Indigenous Community Development Research Articles

Revitalization and Digital Preservation of Indigenous Knowledge Systems for Sustainable Development of Indigenous Communities in South Africa

ABSTRACT South Africa has been regarded as one of the African countries with rich in culture and repository of knowledge referred to as indigenous knowledge. This knowledge is a significant resource which could contribute to the sustainability development of rural communities and society at large. Given that this valuable knowledge is irreplaceable, its promotion and protection is critical. Digital preservation has become a popular method for revitalization and safeguarding indigenous knowledge in recent years. The purpose of this study was to determine how digital preservation can be used in enhancing long-term access to indigenous knowledge for sustainable development of indigenous communities in South Africa. This study used literature review to investigate strategies being established in South Africa and different parts of the world to revitalize and digitally preserve indigenous knowledge for the benefits of indigenous communities. This study established that indigenous knowledge owners and their communities do not have mechanisms and policy being put in place for effective digital preservation of their indigenous knowledge. The study thus recommends that anticolonial strategies and policy in the protection of indigenous knowledge systems be implemented and be the subject of a real training and awareness raising programme for community members.

Multicriteria Analysis in Apiculture: A Sustainable Tool for Rural Development in Communities and Conservation Areas of Northwest Peru

Apiculture plays a vital role in maintaining a genetically diverse ecosystem and is an economic activity that contributes to the development of rural communities, thereby enhancing the livelihoods of beekeepers. However, despite the presence of over forty thousand beekeepers in Peru, there is currently no cartographic information available on optimal areas for the development of apiculture. Our study focused on assessing the suitability of land for apiculture development in rural and indigenous communities within the Amazonas Department in northwest Peru. We integrated biophysical and socioeconomic criteria using the Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique, in conjunction with state-of-the-art geoinformation and earth observation techniques, to model and validate land suitability for supporting apiculture. It was identified that suitability is influenced by biophysical criteria (65%) and socioeconomic criteria (35%), resulting in highly suitable areas covering 315.6 km2 within the territory of peasant communities, 128.4 km2 within native communities, and an additional 41.4 km2 within conserved areas. Furthermore, to validate our results, we combined the use of high-resolution satellite imagery and visits to artisanal producers. This research provides valuable insights for spatiotemporal land use planning, emphasizing apicultural activity as a driver of rural development and biodiversity conservation. Consequently, this study contributes as a management tool to promote apicultural activities as support for rural development and in local-level decision making.

Indene, indane and naphthalene in a mixture with BTEX affect aerobic compound biodegradation kinetics and indigenous microbial community development

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) are common pollutants often found in former gasworks sites together with some other contaminants like indene, indane and naphthalene (Ie, Ia, N). This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory or stimulative substrate interactions between BTEX, and Ie, Ia, N during aerobic biodegradation. For this, batch bottles, containing originally anaerobic subsurface sediments, groundwater and indigenous microorganisms from a contaminated former gasworks site, were spiked with various substrate combinations (BTEX, BTEXIe, BTEXIa, BTEXN, BTEXIeIa, BTEXIeN, BTEXIaN, BTEXIeIaN). Subsequently concentrations were monitored over time. For the BTEXIeIaN mixture, initial concentrations were between 1 and 5 mg L-1, and all compounds were completely degraded by the microbial consortia within 39 days of incubation. The experimental data were fitted to a first order kinetic degradation model for interpretation of inhibition/stimulation between the compounds. Results showed that indene, indane, and naphthalene inhibited the degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, with benzene being the most affected. M/p-xylene is the only compound whose biodegradation is stimulated by the presence of indene and indane (individually or mixed) but inhibited by the presence of naphthalene. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed differentiation in the microbial communities within the batches with different substrate mixtures, especially within the two microbial groups Micrococcaceae and Commamonaceae. Indene had more effect on the BTEX microbial community than indane or naphthalene and the presence of indene increased the relative abundance of Micrococcaceae family. In conclusion, co-presence of various pollutants leads to differentiation in degradation processes as well as in microbial community development. This sheds some light on the underlying reasons for that organic compounds present in mixtures in the subsurface of former gasworks sites are either recalcitrant or subjective towards biodegradation, and this understanding helps to further improve the bioremediation of such sites.

