Car Development Research Articles

DCS-YOLO: Defect detection model for new energy vehicle battery current collector.

The future trend in global automobile development is electrification, and the current collector is an essential component of the battery in new energy vehicles. Aiming at the misjudgment and omission caused by the confusing distribution, a wide range of sizes and types, and ambiguity of target defects in current collectors, an improved target detection model DCS-YOLO (DC-SoftCBAM YOLO) based on YOLOv5 is proposed. Firstly, the detection rate of defects with different scales is improved by adding detection layers; Secondly, we use the designed DC module as the backbone network to help the model capture the global information and semantic dependencies of the target, and effectively improve the generalization ability and detection performance of the model. Finally, in the neck part, we integrate our designed Convolutional Block Attention Module (SoftPool Convolutional Block Attention Module, SoftCBAM), which can adaptively learn the importance of channels, enhance feature representation, and enable the model to better deal with target details. Experimental results show that the mAP50 of the proposed DCS-YOLO model is 92.2%, which is 5.1% higher than the baseline model. The FPS reaches 147.1, and the detection accuracy of various defect categories is improved, especially Severely bad and No cover, and the detection recall rate reaches 100%. This method has high target detection model efficiency and meets the requirements of real-time detection of battery collector defects.

Towards improved description of plastic anisotropy in sheet metals under biaxial loading: A novel generalization of Hill48 yield criterion

Lightweight design and development of automobiles are strongly dependent on lightweight high-strength sheet metals. An accurate prediction of anisotropy and yield surface evolution of these materials under different sampling directions of biaxial tension (BT) is a necessary condition for the numerical analyses of stamping forming. In this work, the Hill48 model considering the principal stress direction is generalized to describe the anisotropic evolution and the yield loci on the normal and diagonal planes. The material parameters of the generalized M-Hill48 model (GM-Hill48) have analytical form and can be calibrated by the yield stresses and r-values expressed by the continuous equivalent plastic strain (EPS). A quadratic function interpolation method based on the near-plane strain (NPS) stress is established to control the yield locus under different plane stress states. In addition, a method for predicting the yield loci in arbitrary sampling directions under BT is proposed by tensor coordinate transformation. Different from the traditional model which can only determine material parameters by using equi-biaxial tension (EBT) or NPS stress along the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), the yield stresses of BT in different sampling directions can be incorporated into the generalized model. The predictive capability of the GM-Hill48 model is verified by capturing the continuous evolution of yield stresses and strain for DP590 and AA6016-T4 materials. The convexity condition of the established modified model is given and discussed. Finally, the advantages of new model are further expounded in terms of the prediction accuracy and identified parameters compared with the advanced yield models.

Insight into microstructure evolution of in-situ ZrB2np/AA6111 composites with both excellent room and high temperature properties

With rapid development of aerospace and automobile, the service condition of structural components becomes increasingly harsh, diverse and high mechanical properties are urgently needed. In this work, an advanced in-situ ZrB2np/AA6111 composite with excellent room and high-temperature properties was prepared via Al-Zr-B reaction system. The microstructure revealed that ZrB2 nanoparticles with regular polygonal shapes ranged from 10 to 150 nm approximately, and a good α-Al/ZrB2 interface bonding was confirmed. The agglomeration of ZrB2 particles was significantly weakened during hot extrusion. Due to the inhibiting effect on dislocation motion and pinning effect on grain boundaries induced by ZrB2 particles, fine recrystallized grains were obtained in ZrB2/AA6111 composites after extrusion. Compared with AA6111 matrix alloy, the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation of AA6111-3ZrB2 composites at room temperature and 300 °C were increased by 18.9 %, 12.7 %, 50.0 % and 34.1 %, 22.4 %, 42.4 %, respectively. An excellent room and high-temperature strengthening effect was simultaneously achieved assisted by ZrB2 particles. The improvement of room-temperature properties was mainly owed to the Grain refinement and Orowan bypassing strengthening mechanisms. The good high-temperature properties mainly relied on the superior coarsening resistance of ZrB2 particles which could fully played the Orowan strengthening effect and well protected the grain boundaries at high temperature. This work provides a feasible approach to design high-performance aluminum alloys and is beneficial for the further development of modern industries.

Investigating the Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on the Efficiency of Road Network and Traffic Demand: A Case Study of Qingdao, China.

