Development In Third World Countries Research Articles

Impact of Fintech on Economic Development of Third World Countries: A Focus on Nigeria

The digital age has ushered in a transformative shift in the financial industry, permitting financial institutions to reach previously "unbanked" consumers in emerging economies while keeping current traditional bank customers (Saal et al., 2017). The integration of technology into daily life has given rise to various technology acceptance models and unique user interactions. This study assessed the impact of FinTech on the economic development of developing countries, with a specific focus on Nigeria, to understand its contributions and identify areas for improvement. Data for this study was collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria, Macrotrends, and Statista, covering data from the past ten years, 2010 to 2020. Regression analysis was used in executing the data analysis. The selected FinTech services—ATM, PoS, and mobile payments—showed a fluctuating but generally upward trend in production and popularity, peaking in 2020, likely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Among these, ATMs were the most popular, although PoS and mobile payments have seen significant growth since 2017 and 2019, respectively. The study concludes that FinTech has a limited impact on GDP per capita, it significantly influences consumer price index and the unemployment rate, indicating its critical role in shaping Nigeria's economic landscape.

How Democratization Empowers the Development of Third World Countries: Advantages and Limits - A Case Study of Mozambique

This paper examines Mozambique's post-civil war transformation, focusing on its democratic reforms and shift to a free market economy. It investigates the impact of these changes on economic development, emphasizing successful privatization and foreign cooperation while highlighting persistent issues of income inequality, political challenges, monopolies, and gender disparities. Using a process-tracking method within a case study framework, the research comprehensively analyzes Mozambique's policies and their implications. Findings reveal the remarkable economic growth of Mozambique, yet they also underscore the need for a holistic approach to development, addressing social, economic, and political dimensions. This study contributes to economic theory and provides practical insights for policymakers and development practitioners, analyzing the intricate dynamics influencing Mozambique's progress and offering valuable insights for similar contexts.

Effects of Administrative Corruption on Democratic Governance In Nigeria

Administrative corruption has become a major issue sabotaging governance and democratic development in Third World Countries. It is a menace that respects no national boundaries. It distorts socio-political life of the people. In Nigeria, administrative corruption has eroded people’s trust in government because of the persistent increase in inefficiency and ineffective public service delivery. As revealed in the literature, administrative corruption in Nigerian public institutions has made a lot of the nation’s resources mismanaged by the public office holders despite many policy measures put in place to curtail the menace. Sequel to this phenomenon, this paper examined the effect of administrative corruption on democratic governance in Nigeria. Relying on the ex-post approach where literature was surveyed to explain the extent to which administrative corruption impedes the growth of democratic governance in the country. The paper recommends strengthening of the internal control mechanisms to detect cases of administrative corruption in public institutions. It also suggests the creation of pathways to give citizens the relevant tools to engage and participate in governance towards promoting transparency and accountability in the administration of the state.

Neo-populist Fables: The Other World of A.V. Chayanov

The political importance of Chayanov transcends his own time and space, influencing as it has done – and continues to do – both the debate about rural development in Third World countries and – more broadly – resurgent agrarian populist interpretations in academia and elsewhere. Less well known, but epistemologically as revealing of his politics, are his non-economic writings, particularly his contributions to the Gothic literary genre. Examined here, therefore, are three stories written pseudonymously by Chayanov, each of which is structured by the same discourse. All were composed over a short period just after the Bolsheviks took power in Russia, and reveal as a sub-text the political divergence and concomitant struggle between neo-populist and Bolshevik versions of societal development.

Critical Literature Review on Agriculture Co-Operatives in Developing Countries: A Poverty Mitigation Perspective

Over the decades, the perception of cooperatives has revolved from that of considering them as food security agents and determinants to that of social and economic agents to cooperators, community, and national development. The study, therefore, critically reviewed the related literature on agriculture cooperatives as poverty alleviating agents. An integrated strategy in the research review approach was used to support the study. The findings revealed recent developments in cooperatives that are putting agriculture cooperatives on the map as agents of poverty eradication and social and economic development in third-world countries. Currently, there is a societal expectation that cooperatives have not only a responsibility to better the lives of the members but also the entire community and nation as a whole. The study concluded that achieving future sustainable social and economic development requires full recognition of all the key economic players in the business ecosystem. The study, therefore, recommends full support of the agriculture cooperatives if they are to play a positive and integral role in mitigating the poverty levels in third-world countries.

