Development In England Research Articles

Japanese Shipping in India and the British Resistance, 1891–1918

The advancement of the shipping industry was critical to both the development of Britain's businesses and to the country's commercial expansion during the Industrial Revolution. Similarly, Britain'...

BUILDING ON BARRON: THE PROSPECTS FOR THE STUDY OF PRE-ISLAMIC ANTIQUITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Abstract This, the first John Barron Memorial Lecture, sketches his activity in the 1980s for the UGC in reshaping institutional provision in Classics and in Archaeology, in order to explore its best routes of healthy survival. It reviews developments in Britain within the study of antiquity in the last twenty years, but also reviews current and likely future transformations of the wider environment, both fiscal-financial and technological – all of which threaten marginalization, if not extinction. It then notes that the erosion of the Humboldtian vision of the discipline makes it appear derivative, inward-looking, and lacking an externally recognised raison d'être. That view is best controverted by identifying the most promising future markets in terms of age, world geography, delivery systems, and basic curiosity and interest, and above all by identifying the attitudes which the study of pre-Islamic antiquity can and should instil.

A Kind of Consensus on the Roads? Drink Driving Policy in Britain 1945-1970

The history of drink driving and legislative responses to it remain virtual terra incognita. This contribution traces developments in Britain between 1945 and the aftermath of the Road Safety Act in 1967. The first section focuses on the formation of an extra-parliamentary pressure group in the 1950s. This is complemented by an interpretation of the impact of the government-backed Drew Report (1959), and the ways in which Drew's research was rhetorically and creatively deployed by Graham Page, leading spokesman for the Pedestrians' Association and Ernest Marples, the Conservative Minister of Transport. The final section interrogates key debates leading up to the introduction of the breathalyser. The article concludes that belated introduction of road safety legislation in Britain in the 1960s revealed a high degree of cross-party consensus. Only senior officials at the Home Office, and to a lesser extent, at the Ministry of Transport, repeatedly threatened to delay reform.

Grecki mnich Teodor pierwszym Prymasem Anglii

The theological climate of the young Church of anglo-Saxon Christians was determined by Irish and Welsh monks maintaining the tradition of the Egyptian desert. The angles and Saxons had a particular vision of the natural world, of the eternal world, a particular comprehension of sin and repentance. rome in its missionary work used them to attach the British Christians the see of St Peter. Britain had no original link with the culture and tradition of the classical Church. It has been particularly established and enforced in VII and VIII, when England received a great dose of classical learning and theology due to the activity of archbishop of Canterbury Theodore and monk Hadrian. The formerly Greek monk Theodore – well learned in the Holy Scripture as well as Greek and Latin classics – was named the archbishop of Canterbury by pope Vitalian under the condition that he should not introduce any typically Greek customs. Theodore named Hadrian the abbot of the Canterbury monastery of St Peter. There and in york young English could pursue classical studies of the Holy Scriptures, poetry, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, etc. It resulted in significant literary development in Britain, of which venerable Bede is an example.Theodore introduced in Canterbury proto-byzantine canonical law, during two famous synods established doctrinal and ecclesiastical foundations of English Christianity based on ancient orthodox tradition of Eastern part of the mediterranean region. at the Synod of Hatfield, with the other bishops, Theodore confirmed the Nicean Creed, five former ecumenical councils and the generally accepted Church Fathers. They worked also on practical church unity, that is established: common date of Easter with other parts of Christian world, non-intervention of bishops in other dioceses, canonical laws regulating the attitude of bishops towards monastic communities and the decrees against monophysis monks coming from Persia.

The Decline of the American Whaling Industry during the Industrial Revolution in the Latter Half of the 19th Century

This study examines the American whaling industry, which was based in New England and dominated most of the Western oil market in the 18th and 19th centuries. Previous studies by the author examined why the industry was attracted to this region, highlighting the favorable economic environment of the area, which allowed investors to accumulate the necessary funds to launch whaling ventures. Each investment consortium that provided funds to whaling vessels organized limited partnerships with individual vessels. This enabled consortiums to collect funds from a variety of stakeholders other than just businessmen involved in whaling and their families. Crewmembers of the vessel, reflecting the multi-racial society of the United States, were also free to select employers without relying on a conventional employer-employee relationship. Taken together, these factors led to New England attracting funds and labor from both within the region and further afield, and developing into the whaling center of the United States. An additional reason for New England's development as a whaling base was the global expansion of the industry to cover the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, with only the Southern Ocean not affected by this growth. Crewmembers were also paid from a ship's profits using the lay system. This payment by piece ratio ensured a minimum payment to crewmembers while guaranteeing a return for investors. The hiring of native islanders as part-time laborers in the whalers' areas of operation also kept expenditure to a minimum, with all of these factors contributing to investors' profits. Against this background, the whaling industry prospered and profited up until the 1850s. In the 1870s, however, the industry started to decline as whale resources decreased and the price of whale oil fell as a result of increased petroleum production. This study examines the details of how whaling voyages were managed during this period and how New England's whaling industry underwent a rapid transformation into a mechanized cotton industry with the owners of whaling vessels switching their investments to the cotton industry at New Bedford, the center of the whaling industry in New England. The rapid change from industrial whaling to the mechanical cotton industry in New England was made possible with the abundant funds accumulated by the whaling industry. The reestablishment of consortiums progressed smoothly as limited partnerships already existed and the labor market adapted efficiently from supplying whaling vessels to supplying female workers for the cotton industry due to the presence of non-conventional employment rules. We can see, therefore, in this region the development from one industry to another was controlled only by market-based mechanisms of American management. This is in sharp contrast to the Japanese fishing industry, which developed from a manufacturing fishery through technological innovation and utilizing community manpower or industrial power as the only motive force under limited investment and labor market conditions.