“Indigenous” Cooperatives Supporting SDGs Development in Indigenous Communities: a study of social and communication (Case: The Consumer Cooperative of Warga Sauyunan, Kampung Naga, Regency of Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to describe the role of cooperative, namely The Consumer cooperative of Warga Sauyunan, in supporting SDGs development in indegenous community at Kampung Naga, The Regency of Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. The kampong consists of 101 house-hold and 300 people. This study was based on the background of poverty issues as the main problem faced in Indonesian socio-economy, especially in rural areas, and the issue of sustainability of community development. Cooperative development program could be seen as one effort to reduce poverty through community based development (CBD) by paying attention to the SDGs principles . This study used desciptive method. This research resulted in some findings: (1) cooperative could support the indegenous community in Kampung Naga by promoting their economy, and by strengthening social ties and network in the communities, (2) cooperative practice and principles are in line with the social values and princples of the community in which they always keep the harmonious relationship with the nature, (3) indegenous communication pattern of the community is the local wisdom which support cooperative development in indegenous community and SDGs principle. This research has implications for policies of developing the cooperative development program for other indegenous communities in Indonesia. It also has implication on the adoption of cooperative concept and principles by indegenous people as a new mind-set for more productive, valuable and sustainable development.

Considerations for relational research methods for use in Indigenous contexts: implications for sustainable development

ABSTRACT Research has oftentimes been carried out in Indigenous communities for the sole benefit of the western researcher. As a result, feelings of distrust toward researchers and research institutions have become prevalent among Indigenous peoples. However, this distrust can be resolved through the use of research approaches and methods that reflect Indigenous perspectives, beliefs, and values and that centre the entire research process on the Indigenous community in question and their need for sustainable development. One such Indigenous research approach is rooted in relationality, whereby all living things and the natural world have a shared history and future. In this article, we explore the use of relational methods in research with Indigenous communities to decolonise the research process and capture Indigenous experiences using an inherently Indigenous approach. A systematic review of the extant literature to identify the key characteristics of relational methods used when conducting research with Indigenous peoples was conducted for the period 2012 to 2021. Five key characteristics of relational methods stood out, namely: collaboration, trusting and reciprocal relationships, flexibility, relational data, and reflexivity. These findings are discussed in the context of postcolonial theory and considerations for researching sustainable development in Indigenous communities.

Unpacking the interface of modernization, development and sustainability in Indigenous Guna communities of Panama

Abstract This study elicits the main development challenges for the indigenous social‐ecological system (SES) of the Guna people in Panama, which is characterized by rapid change and a unique governance system. We elicit the key challenges in the region through a combination of expert interviews with key actors in Gunayala's development and surveys with local communities. Current development centred on tourism and government support provide new livelihood opportunities, access to better education and healthcare. However, the shift from a subsistence‐based economy characterized by strong community cohesion to a lifestyle characterized by capital accumulation has had undesirable consequences. The current modernization and development trends have degraded some of the core values within the Guna belief system and worldview, and ultimately degraded elements of the SES. This is despite the strong institutions and self‐determination in Gunayala, which are commonly identified as strong buffers against unsustainable change in indigenous settings. Our study shows that merging the perspectives of national experts and Indigenous communities can help provide complementary lenses to identify how modernization processes, development aspirations and socioeconomic and environmental change intersect. Arguably this can provide valuable insights to inform effective and sensitive development programmes and mitigate unintended consequences. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Formulação de projetos para desenvolvimento em comunidades indígenas: revisão de literatura

Abstract: Project development in indigenous communities is one of the mechanisms for developing territories, economy, and culture. This article aims to review project design and development in indigenous communities from a bibliographic perspective, following the methodology proposed by Cronin et al. (2008). Published scientific papers about project design in these communities are used. Accordingly, various studies focused on analyzing projects developed in indigenous communities, from community development to socio-cultural and indigenous entrepreneurship are found. Project design in indigenous communities must be done to ensure the success of the project and the achievement of the proposed objectives through social capital, the participation of all community members, social innovation, and multigenerational understanding of the linkages among products, people, and ecosystems. In addition, the relevance of the process is acknowledged by valuing the particularities of the indigenous population, which leads to an allusion to concepts such as indigenous planning, a key element in project design. Likewise, the relevant topics for future research aimed at the conception of indigenous territories and their articulation with territorial and sustainable development are considered.