«By the pricking of their thumbs»: farmers’ income dynamics towards sustainable development in rural Ethiopia

Las prioridades de cooperación internacional y los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible coincidenen el vínculo entre la agricultura y la economía en el progreso de los países en desarrollo hacia lasostenibilidad. En las zonas rurales de Etiopía, la agricultura es la principal fuente de ingresos y medios de vida. En este estudio, se pretende analizar la asociación entre la experiencia de los agricultores, la educación, el género, el cultivo de la diversidad de cultivos, el acceso a diversos recursos financierosy los niveles de ingresos entre las diferentes aldeas. La metodología adoptada es la investigaciónacción,realizada durante varias estancias de investigación en zonas rurales de Etiopía, y utilizando encuestas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Los resultados cuantitativos se analizaron mediante análisisestadístico multivariante. Surgen resultados interesados; por ejemplo, los agricultores de las aldeasrurales que han estado utilizando pozos previamente donados por organizaciones sin ánimo de lucro(OSAL) muestran varios impactos positivos. Asisten a capacitación continua en agricultura, nutricióny economía; tienen más diversificación de cultivos, y utilizan recursos financieros variados. Todosestos factores, así como las variables sociodemográficas, vinculan los niveles de ingresos de losagricultores con la mejora y el empoderamiento de las aldeas, lo que crea desafíos significativospara el diseño institucional de políticas alternativas para maximizar la subsistencia, la sostenibilidady el desarrollo socioeconómico de los agricultores en los países del Tercer Mundo. El artículo se sumaal muy pequeño cuerpo de investigación, particularmente de análisis cuantitativo, sobre factoresasociados con los ingresos de los agricultores en África basados en datos primarios.

Meninjau Tanggungjawab Sosial Perusahaan dalam Pendekatan Kapabilitas

This paper departs from the discourse of the paradigm of social development in third world countries. The first discourse reviews the critics of the broad state in social development. It supports the non-state actors to take a part in development through corporate social responsibility (CSR). The second discourse departs from economic development which weakens the capability of the individual in achieving development itself. The concept of the capability approach in human development emerged as a solution to create inclusive welfare. This paper itself raises these two things in one discussion related to the role of CSR in relation to the development of human capabilities. Taking an analysis of the Program Desa Mandiri Energi by PJB UP Paiton, the study examines the role of CSR activities in supporting community capabilities. This paper argues that the existence of CSR provides a strong contribution to strengthening the capabilities of the community that has developed from the past. However, in the subsequent findings, there are several aspects of CSR programs that still several actions to be developed and improved human capabilities.

ANALYSIS OF FREE ROAD DATA IN TANZANIA, UGANDA AND KENYA USING FREE AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

Abstract. Roads are one of the most important infrastructural objects for each country. Slow development of third world countries is partially influenced by missing roads. Therefore, United Nation (UN) enlisted them inside the ninth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) whose achievement highly relies on geospatial data. Since the authoritative data for the majority of developing countries are incomplete and unavailable, the focus of this study is on free data. The conveyed research, explained in this paper, was divided in two parts. The first one refers to completeness and positional accuracy assessment of three different road data sets (freely available). The second part was focused only on OpenStreetMap (OSM) since it showed the best results in the previous stage. Thus, OSM was used to compute (in the second part of the research) and analyse the road accessibility rate within the buffer zone of two kilometers from human settlements. To locate human settlements, raster data, representing land covers were used. Results are pointing where the infrastructure is not mapped or is not present. The complete work was done using Free and Open Source Software, which is important, since the proposed procedure can be implemented by anyone.

Ethical Leadership for Sustainable Development in Developing Countries

The study was intended to investigate how ethical leadership is a crucial ingredient in achieving sustainable development in third world countries. Sustainability leadership entails mindful actions and behaviours which embrace a global perspective to recognise the link between earth and humanity. Hence, through personal and organisational choices, a leader is expected to affect positive environmental and social change. Sustainable leaders are rare today, and this is the reason why this study focuses on how sustainable leadership will act as a force towards sustainable development more especially for developing countries. This study concentrated purely on secondary sources of information. It described, summarised and discussed information initially presented in other academic publications sources like textbooks, journal articles, book reviews, commentaries, eBooks, etc. The study came into a conclusion that sustainable leadership is essential for sustainable development of a society. Nurturing an ethical leader is essential and will determine the transformation speed in overall development. It is collectively agreeable that resources are numerous, but leadership styles have been a letdown in many societies due to the plundering of public resources. There is a lack of public inclusivity in decision making. What society lacks most is moral leadership. This is the missing link in the sustainable development agenda.