Rapid urbanization has led to the development of intelligent transport in China. As active safety technology evolves, the integration of autonomous active safety systems is receiving increasing attention to enable the transition from functional to all-weather intelligent driving. In this process of transformation, the goal of automobile development becomes clear: autonomous vehicles. According to the Report on Development Forecast and Strategic Investment Planning Analysis of China's autonomous vehicle industry, at present, the development scale of China's intelligent autonomous vehicles has exceeded market expectations. Considering limited research on utilizing autonomous vehicles to meet the needs of urban transportation (transporting passengers), this study investigates how autonomous vehicles affect traffic demand in specific areas, using traffic modeling. It examines how different penetration rates of autonomous vehicles in various scenarios impact the efficiency of road networks with constant traffic demand. In addition, this study also predicts future changes in commuter traffic demand in selected regions using a constructed NL model. The results aim to simulate the delivery of autonomous vehicles to meet the transportation needs of the region.

Development and trend analysis of the cybertruck

Considering that the popularity of electric vehicle trucks (EVs) is growing, this paper takes Teslas Cybertruck as an example and discusses its power system, autonomous driving system, design concepts and materials. The purpose of this research is to explore the trends of future automobile development that are more environmentally friendly, more capable of living, more intelligent, and more multi-functional. Through the analysis, it can be found that the future automobile technology will develop in the direction of electrification, intelligence, multi-function and multi-modal. First of all, vehicles are more inclined to use battery engines with stronger endurance and faster charging speed to further reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency. Secondly, to improve fully autonomous driving technology, future vehicles tend to combine artificial intelligence (AI) with driving control systems. Moreover, according to the different needs of different models, the most suitable design scheme is combined with aerodynamics, and the materials with stronger strength, lighter weight and easier recycling are selected for the manufacture of the body.

The development status and trends of automotive interactive systems

Nowadays, as time passes and science and technology improve, the interactive system of autos becomes more common, and there are far-reaching changes from the original. As autonomous driving and other functions become more developed, people are increasingly focusing on the car's interactive system. This study investigates automobile development status and trends via the lens of automobile interaction systems, comparing them between previous and present periods, using BYDs electric vehicle interaction system as an example, and briefly exploring the current automobile interaction system. The development characteristics and influencing elements of some automobile interface systems are summarized, and the future development trend is anticipated using this information. Finally, it is determined that the automobile interaction system is progressing toward giving people a more comfortable and safe driving experience, which is a positive trend, and that more technologies may be merged into it in the future. The research in this paper that the vehicle interaction system is currently in development, and while it is merely a simple physical interaction, with the continual integration of new technologies, it has the potential to make significant progress.

Research on the Dual-Creation Talent Training Model of New Energy Automobile Based on Virtual Simulation

At present, as China vigorously develops new energy automobiles, the social demand for related talents has increased significantly, so the relevant institutions need to optimize and adjust the talent training mode to help the development of new energy automobiles. This paper summarizes the existing problems of China’s new energy automobile talent training mode, and analyzes the significance of the virtual simulation-based dual-creation talent training mode of new energy automobile and its specific implementation strategies, in order to provide references for the relevant personnel.

Analysis of Cu-decorated Ti particles as a reinforcement for AZ91 alloys prepared using the powder metallurgy method

Magnesium (Mg) matrix composites (Mg-MMCs) with high strength and ductility properties are crucial for the development of lightweight automobiles. In this study, a novel method is proposed for fabricating Mg-MMCs by incorporating nanocopper (Cu) decorated titanium (Ti) particles (Cu@Ti) to reinforce AZ91 alloys. The in-situ generation of the AlCuMg phase at the interface between the Ti particles and the Mg matrix enhances interface integration and promotes the formation of massive twins. The 5.0 wt% Cu@Ti/AZ91 composite exhibits notable mechanical properties, with a yield strength of 238 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 368 MPa, elongation of 12%, and modulus of elasticity of 46 GPa. These values represent increases of 8.9%, 5.3%, 50.0%, and 2.0%, respectively, compared to those of AZ91 alloys. The strengthening mechanism is mainly attributed to grain refinement strengthening, thermal expansion coefficient mismatch strengthening, Orowan strengthening, and load transfer strengthening. The plasticity improvement benefits from the optimization of the interface structure, grain refinement and twin formation.

Investigating the role of green behavior and perceived benefits in shaping green car buying behavior with environmental awareness as a moderator

As the planet faces the challenge of global warming, every individual and organization must adopt green practices to protect nature. The automobile industry is one of the primary industries which can contribute significantly towards sustainability. This study aims to examine the impact of green behavior and green perceived benefits on the green buying behaviors of automobiles. The research also explores the moderating influence of environmental awareness on the mechanism. The research is based on a quantitative method for which primary data was gathered from 406 respondents across Pakistan, China and Saudi Arabia via Quota-based purposive sampling. The gathered data was analyzed via SmartPLS. The results show that green behavior and perceived benefits positively and significantly influence green buying behavior. The findings also show the moderating role of environmental awareness on green behavior towards green buying and show no impact on the perceived benefits towards buying behavior. The study has practical and theoretical implications for managers, researchers, policymakers and institutions in the context of green automobile development and businesses. The study also contributes to the attainment of sustainable development goals.