Economic Development of Indigenous Communities In North Toraja Regency To Face The Digital Marketing Era, Through The Use of Fintech-Based Epayments And Payments

Promotions done by an endorser through social media like Instagram doesn't only use by companies big in activity marketing them, but also can use to promote a product from local MSME brands for increased sale product online. Based on the amount variables and indicators used in research _, the approach sample representative used in the withdrawal sample, so that amount is as many as 80 to 160 respondents. The purposive sampling technique that became part of the non-probability sampling technique will be used for determining the respondents who become the sample. During the research, a set of questionnaires with choice 5 Likert scale answers will be given to the target respondent as the primary data source. After the research data is obtained, the data then will analyze for the validity and reliability test. After the data is found to be valid and reliable, the method of partial least squares (PLS) analysis will use to test the proposed hypothesis. Analysis performed statistics _ includes evaluation of the outer and inner models. The expected results and outcomes of the research produce a reference for the perpetrators MSME business in To do activity businesses that use endorsers as one of the methods for strengthening brand attitude when consumers To do decision online purchases. Research results this is at TKT 2. Results obtained from the study will be published in Accredited National Journal: Journal of Business Economics, State University of Malang Accredited Sinta 4 with p-ISSN: 0853-7283 and e-ISSN: 2528-0503 as outside Mandatory accepted and Journal Management Marketing of Petra Christian University Accredited Sinta 3 with p-ISSN: 1907235X and e-ISSN: 1907235X as outside additions submitted. And the 2021 National Seminar on Management and Business Economics (SNMEB) as an outside Additional.

The economic impact of corporate social responsibility on the development of indigenous communities: evidence from Ghana’s mining sector

PurposeThis study aims to examine the socio-economic and environmental impacts of mining activities as perceived by communities in Ghana, with data being drawn from primary and secondary sources.Design/methodology/approachA total of 90 community residents were interviewed, with 15 from each of the six selected different communities.FindingsThe findings revealed a positive perception that corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of mining companies contribute to the development of mining communities in Ghana by creating jobs and generating income. However, it became clear that mining activities, particularly small-scale mining, create many social and environmental challenges as well. This includes land degradation, which reduces the fertility of community-owned land suitable for agricultural use. In addition, pollution of waterways and streams intensifies the plight of community residents living in mining areas.Originality/valueSince 2011, the mining industry has invested between US$12m (in 2013) and US$44m (in 2011) in Ghana’s communities. The amount spent in 2019 was US$24m. The funds were spent by the industry in areas such as roads, education, health and electricity, among others. Still, it seems more effort is needed by the mining companies to harmonise the CSR practice and gain better impression by local people. In spite of the mining industry’s investment levels, more than half of the community respondents said it was insufficient. One-third of the respondents went as far as suggesting the mining companies had a negative impact on infrastructure improvement and community development.

Overcoming structural barriers to sharing power with communities in global health research priority-setting: Lessons from the Participation for Local Action project in Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT Community engagement is gaining prominence in global health research. But communities rarely have a say in the agendas or conduct of the very health research projects that aim to help them. This paper provides new evidence on how to share power in priority-setting in ways that seek to overcome structural constraints created by the funding environment. The five strategies were identified through case study research on the Participation for Local Action project in Karnataka, India. That project was carried out by researchers in partnership with the Zilla Budakattu Girijana Abhivrudhhi Sangha, an indigenous community development organisation representing the Solega people. The paper describes each identified strategy for sharing power in priority-setting, followed by a report of the pitfalls and challenges that arose when implementing it. Thus, the study also demonstrates that even where actions and strategies are used to address power imbalances, pitfalls will arise that need to be navigated. Given those challenges, considerations to reflect upon before employing the identified strategies are suggested. Ultimately, the paper aims to communicate strategies for sharing power during and after priority-setting and lessons on how to implement them effectively that can be used by global health researchers in the current funding environment.