The Politics of Modernization and the Misleading Approaches to Development

This article deconstructs the theory of modernization and argues that the theory is a political propaganda to mislead the people of Third World countries; the social transformation the theory advocates is not for the development of Third World countries. Instead, modernization is actually gradually destroying the local productive capacity, while cultivating the Western individualism in the South. In Uganda, the policies to bring about modernization under economic reform have made the economy to be dominated by a service sector that neither creates ample employment opportunities nor earns foreign exchange for the country. They have undermined manufacturing and agriculture, and as a result, a large percentage of the population is experiencing food insecurity. The article concludes by arguing that Uganda should have learnt from China's self-determined reforms and China should also learn from Uganda's experience while contemplating to adopt further reforms under foreign pressure.

Catalysts in the Development Terrain: Social Entrepreneurship and Change in Nyamira County, Kenya

Development in Third World countries is generally considered to be a product of external intervention. Local people in rural sub-Saharan Africa are thought to be driven to change by extension services, public health promotion, business development, community development and other such programs. It is commonly assumed that local people have no capacity to originate new ideas and initiatives to change their circumstances. When local actors are given the benefit of doubt, it is believed that the...

Poverty as Child Labor Internal Migration's Determinant

Migration is an unavoidable problem for economic development in third world countries. Indonesia is an archipelagic country with high viscosity population internal migration. Over flooding wave of internal migration from periphery region to the core of growth poles increases the spatial disparities between regions. Not only for the labor force at their productive age, empirical evidences revealed the fact that the wave also involved children to work as child labor. This research tries to estimate how poverty in periphery determines the wave of migration toward urban agglomeration region at their core. Using data from the Indonesian Census 2000 for Java Island, global spatial effect and local statistics was estimated by spatial econometrics method. Keywords: Child Labor, Internal Migration, Spatial Econometrics, urban agglomeration

Ресурсный национализм: уроки Третьего мира

According to the hypothesis known as the “resource curse”, natural resources abundance is a brake on economic growth of many Third World countries. But is it really so? The author believes there are deeper reasons why the Third World in general – regardless of the amount of raw material resources available in each country – cannot achieve the same level of welfare as the First World. The “resource curse” theory looks for the origins of the resourceful countries’ economic problems in the institutional sphere. But this seems misleading because of excessively narrow “here and now” approach. The economic and socio-political institutions of individual countries are regarded in short periods of time when “curse” declared itself. Its typical manifestations, such as rent-seeking, stagnation or degradation of the institutions, authoritarian power, snowballing public debt and symptoms of Dutch disease, were seen in many Third World countries long before the development of the major sources of raw materials and regardless of the availability or absence of them. Therefore, it seems appropriate to speak of a kind of “three-fold institutional curse” as an explanation of continuing underdevelopment of many countries and territories. Poor national institutions in the Third World countries are not actually caused by the presence or absence of concentrated natural resources. This is the result of prior historical development with series of discrete transitions from one condition to another: from colonial status – to independent statehood; from poverty – to unexpected wealth mostly based on the exploitation of the natural resources. Qualitative transformation of national institutions usually lags far behind. As a consequence, institutional development enters into a state of stagnation (inhibiting or destabilizing economic growth) that can stretch for very long periods of time. The author concludes that the presence or absence of resources, in fact, has no fundamental impact on the nature of socio-economic development of Third World countries. The major reason hindering institutional progress has external nature, that is heavy economic dependence on the First World (coupled with informal political subordination). This circumstance begets the “resource nationalism” by the developing countries – exporters of raw materials and fuel. History of “resource nationalism” provides a useful lesson for Russia whose economy is features by growing dependency on resources. Acknowledgement. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project № 14-18-02345.

Rationale of Regulating the Financial Services, Models of Regulation and Need for Regulatory Independence

Theory suggests that the primary role of financial institutions and capital markets is to facilitate the allocation of resources in an uncertain environment across space and time. Therefore regulation of the financial sector has a crucial role to play, especially in the development of third world countries, most of whom have enormous wealth disparities between sections of their populace. A key objective of regulation is to redress information asymmetries that sometimes exist in financial services businesses usually to the disfavour of the consumer. Although most often the regulator is also the supervisor, the role of the regulator and that of the supervisor are. In most jurisdictions however, the powers to regulate and to supervise the activities of the financial services sector reside in the same institution. The regulatory framework of financial services often comprises primary regulation, secondary legislation and guidance and (policy) directives and directions issued by the regulator. This paper looks at the rationale for regulation, the different models of regulation in the financial services and what they are aimed to achieve. The paper also looks at the broad objectives of regulation even in the absence of a unified theory of financial service regulation, such as investor protection, ensuring fairness, reducing contagion, protection against malpractices and maintaining consumer confidence. The paper also analyses the pros and cons of single, twin-peaks and multiple financial regulator and why regulators need to be independent [but accountable] whilst at the same time avoiding industry capture. Although the paper discussed regulation broadly, it discusses financial services regulation in the context of the Malaŵian financial regulatory framework with a brief overview of the regulatory models in the United Kingdom and Zambia.

