to fully assess their role in the nitrogen cycle. This review emphasized the advantages of actinomycetes in ecological restoration, outlined the current status and challenges of research on nitrogen cycling by actinomycetes. Special attention was paid to the metabolic pathways and related gene regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, and ammonium assimilation processes. The limitations and strategies of actinomycetes nitrogen metabolic pathways were revealed. In addition, the involvement of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus in the nitrogen cycle of actinomycetes was pointed out. The aim of the review is to improve our understanding of the function of actinomycetes in the nitrogen cycle, which is crucial for enhancing wastewater treatment, ecological preservation, and agricultural output.

Data-driven urban Development Prospects Based Research

This study evaluates the future development prospects of Changchun and Hohhot through a data-driven approach, focusing on key factors such as housing prices, service levels, urban resilience, and sustainable development. The research integrates advanced modeling techniques including multiple linear regression, random forest, and XGBoost to analyze various urban indicators. In housing, the models identify price fluctuation factors and estimate housing stock using indirect metrics, with gradient boosting regression emerging as the most effective model. Changchun is found to excel in retail, finance, and lifestyle services, while Hohhot excels in public infrastructure, though both cities require balanced development to address disparities in facility distribution. Urban resilience is assessed by examining response capabilities to extreme weather and emergencies, with targeted investments suggested to enhance resilience and service accessibility. Sustainable development strategies for both cities are proposed, with Changchun focusing on green transportation and mixed-use developments, and Hohhot emphasizing healthcare and tourism infrastructure. Both cities are encouraged to adopt smart city technologies to optimize resource allocation. The study concludes that tailored development strategies, informed by data-driven insights, are crucial for achieving balanced, resilient, and sustainable urban growth, with practical recommendations for policymakers to improve service equity and foster long-term urban vitality.

EXPLORING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S REGIONAL ECONOMY

In the context of globalization and regional integration, the sustainable development of China's regional economy has become the key to achieving long-term national prosperity and social stability. The purpose of this paper is to deeply analyze the imbalance of China's regional economic development. This paper uses the entropy method to look at the long-term economic growth of 10 Chinese provinces (municipalities) from 2012 to 2021. It does this by building a full evaluation system with 19 indicators based on the five development concepts of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing. The research finds that the eastern coastal region has the best performance in sustainable economic development, while the central, western, and northeastern regions are lagging behind. There is a tendency for the development gap between regions to widen. This paper underscores that innovation and openness serve as the primary catalysts for sustainable economic development. It proposes policy recommendations, including bolstering regional coordinated development, fostering innovation, broadening openness to the external world, and optimizing resource allocation, to facilitate balanced regional economic development in China.