Efficiency Analysis of Electric Vehicles with AMT and Dual-Motor Systems

With the rapid development of automobiles, energy shortages and environmental pollution have become a growing concern. In order to decrease the energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs), this study aims to improve EV efficiency with AMT and dual-motor systems. Firstly, the paper establishes an Automated Manual Transmission (AMT) model for EVs, which is then simulated using MATLAB R2022a software. In order to eliminate the impact of gear ratio selection, the genetic algorithm is used to optimize the AMT gear ratios. Meanwhile, a dual-motor EV model is constructed, and three different torque distribution schemes are simulated and analyzed. The results indicate that due to the elongation of the energy transmission chain in AMT-equipped EVs, energy losses increase, leading to some improvement in optimized power consumption. However, these EVs remain inferior to those with only a single-stage main reducer. The study also found that the torque distribution based on optimal efficiency further improves results.

A New Rotary Magnetorheological Damper for a Semi-Active Suspension System of Low-Floor Vehicles

This study explores the significance of active suspension systems for vehicles with lower chassis compared to conventional ones, aiming at the development of future automobiles. Conventional linear MR (magnetorheological) dampers were found inadequate in ensuring sufficient vibration control because the vehicle’s chassis becomes lowered in the unmanned vehicles or purposed-based vehicles. As an alternative, a rotary type of MR damper is proposed in this work. The proposed damper is designed based on prespecified design parameters through mathematical modeling and magnetic field analyses. Subsequently, a prototype of the rotary MR damper identical to the design is fabricated, and effectiveness is shown through experimental investigations. In configuring the experiments, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is employed for current control to reduce the response time of the damper. The results presented in this work provide useful guidelines to develop a new type of MR damper applicable to various types of future vehicles’ suspension systems with low distance from the tire to the body floor.

An intelligent human-machine interaction-based longitudinal control strategy for autonomous vehicles

In the foreseeable future, the anticipation is that intelligent vehicles will transition to a mode where the intelligent driving system collaborates seamlessly with the human driver. This harmonious integration between the driver and the intelligent control system holds paramount significance for the successful execution of driving tasks, ultimately contributing to the development of more advanced and user-friendly automobiles. A pivotal element in advancing from assisted to autonomous driving lies in the establishment of a human-machine co-driving mode. This research delineates a longitudinal control strategy tailored for intelligent vehicles featuring human-machine interaction. The approach involves the creation of a personalized safe distance model for car-following by collecting driver characteristic parameters. Focused on the car-following methodology, this study formulates the kinematics state space equation, performance index function, and constraint conditions governing car-following dynamics. Subsequently, a car-following control strategy is devised based on model predictive control (MPC), which is addressed through rolling optimization techniques. Building upon this foundation, a human-machine driving control strategy is proposed to dynamically allocate driving authorities in real-time. This strategy takes into account speed and vehicle distance risk as two-dimensional inputs, employing a cooperative driving control strategy within the dual-drive dual-control system. The proposed method was validated in a simulated environment.

Development of Automobile Aluminum/CFRP Hybrid Steering Knuckle

Abstract: The suspension system of a vehicle plays an important part in precisely controlling the stir of the wheel throughout the trip. The perpendicular and the side dynamics (lift and running) are affected by the unsprung to sprung mass rate. Lower value of this mass rate leads to enhanced performance of the auto. Light weight and low fuel consumption are the two main demands for a vehicle. To optimize the unsprung mass of the auto, the design of the control arm plate is optimized with Aluminum material, and Carbon fiber corroborated compound control arm frames are used to achieve high stiffness to weight rate. This leads to an increase in the overall power-to-freight rate of the auto which helps to deliver maximum performance to the Vehicle. The improved design obtained had achieved 45.8% reduction of mass while meeting the strength requirement

Comparative analysis of intelligent connected vehicle industry in China, United States and European Union from technology lifecycle perspective