Extractives Companies’ Social Media Portrayals of Their Funding of Sport for Development in Indigenous Communities in Canada and Australia

The extractives industry (mining, quarrying, oil, and gas) engages in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to reinforce its organizational legitimacy and enhance its public image. One such approach to CSR that is popular in the industry is through funding sport initiatives aimed at improving the lives of Indigenous peoples, known as sport for development (SFD). Through the adoption of a settler colonial studies lens, and using netnographic methods and discourse analysis, we examined how three extractives companies portray their funding of SFD in Indigenous communities in Canada and Australia on social media, and the ways in which it contributes to settler colonialism. We determined that there are two main discourses that extractive companies use: i) Extractives companies “help” and “partner” with Indigenous communities to enable Indigenous youth’s access to the transformative power of sport; ii) longevity is strategically associated with such “help” and “partnership.” The production of these discourses enables extractives companies to downplay their contributions to settler colonialism through land denigration and colonial authority.

Selecting Key Resilience Indicators for Indigenous Community Using Fuzzy Delphi Method

Resilience is the concept that emphasizes change and adaptation and focuses on the capacity to absorb shocks and still maintain function. How can an Indigenous community assess the resilience of the tribe when it is affected by an array of obstacles? What are the assessment factors of resilience? This study consolidated relevant literature on resilience through in-depth interviews and the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) to identify the resilience indicators for Indigenous community development. It eventually identified 5 domains, 26 types, and 45 evaluation indicators. The final indicators are divided into five domains: economic, social, cultural, environmental, and policy. The social resilience indicators: “the ability to overcome obstacles”, “the ability to accept stimuli”, and “the degree of connection between tribal and external resources” were not mentioned in the past studies of resilience. For the first time, the following cultural resilience indicator was also included: “maintain the traditional ancestral teachings and respect for ancestral norms”. Finally, this study suggests that follow-up research may extend these resilience indicators and apply them to other Indigenous tribes. These 26 types of assessment will also be the factors that must be considered in the process of adaptation and reconstruction when the community is faced with emergencies or catastrophes.

Transport Accessibility and Tourism Development Prospects of Indigenous Communities of Siberia

This paper aims to identify details of interaction and mutual influence of tourism and transport infrastructure development using a combination of sociological and statistical methods. For the analysis, five key sites were selected in several parts of Siberia, differing in natural, socio-economic, and ethnocultural quality, but possessing the presence of compact indigenous communities that reproduce traditional forms of both cultural life and economic activity. While each community has its own unique culture and resources for development, several similar characteristics were revealed. It has been revealed that tourists themselves and workers of the tourism sector, including local residents, are unequivocal supporters of transportation system development. A significant part of the population, recognizing the need and advantages of having a well-functioning transport infrastructure, expresses a negative attitude towards easy accessibility of the territory for outsiders who violate the rules and regime for usage of natural resources and augment economic and cultural competition for the local population. Understanding key processes of interrelations, both explicit and hidden, concomitant to socioeconomic development of remote indigenous communities, with the simultaneous development of tourism and transport, allows the authors to propose a model outline of attitudes of local communities towards tourist and transport perspectives in the territory of their residence.

Spatial distribution of rattan and indigenous perspectives vis-à-vis the growth rate of economically important rattan species in Cameroon: Sustainability and policy implications

Rattan is an important Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) with huge potential to boost socio-economic development in indigenous communities of Cameroon in particular and the entire country in general. Rattan is mainly harvested from the wild, with no involvement of stakeholders in renewing the resource, leading to resource scarcity. Insufficient knowledge on rattan distribution and growth rate in Cameroon jeopardizes the sustainable management of its resource base. It was in this context that this study was initiated to (i) determine economically important rattan species and their distribution; (ii) identify their habitats and conservation status; (iii) examine harvester's perceptions/observations on annual growth rate and age of maturity. Findings revealed that Eremospatha macrocarpa exists in all AEZs, Calamus deerratus was found in AEZ 2 & 5, Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. Robustum, was found in AEZ 3, 4, and 5 and Eremospatha wendlandiana was found only in AEZ4. They grow in diverse habitat/environments with some habitats/environments specifically suitable for some rattan species. The current conservation status of commercial rattan species identified shows Least Concern (LC), but resource scarcity is high. Most harvesters observed that rattan takes either 2–3 years (51%) or 4–5 years (35%) to attain maturity. The harvesters' observation on the annual growth rate of economic rattan species varied in relation to the species and AEZs. However, overall 25% and 23% of the respondents observed a growth rate of 2–3 m and 3–4 m respectively. Kruskal-Wallis test shows a significant variation in harvesters' observations in the different AEZs for all growth and maturity parameters of different rattan species (p < 0.05) except for the number of years it takes for rattan to attain maturity (p > 0.05)”. All five economically important rattan species are widely distributed in the Southern part of Cameroon. The availability of E. macrocarpa in all zones indicates its great adaptation to different climatic and ecological conditions. Increasing the rattan resource base will involve its domestication, especially in the southern part of Cameroon where all rattan species thrive. The findings of this study are important for policymakers and development planners who seek to ensure the sustainable harvesting and management of the rattan resource base in Cameroon.

