Development In Third World Research Articles

'Old' And 'New' Consensus Amidst Us-China Economic Rivalry In The Global South

There was less critical thinking on the subject of 'development' until it became popular in the 1950s. The proponents of 'development' in world politics ranged from modernization theorists to supporters of democratic development. Both the proponents used the term modernization, development and progress interchangeably in the context of third-world development. Today, in the development studies, where the dependency versus modernization rift still exists, there are other forms of development aspects that have continued to emerge. The 21st-century politics shows the rise of China as a potential competitor to the Western liberal order. The Chinese 'Beijing Consensus' has emerged as an alternative approach towards the dominant Western model of development. This paper uses a range of developmental models and theories to discuss the Politics of Development in the Global South over time and how the Western model of development differs from that of China in the ongoing US-China economic rivalry.

Who gains from brain and body drain business -developing/developed world or individuals: A comparative study between skilled and semi/unskilled emigrants

A theory often advanced is that the ‘brain drain’ of third world graduates to the first world generates a high income of foreign currency, and that this income contributes to the development of third world, In this paper, however, we put forward the theory that semi/unskilled emigrants currently contribute the higher income of foreign currency. Although the highly skilled group may earn higher wages, they do not necessarily send large remittances back to the third world, mainly because they have settled into a good life in the country to which they have migrated. Moreover, we also emphasise that the cost of producing a highly skilled individual is greater than that of semi-skilled or unskilled graduate. This paper suggests that there is a need for intervention by international donor organisations for global collaboration in order to facilitate the development of the third world by halting the ‘brain drain’. Research for this paper, the first of its kind in nature in its area, has been carried out by mainly interviews. Key words: brain drain, first world, physical drain, public money, highly skilled people, working environment.

Le rôle de l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

IRD is a French public scientific and technological institution, jointly overseen by the Ministries of Research and Overseas Cooperation. It has three main vocations: research, evaluation and training It meets these objectives by conducting scientific programs, centered around the relationship between humans and their environment in poor countries, in order to contribute to sustainable development. IRD has a budget of 218,9 millions euros. It employs 2 235 staff including 830 researchers, 1 021 engineers and technicians, and local personnel. Forty-two percent of IRD staff are employed overseas, many technicians originate from poor countries, and IRD research programs involve researchers from many countries. IRD is engaged in several European and international scientific programs, and plays a coordinating role for research institutions and universities working towards third-world development.

The McNamara Complex

Shortly after attacks on World Trade Center and Pentagon I was participating in a panel discussion at Massachusetts institute of Technology (M.I.T.) called Technology, War and Terror. Although panel had been billed as a teach-in, discussion was remarkably depoliticized. There was strikingly little analysis of United States policy in Middle East and considerable talk of technocratic measures U.S. might take to prevent future terrorist attacks-- measures that ranged from improving airport security to enhancing development in Third World so that there would be less poor people who felt left out of great leap forward of globalization. Finally, an M.I.T. physics student approached microphone and solemnly asked panel if it wasn't true that problem was not just Osama bin Laden, but, more broadly, irrationality. Describing presumed Islamic fundamentalism of terrorists as just one manifestation of irrationality, he suggested that M.I.T. had a special calling in struggle against irrationality and that we all now had an obligation to fight terror by challenging irrationality wherever we found it-not least in attachment of some members of M.I.T. community to religious belief. Looking into face of student I was reminded that rationality can itself become a fetish. certain kind of attachment to rationality in West can become so hyperbolic that it itself becomes-like logical sophistry of scriptural fundamentalists and legal strict constructionists recently described in Vincent Crapanzano's recent book on literalism as a cultural style (Serving Word: Literalism in America from Pulpit to Bench)-a form of irrationalism wrapped in garb of rationalism. This Western fetishization of a spurious rationalism has been quite apparent in reactions to what, using a bland and colorless term for an epochal moment, we seem to be learning to call the events of September 11. Thus many pundits, from The New York Times' Thomas Friedman down, have opined that terrorists were not impelled by actual political grievances but by an atavistic reaction against rationalist modernity. As Friedman himself put it, this is not a of civilizations-the Muslim world versus Christian, Buddhist and Jewish worlds. The real today is not between but within them-between those Muslims, Christians, Hindus, Buddhists and Jews with a modern and progressive outlook and those with a medieval one.1 In a similar vein, Salman Rushdie has argued that attackers of World Trade Center were animated by A loathing of modern society in general and that they seek the closing of those [Islamic] societies to rival project of modernity.2 The crimes of September 11, such pundits keep telling us, were not really gestures of resistance against U.S. intervention in Middle East or deluded expressions of solidarity with long-suffering Palestinians, but were senseless manifestations of derangement of a certain kind of Islamic mind by its encounter with modern West. This theme is further driven home by incessantly repetitive media evocations of Taliban as ultimate ambassadors for a reactionary traditionalism that bans everything from television to mini-skirt. This is a media frame that exonerates U.S. policymakers from their partial responsibility for derangement of Afghan society in 1980s when, treating other people's country as a square on their cold war chessboard, they helped construct very forces we now fear and deride, and it is a frame that reprises stale dichotomies between tradition and modernity that were essential to modernization theories of 1960s and are now, at least within academy, largely discredited. Within frame attacks of September 11 emerged not from a of interests, nor even from Samuel Huntington's clash of civilizations, but from a between rationalist modernity and irrational tradition. …

<p>Appropriate Technology for Socioeconomic Development in Third World Countries</p>

<p>Appropriate Technology for Socioeconomic Development in Third World Countries</p>

Just What War Is: The Civil War Writings of de Forest and Bierce.