PurposeThe intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) is an important trend in automobile development, but little research has been conducted on the technological differences in the ICV industry across countries. In this regard, the authors select China, the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) as countries with developed ICV industries to reveal these differences based on the perspective of subdivision technology.Design/methodology/approach The authors use logistic regression to fit lifecycles at technology level and country level based on ICV-related patents from China, the US and the EU, then use the Revealed Technological Advantage (RTA) index, Fast-Growing Specialization Index (FGSI) and International Patent Classification (IPC) numbers to conduct comparison of national technology advantages, finally use the social network analysis to investigate the evolution of characteristics and intermediate nodes of each technology innovation network.FindingsTechnology lifecycles vary according to the subdivision technology and country. The global development of the ICV industry has reached the mature stage, and 2030 may be a watershed moment, ushering in a wave of new technology iterations. In various subdivision technologies, China and the US have more leading RTAs, and China and the EU have more leading FGSIs. Innovation networks in different countries expand with technology lifecycles, with that in China being the fastest. China's Universities, the US's enterprises and the EU's research institutes are active in cooperative innovation as intermediaries.Originality/valueThis is the first study to compare the development of the ICV industry in major countries from the perspective of subdivision technology and reveal characteristics of innovation networks in each.

Assessment of the energy-saving and environment effects of China's gasoline vehicle withdrawal under the impact of geopolitical risks

With the increasing number of geopolitical events, energy and economy have been affected in all regions of the world. Uncertain geopolitical risks have led to the instability of the energy supply chain, thus affecting the future planning of fuel vehicles. Accordingly, the environmental effects of “Banning gasoline vehicle sales policy” (BGVSP) will also be affected by geopolitical risks. Therefore, using life-cycle assessment and the Lotka–Volterra model, this study evaluated the environmental effects of BGVSP in terms of energy consumption, carbon emissions, human toxic potential (HTP), global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), air quality potential (AQP), and photochemical ozone creation potential (POCP). We further analyzed the effects of differences in policy timing on the energy-conservation and emission-reduction benefits of BGVSP under multiple scenarios. The results show that the implementation of BGVSP in 2025 reduces the energy consumption, carbon emissions, GWP and POCP of the Chinese passenger vehicle market by 17.2%, 18.6%, 17.9% and 46.2%, respectively. However, it may also enhance HTP, AQP, and AP impact by 5.3%, 5.6%, and 18.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, lightweight automobile development could also help reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions in the passenger vehicle market. In this situation, the environmental effects of BGVSP implementation are superimposed. Moreover, the emission-reduction effect of new-energy vehicles is linked to the energy structure in terms of the whole life cycle; thus, the environmental effect of BGVSP in the context of energy cleaning is “super additive”. Regarding environmental effects, 2030 would be the optimal time for China to implement BGVSP as it transitions to clean energy.

Design and Simulation of the Power Transmission System of extended range electric Vehicle based on MATLAB/Simulink

With the rapid growth of automobile ownership, energy shortage and exhaust pollution have become the two major problems restricting the development of automobiles. Electric vehicles with zero fuel consumption and pollution-free advantages are the future direction of development. But battery technology is not mature at this stage, and the driving distance of electric vehicles is short. Extended range electric vehicle is a hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a range extender based on a pure electric vehicle. When the power is sufficient, the whole vehicle runs with pure electric power. When the power is insufficient, the range extender works to drive the vehicle. As a kind of electric vehicle that can extend driving range, the extended-range electric vehicle has great research significance at present. In this paper, based on MATLAB/Simulink platform, the simulation model of the vehicle power transmission system is built by using the experimental modeling method. According to the model, the dynamic performance simulation of the extended-range electric vehicle is carried out, and the rationality of parameter matching of the vehicle components is verified.

Structural design of solar car body based on solid mechanics analysis of solar panel surface

With the increasingly serious problem of global warming and the growing scarcity of energy represented by oil, automobile development has reached a historical tipping point. Nowadays, the most popular solution is to use other clean and sustainable energy to replace current oil and natural gas, thereby addressing both environmental and energy shortage issues. Solar energy, as a "inexhaustible" source of energy, has made significant technological advances over the course of human history. There is, however, a gap in the application of solar energy technology in automotive technology. This paper uses COMSOL software to model the most commonly used solar panels and simulates and studies the streamline distribution, velocity distribution, pressure distribution, and stress distribution of the solar surface under high-speed movement of 90km/h. SoildWorks simulation is used to design a vehicle body structure for future solar cars based on these data. FLUENT software is used to simulate and study the streamline distribution and pressure distribution of the car body at a high speed of 90km/h. Finally, the design's logic and feasibility are validated. The fluids on the surface of a single solar panel and a vehicle body are simulated in this paper. Testing the pressure distribution and stress and strain tests can reveal the rationality and feasibility of the structural design.

Unveiling Sustainable Potential: A Life Cycle Assessment of Plant-Fiber Composite Microcellular Foam Molded Automotive Components.