Indigenous Entrepreneurship. Current issues and future lines

ABSTRACT This paper contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the research field of Indigenous Entrepreneurship (IE), by analysing previous literature and proposing relevant future research lines. IE has been considered in the literature as key for the development of indigenous communities and a promising emergent area of research, and it is time to make efforts to integrate existing knowledge and approaches in order to advance the field. By analysing 264 papers related to IE published up to December 2020, we found some relevant results. In conclusion, we mention the heterogeneity and fragmentation of the field, the specificity of sociocultural issues and context, the concentration of studies in some geographical areas, the relevance of the individual level of study, and the combination of economic and social objectives. In addition, future integration efforts that contribute to a better generalizability of the empirical results and to theory building are proposed.

Manajemen Pelatihan Permainan Tradisional Edukatif Berbasis Potensi Lokal Dalam Meningkatkan Pengetahuan Dan Keterampilan Orang Tua Anak Usia Dini

The results of this study generally concluded (1) study participants do not yet have advanced literacy skills that are meaningful to the needs of life, because the materials learning materials and learning activities do not fit the needs of local tutors, (2) development of literacy learning model based on local potential of agriculture can significantly empower Indigenous Communities. Local potential is developed into a learning module literacy, literacy tutor training, learning implementation, and evaluation of results provided by the potential skills of local content, (3) implementation of the development of functional literacy learning model based on local potential of agriculture is packaged in three stages, namely preparation, implementation, and evaluation (4) the effectiveness of the development model of literacy learning in study groups to apply model-based functional literacy development of local potential is better when compared with the study group who did not apply the intervention model development study. The effectiveness of model development, learning development and empowerment of remote indigenous communities in literacy programs, with one another have a significant positive relationship. The effectiveness of model development and learning development partially or simultaneously both significant positive effect on the empowerment of remote indigenous communities in the functional literacy program.

Indigenous communities engaging in tourism development in Arizona, USA

ABSTRACT Informed by an asset-based community development framework, the purpose of this exploratory study is to understand the approaches/goals and challenges related to tourism development in Indigenous communities located in Arizona. Tourism representatives from eight Indigenous communities were interviewed. A key emergent theme was the creation of awareness for endogenous and exogenous audiences, which was accomplished by educating hosts and tourists. Provision of knowledge for the former encompassed accounting for revenue generation opportunities as well as the prioritization of the community’s values/needs. Didactic efforts geared towards tourists entailed dismantling stereotypes of Indigenous Peoples, promulgated by dominant society while simultaneously orienting guests to the richness and distinctness of Native communities. Participants mentioned challenges that limit tourism growth such as lack of needed infrastructure, and absence of product ideation, as well as lack of a skilled or willing local labor force. Mitigation efforts, according to participants, have to align with Indigenous cosmologies so as to maintain support from the community and to foster Indigenously informed sustainable approaches to tourism.