Optimising the Development options in TWCs: Looking beyond Foreign Aid

Growth development theorists such as Rowstow have averred that third world countries (TWCs) need foreign Aid to stimulate development and move them into the 'take-off stage' which is characterized by growth and development. However, after decades of aid inflow into TWCs, the majority of TWCs are still struggling to achieve their development objectives. Therefore, it is doubtful if aids alone can jump-start development in TWCs. This reality has given rise to a plethora of alternate propositions aimed at realizing the development objectives of TWCs. The central argument of this paper is that Aid alone cannot improve the status of TWCs. It is further argued in the paper that Aid needs to be complemented by stimulants (initiated within TWCs) such as Remittance, Taxation, and Public-Private Partnership (PPP) to solve their economic development problems. To this end, it is suggested that an approach which combines indigenous options with Aid will significantly advance the development objectives of TWCs.

Contribution of Yazaki (Samoa) Ltd. to Samoan economy

Over the last 30 years, there has been extensive debate on whether Transnational Corporation (TNC) can bring about economic development in third world countries and in particular in small island states. There are two schools of thought: first, on one hand, there is a pessimistic position that argues that TNCs do not contribute to economic development of small island countries. Second, on one hand, there is the optimistic position that argues that TNCs do contribute to economic development of small island countries. Within this context, this paper examines the economic contribution made by a Japanese TNC Yazaki (Samoa) Ltd. in Samoan economy. This paper highlights that Yazaki (Samoa) Ltd. has made a number of economic contributions to Samoa such as boosting the GDP, in-directly assisting other industries, easing unemployment and providing income to poor families.

ICT: Opportunities and Challenges of Third World Tertiary Institutions

The challenges and profound opportunities of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are quite unique and unparallel in the world history. It is happening at an extremely fast pace; impacting all corners of the globe; ubiquitous in effect; unlimited by any natural laws or rules; multidirectional in revolution; insatiable in demand; its report is ear-splitting, gut-wrenching, jaw-dropping and heart-stopping. In this paper, we present the opportunities and consequential challenges it posses on the citadel of knowledge in the third world countries. We asses both the development of ICT and ICT for development of third world countries through universities as un-bias agent for development in order to bridge the digital divide.

Capacity Development of Community Organizations for Tourism Development and Planning in Shiraz, Iran

A lack of organizational capacity development has been identified as a barrier to tourism development in Third World countries. Hence, the study provides a focused academic analysis of this issue w...

ICT intervention in the ‘Chandanbari’ Village of Bangladesh: Results from a field study

The United Nations, the World Bank and the International Telecommunication Union purport that information and communication technology (ICT) interventions improve development in third world countries. Hence, developing countries are rushing to implement various ICT interventions in urban-rural areas aiming to engender local or national development. Through an interpretive case study of an ICT intervention in the Chandanbari village area of Bangladesh, this research describes some challenges surrounding ICT interventions. From background literature concerning bridging the digital-divide we emphasise users' capability, local context and local content during the planning and implementation of ICT interventions. We apply Heeks' (eDevelopment Briefing, 3(1), 1---2, 2005) information chain model to improve understanding of ICT-led development at the community/individual level. Our findings uncover considerable interest in ICT interventions from the community/individuals; however, there are challenges to the long-term acceptance of ICT interventions, such as the socio-cultural issues of gender discrimination and cultural barriers.

Smart Partnership or Cronyism? A Malaysian Perspective

Proposes that, arms length economic system (ALS) is not always appropriate for developing nations. The alternative of a relationship based system (RBS) which is often mistaken for crony capitalism as practiced in Malaysia is offered. Entrepreneurial spirit so fundamental to the development of an economy may be so lacking as to perish under an ALS yet be able to flourish under RBS. Explains three major aspects of how the Malaysian Economy was able to flourish under the RBS (1) the cultural reform of the majority indigenous group (2) the multi‐cultural cooperation between the economically superior Chinese and the less economically developed Malays and (3) The spill‐over effect from privatisation policies. Recognising the existence and legitimacy of an RBS as an economic model may offer a new approach towards poverty eradication and economic development of Third World countries.