Over the course of a career that stretched from the early 1920s through the late 1970s, David E. Lilienthal became a larger-than-life symbol of American liberalism. A founding director of the Tennessee Valley Authority who later served as the first chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, he shared in the great triumphs of the New Deal and Fair Deal eras, as well as in the disappointments that came with the West's attempts to spread its values abroad. This book, the first full biography of Lilienthal, explores the public and private dimensions of the man and, in so doing, illuminates the promise and limitations of the American liberal dream in the twentieth century. As a public figure, Lilienthal was controversial: outspoken, articulate, charismatic, and sometimes ruthless in pursuit of his goals. Yet, in his work with the TVA and the AEC, he displayed a strong commitment to administrative responsibility and openness in governmental policy making and was instrumental in promoting a sense of public service and purpose in both agencies. After 1950, Lilienthal became an active internationalist, striving to create models for development in Third World venues as widely separated as Central Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. Through his visionary Development and Resources Corporation, he established extensive ties with leaders of every stripe, including the Shah of Iran, various Latin American presidents, and, in his own country, Lyndon B. Johnson. The Lilienthal story is one of paradoxes and contradictions in human nature, of an enormous ego yoked with good intentions and a humane spirit. As this book demonstrates in compelling detail, the liberal dream that Lilienthal embodiedworked at home but not abroad. In contrast to his victories on the domestic front, Lilienthal's efforts in overseas arenas often failed tragically - born as they were of an inability to understand that the political, economic, and social realities of an Iran or a Vietnam were far diff

A Second Wave of National Liberation?

Not so long ago, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promoted a semi-official series of meetings (national, regional, and tri-continental), in preparation for its periodic international plenary conferences. UNCTAD was then the UN agency most seriously concerned with problems of third-world development as they related to international economic relations. The preparatory meetings had the double aim of engaging as many third-world officials, academics, and practitioners as possible in a serious dialogue on these problems, and mobilizing as much public opinion behind the proposed solutions as it could. The second aim was as important as the first, since those solutions, more often than not, ran up against fierce first-world opposition.This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

Confronting the culture of progress in the 21st century

Disconnected from the social and historical roots of technological progress, technology transfer is embraced on a global level as a tangible solution to the third-world development ‘problem’. Left under-scrutinized is the dehumanizing potential of using technological progress as a gauge for civilizational advancement. The increasing globalization of the link between progress and technology is demonstrated in the case of China, which has accelerated its modernization efforts since the late 1970s. This article examines the ideological influence of progress on third-world development planning and implementation, questioning the validity of accelerating modernization in the context of long-term sustainability. On one hand, alternative models are required for envisioning social and environmental sustainability; on the other hand, strategies for intervention are needed to overcome deep-seated ideological beliefs about progress. Education represents a key site for producing and shaping ideological beliefs, and a potential ‘weak point’ for intervention is suggested.

Third-world development: urbanizing for the future.

This article reviews some issues reflected in the 1996 UN Habitat II agenda and recent research on urbanization. The themes of the 1996 Habitat conference were urban development, urban poverty, and governance, civil society, and social capital. It is expected that over 50% of total world population will live in cities in the year 2000. Cities are viewed both as engines of economic growth and centers of severe economic, environmental, and social problems. There is some disagreement about whether cities are rational economic structures or what the World Bank's urban agenda is and its relationship with macroeconomic policy. Discussions of global urban issues are criticized for their neglect of issues of equity and poverty, cultural diversity, and identity and representation. Habitat II also stressed urban sustainability. There is growing recognition that urban management involves more than the "Brown Agenda" of environmental and physical aspects of urban growth. Recent studies identify how politics and power affect people's access to basic urban services. Urban economic activity can also contribute to environmental problems. Urban growth affects the provision of health services. Although there is not a consensus on the role of cities in expanding economic and social development and the best management practices, there is sufficient evidence to indicate that urban processes are varied throughout the developing world. The links between urban and rural areas differentiate cities and expose the need to understand the role of intermediate urban areas surrounding and between larger cities. Poverty has become increasingly urbanized, but the extent of poverty is unknown. Habitat II was an unprecedented effort to engage nongovernment groups, local government staff, trade unions, and the private sector and to emphasize community participation. Networks of trust and reciprocity are key to solving poverty, inequality, and disempowerment problems.

Alternative Perspectives in Third-World Development: The Case of Malaysia.

Alternative Perspectives in Third-World Development: The Case of Malaysia.