The development and utilization of new plant-fiber composite materials and microcellular foam molding processes for the manufacturing of automotive components are effective approaches when achieving the lightweight, low-carbon, and sustainable development of automobiles. However, current research in this field has mainly focused on component performance development and functional exploration, with a limited assessment of environmental performance, which fails to meet the requirements of the current green and sustainable development agenda. In this study, based on a life cycle assessment, the resource, and environmental impacts of plant-fiber composite material automotive components and microcellular foam molding processes were investigated. Furthermore, a combined approach to digital twinning and life cycle evaluation was proposed to conduct resource and environmental assessments and analysis. The research results indicate that under current technological conditions, resource and environmental issues associated with plant-fiber composite material automotive components are significantly higher than those of traditional material components, mainly due to differences in their early-stage processes and the consumption of electrical energy and chemical raw materials. It is noteworthy that electricity consumption is the largest influencing factor that causes environmental issues throughout the life cycle, especially accounting for more than 42% of indicators such as ozone depletion, fossil resource consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the microcellular foam molding process can effectively reduce the environmental impact of products by approximately 15% and exhibits better overall environmental performance compared to chemical foaming. In future development, optimizing the forming process of plant-fiber composite materials, increasing the proportion of clean energy use, and promoting the adoption of microcellular foam injection molding processes could be crucial for the green and sustainable development of automotive components.

Influence of tool rotational speed on mechanical and corrosion behaviour of friction stir processed AZ31/Al2O3 nanocomposite

Nano-sized reinforcements improved the mechanical characteristics efficiently by promoting more implicit particle hardening mechanisms compared to micron-sized reinforcements. Nano-sized particles lessen the critical particle solidification velocity for swamp and thus offers better dispersal. In the present investigation, the friction stir processing (FSP) is utilized to produce AZ31/Al2O3 nanocomposites at various tool rotation speeds (i.e., 900, 1200, and 1500 rpm) with an optimized 1.5% volume alumina (Al2O3) reinforcement ratio. The mechanical and corrosion behavior of AZ31/Al2O3-developed nanocomposites was investigated and compared with that of the AZ31 base alloy. The AZ31 alloy experienced a comprehensive dynamic recrystallization during FSP, causing substantial grain refinement. Grain-size strengthening is the primary factor contributed to the enhancement in the strength of the fabricated nanocomposite. Tensile strength and yield strength values were lower than those for the base metal matrix, although an upward trend in both values has been observed with an increase in tool rotation speed. An 19.72% increase in hardness along with superior corrosion resistance was achieved compared to the base alloy at a tool rotational speed of 1500 rpm. The corrosion currents (Jcorr) of all samples dropped with increase in the rotational speed, in contrast to the corrosion potentials (Ecorr), which increased. The values of Jcorr of AZ31/Al2O3 were 42.3%, 56.8%, and 65.5% lower than those of AZ31 alloy at the chosen rotating speeds of 900, 1200, and 1500 rpm, respectively. The corrosion behavior of friction stir processed nanocomposites have been addressed in this manuscript which has not been given sufficient attention in the existing literature. Further, this work offers an effective choice for the quality assurance of the FSP process of AZ31/Al2O3 nanocomposites. The obtained results are relevant to the development of lightweight automobile and aerospace structures and components.

Analysis on the Energy Demand, CO2 and Pollutant Emissions, and Health Benefits from Urban Road Transport Sector: A Case Study of Shenyang

As society develops and urbanization accelerates, energy requirement and environmental emissions in the road transport field have expanded in Shenyang, China. It is necessary to look at its future energy needs and environmental emission trends. In this work, we have used the LEAP model to account for the energy requirement and environmental emissions from 2017 to 2030 under five scenarios for the road transport sector in Shenyang. Additionally, the intake fraction approach was applied to estimate the health effects and financial damages of NOX, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions. The results indicate that the energy required in 2030 will reach 8.18~10.65 Mtce in various scenarios. By 2030, under the business as usual (BAU) scenario, the emissions of CO2, CO, SO2, NOX, PM10, and PM2.5 will be 31089.51, 1794.4, 20.59, 205.88, 6.6 and 6.5 kt, respectively. Regarding health benefits, financial damage caused by NOX, SO2, PM10, PM2.5 emissions will reach RMB 8.594, 0.117, 1.013, and 1.566 billion in 2030 under the BAU scenario. Moreover, the development of energy-efficient and new energy automobiles is the best means of reducing energy demand and environmental emissions; thus, this approach should be paid special attention when developing future energy efficiency and emission abatement policies for road transport.