Extraction of remains of the mammoth fauna and local communities of the Arctic territories of Yakutia at the end of the 20th century

Studying the consequences of exploitation of indigenous territories is an urgent topic of modern science. This study presents the result of the research on the history of the development of a special type of resources — mammoth tusks in northern Yakutia. The paper is aimed at the analysis of impact of the new sector of the eco-nomy in the region on the local communities. It was also important to identify the sequence of the events that facilitated this development. The methodological basis of the study is represented by the historical method of ana-lyzing archival data, periodicals, and legal and scientific literature on this subject. Sources for the paper included materials from the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), regional periodicals, as well as legal and reference materials covering this crucial stage in the development of the local indigenous communities. Despite the fact that extraction of fossil mammoth bone has been carried out for a long time, its active development began only at the end of the 20th century. The formation and progress of such a new type of mining activity has left a special impression on the development of the local population engaged in the traditional farming. Opportunities and the weak state control in this area have created favorable conditions for the emergence of a special environ-ment for economic relations. This has had a significant impact on social well-being of the local indigenous peo-ples. During this period, a special situation developed when, due to objective reasons, mammoth tusks turned from an object of natural origin that did not cause any interest into a valuable, highly sought resource. The gro-wing global demand for mammoth remains and the removal of barriers for external contacts in the Soviet Union stimulated the rapid development of the fundamentally different structure of socio-economic relations in the Arctic zone. As a result, this situation greatly influenced the state of the local indigenous communities. The areas of their traditional living became a territory of intensive development of “new resources”, which brought about real envi-ronmental and social threats, but also new opportunities. The new prospects, as well as the state unreadiness to regulate the emerging market of “wild” mammoth bone, created all conditions for the emergence of a special area of economic relations spanning the Arctic regions of Yakutia. This almost neglected factor undoubtedly had sig-nificant impact on the social well-being of the indigenous peoples living in the region at the end of the 20th century.

Indigenous economies in the Arctic

There is a growing global interest in Arctic natural resources that have a strong influence on the local economies. The Arctic economy is a rather unique phenomenon encompassing Indigenous practices, local economic activities, and industrial development. Indigenous economies vary across the Arctic states and exhibit divergent economic mixtures. In globalizing societies and full market economies, traditional Indigenous economies are changing and perceived especially by the non-Indigenous to be a tribute to old customs rather than a way of life that is being followed by the young generation. However, certain groups of the contemporary Indigenous populations in the Arctic continue to preserve their culture and ensure the continuation of Indigenous ways of life. The development of Indigenous communities is closely linked to their economic well-being, on the one hand, and to their culture and traditions, on the other. Our article contributes to the discussion on the significance of Indigenous economies in providing sustainability in terms of Indigenous communities, their culture, and traditions. The research objective is to identify strategies and tools that sustain Indigenous economies as well as the goals of various stakeholders in encouraging and supporting the traditional economic activities of Indigenous peoples. We contrast three countries—Russia, Finland, and the United States (Alaska)—and discuss some governmental strategies that can be employed for preserving unique Indigenous economies. The research methods consist of a content analysis of state and regional legislation and strategies, social studies of stakeholders’ opinions, case studies describing market infrastructure, and economic activities as well as features of traditional lifestyles and Indigenous knowledge typical of these regions.

De-Risking Wood-Based Bioenergy Development in Remote and Indigenous Communities in Canada

Remote and Indigenous communities in Canada have a unique opportunity to mobilize the vast amount of wood-based biomass to meet their energy needs, while supporting a local economy, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study realized in collaboration with five remote and Indigenous communities across Canada investigates the main barriers and potential solutions to developing stable and sustainable wood-based bioenergy systems. Our results highlight that despite the differences in available biomass and geographical context, these communities face common policy, economic, operational, cultural, social, and environmental risks and barriers to developing bioenergy. The communities identified and ranked the biggest barriers as follows; the high initial investment of bioenergy projects, the logistical and operational challenges of developing a sustainable wood supply chain in remote locations, and the limited opportunities for community leadership of bioenergy projects. Environmental risks have been ranked as the least important by all the communities, except for the communities in Manitoba, which ranked it as the second most important risk. However, all the communities agreed that climate change is the main environmental driver disturbing the wood-based bioenergy supply chain. To de-risk the wood-based bioenergy system, we suggest that stable and sustainable supply chains can be implemented by restoring community-based resources management supported by local knowledge and workforce. Using local knowledge can also help reduce the impacts caused by biomass harvesting on the ecosystem and avoid competition with traditional land uses. Including positive externalities to cost benefit analysis, when comparing bioenergy systems to existing energy installation, will likely make bioenergy projects more attractive for the community financially. Alternatively, supporting co-learning between partners and among communities can improve knowledge and innovation sharing.