Second Thoughts: Myths and Morals of U.S. Economic History

These essays discuss topics in economic history that have a direct relevance to present policy debates, including banking regulation, immigration, and Third-World development policies. Each essay explores the role of government policies in the outcome of events. Contributors include: Julian and Rita Simon, Robert Higgs, Price Fishback, Elyce Rotella, Barry Eichengreen, Terry Anderson, Susan Phillips, and Richard Zecher.

Second thoughts: myths and morals of U.S. economic history

This is a book of invited essays on topics in economic history that have a direct relevance to present policy debates. Topics include banking regulation, immigration, Third-World development policies, etc. Each essay explores the role of government policies in the outcome of events. All essays are written in non-technical terms and are easily accessible to general readers.

The benefits of social impact assessment in Third World development

It is the contention of this paper that, despite the cultural-political nature of the planning process, benefits from incorporating Social Impact Assessment (SIA) into the planning process are such that they must be given careful consideration in Third-World development. Benefits can accrue to proponents through a higher success rate and to the affected population through a better understanding of the changes that will likely take place in the community of impact. The paper outlines the degree to which international donor agencies are now utilizing SIA or Social Soundness Analysis (SSA). The North American situation is reviewed for possible information or situations that might have applicability to Third-World settings. The paper concludes with a series of suggestions that might be considered if SSA and SIA are attempted in Third-World settings.

Third-World Development: Aspects of Political Legitimacy and Viability, by Tri Q. Nguyen

Analysis and case studies illustrate the theme that polity legitimacy and viability are primary requisites for sustained development in third-world countries. A strategy for development and new directions for foreign assistance are proposed.

The English Industrial Revolution and Third-World Development

The English Industrial Revolution and Third-World Development

Third-World development: aspects of political legitimacy and viability

Third-World development: aspects of political legitimacy and viability

Social Marketing: An Approach to Third-World Development

The major theme of this article is that social marketing can contribute to the improvement of living conditions in the third world. The ease or difficulty of this task, however, will be determined by the existence of certain enabling conditions, precipitations circumstances and societal motivations in the countries of application.

Geopolitics of the Caribbean: Ministates in a Wider World

25, 1983, Thomas D. Anderson had probably returned the page proofs of this book to the publisher. An unfortunate result is that parts of this study now seem anachronistic: for example, the statement that the last direct American intervention in the Caribbean was into the Dominican Republic in 1965 or the discussion of the level of tolerance by the United States toward the government headed by Maurice Bishop. Even before this book was released, it was upstaged by other scholarly publications that contained brief summaries of the American invasion and that thus offered tentative predictions about its meaning for the Caribbean. Despite the unfortunate timing of this book, the growing interest in the Caribbean probably assures a wide readership that would not have been available as recently as five years ago. Anderson adopts what he calls an unconventional approach to Caribbean geopolitics by asserting sensibly that a full geographical understanding, including locational, environmental, demographic, social, economic, and historical dimensions, is essential to geopolitical analysis. Anderson provides chapters on geographical and historical backgrounds, contemporary issues, and foreign policy options. Although the title of the book implies regional coverage, Anderson focuses on Jamaica, the Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, and the small eastern islands. The purpose of the book is to give an understanding of Caribbean geopolitical processes in an era of change so that U.S. policy options for the region may be assessed intelligently. This study differs in intent and tone from many recent academic books about political economy, neocolonialism, class formation, and ongoing dependency relationships in the region. A common virtue of these studies is that they provide at least some West Indian perspective, while Anderson does not. For example, his straightforward chapter on contemporary geopolitics is based, in large part, on current journalism, all from American newspapers and magazines. They are important, indeed necessary sources, but the use of independent, long-standing West Indian newspapers would have provided perspectives to enrich this study. I agree wholeheartedly that understanding the cultural background of a region is crucial to understanding its geopolitics; however, I am disappointed that Anderson provided little, if any, connection between the background chapters and his subsequent assessment of contemporary Caribbean geopolitics. To illustrate my point-Anderson asserts that Maroons (runaanging circumstances with which soc etie and individuals must cope. No e with a concern for third-world development can do other than take this ook very seriously.-ROBERT W. STEEL

COMMENTARY: THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGY ON THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT

Parts of the basic conceptual framework of Western psychology have been imported, sometimes blindly, into the design of many Third World countries' education, industry, law and health services. Psychology needs to demonstrate its relevance to the particular sociocultural conditions of these countries and to development policy in each of these fields. This requires close collaboration with other social sciences. Theories and techniques developed in Western societies (e.g., pre‐school enrichment and aptitude testing) need to be unpackaged so that Third World policy‐makers can decide which aspects are most relevant to their goals. Revitalization of endogenous cultural development is essential for developing a valid and socially acceptable psychology. This requires both sensitivity to the cultural load of Western psychology and systematic exploration of distinctive indigenous concepts.

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT

Unlike other social sciences, psychology has for long remained outside the orbit of social change and national development. Because of the very nature of socio‐economic development that is taking place in the Third World countries, psychology has a distinct role. Temporal compression and cacophonic nature of changes have caused conditions of instability that have brought to the fore many socio‐psychological problems requiring immediate attention. The role of psychology in this context and the factors underlying the limited impact it has made so far have been discussed. Some robust findings in psychology that have obvious implications for policy formulation and action programme are outlined.