River response to rapid Holocene environmental change: evidence and explanation in British catchments

Since the late 1980s our understanding of the relationship between climate, land-use and Holocene river development in Britain has changed radically. Conceptually simplistic and data-poor models of people–river environment interaction, many of which considered human activity alone to be the control of Holocene flooding and alluviation, have been replaced by more data-rich models that explain river behaviour in terms of a continuum of climate and anthropogenic drivers, individually operating over a range of temporal and spatial scales. One of the key factors in this paradigm shift has been the significant increase in the number of 14C-dated fluvial units that has itself recently facilitated the application of meta-analysis techniques to large fluvial data sets. These analyses have produced the first probability-based national and regional reconstructions of Holocene flooding in the British Isles that can be correlated with independent, high-resolution hydro-climate records. This paper critically reviews the major findings of this new research focusing on process-based causality relationships in fluvial systems and quantifying how environmental signals are propagated in river basins and preserved in landform and sedimentary sequences. By using cumulative probability density function (CPDF) plots of fluvial 14C dates that have been classified on the basis of sedimentary environment and evidence for changing depositional regime, 17 multi-centennial length periods of flooding and river instability during the Holocene are identified in the UK. The scale and timing of these episodes vary regionally and correlations can be made with a range of climate proxy records, including the North Atlantic drift-ice index, glacier variations in Europe, and mire surface wetness and water-table reconstructions. A new analysis of overbank floodplain sedimentation rates points to an acceleration after ca 1000 cal. BP, which can be related to the agricultural revolution of the Middle Ages. This is the first time that an unequivocal anthropogenic signal, affecting most British rivers, can be recognised in the Holocene fluvial record of the UK and it appears to have been a broadly synchronous ‘event’ in many catchments.

From Branch Plant Economies to Knowledge Economies? Manufacturing Industry, Government Policy, and Economic Development in Britain's Old Industrial Regions

In this paper I present an ex post review of the failure of mobile private investment to contribute to the formation of competitive industry agglomerations in the UK's old industrial regions. The UK's industrial districts were the inspiration for the concept of external economies with which we understand the competitiveness of agglomerations of economic activity. Yet long-standing disarticulation between UK government inward investment, regional, industrial, and technology policy has ensured that mobile investment (notably, but not exclusively, foreign direct investment) has rarely contributed to the genesis of competitive agglomerations of new economic activity. Up until the 1980s the nature of mobile investment actually offered considerable scope for successive UK governments to leverage on synergies between it and established industry specialisms in the formation of viable new agglomerations of economic activity. Since the 1980s the difficulties of creating synergies between new mobile and existing industry arguably have increased, leaving new regional economic strategies as little more than wishful thinking regarding the formation of new agglomerations of knowledge-based economic activity.

Tea — midwife and nurse to capitalism

Tea is and has for long been so ubiquitous a part of daily life, in the UK particularly, that its true significance remains almost invisible. Yet, as this article shows, it has nonetheless been of unprecedented importance in the historical, social and economic development of Britain, from the eighteenth century onwards, and not only as a major plantation-grown commodity of colonial trade. Indeed, its knock-on health benefits, as a counter to alcoholic alternatives and insanitary water supplies, were of primary importance to the growth and maintenance of the early industrial working class — and hence to the very development of Britain's early industrial and colonial supremacy.

Jacks and diamonds — some aspects of race on the London Victorian stage

Embedded within the popular drama of the nineteenth century are not only concepts and attitudes towards `race' that still have influence today, but also a skewed take on genuine historical episodes and movements, including the development of colonialism. Focusing on one little known popular melodrama and locating it in the history of its time reveals a network of connections that span the British abolition of the slave trade, the importance of Brazil to the development of Britain's economy, the role of the London merchants and, of course, a clearly developed racial hierarchy. At its pinnacle stood the emblem of popular patriotism, the British Jack Tar.

Whose agenda Is It?

Developments in Britain reflect a shift from a shallow but widely endorsed multiculturalism to a growing preoccupation with abuses of women in minority cultural groups. Four main issues have been debated in the media and have become the basis of either public policy or legal judgment: forced marriage, honour killing, female genital cutting and women's Islamic dress. The treatment of these issues has often been problematic, with discourses over culture tending to misrepresent minority cultural groups as monolithic entities, and initiatives to protect women becoming entangled with anti-immigration agendas. It has therefore proved hard to address abuses of women without simultaneously promoting stereotypes of culture. The most encouraging signs of resolving these tensions appear where there has been a prior history of women's activism, and a greater willingness on the part of government to draw groups into consultation. We argue that this offers a greater prospect of devising effective initiatives that do not set up multiculturalism in opposition to women's rights.

Taking the British World Seriously

The British Scholar Journal is a new international peer-reviewed journal devoted to examining Britain’s interaction with the wider world from 1688 until the present day. While there is always some arbitrary aspect to periodization, 1688 marks the starting point when Britain evolved many of the political, economic, and social features that signal the birth of modernity. Britain witnessed the dominance of Parliament, security in private property, and the infusion of Dutch banking systems which facilitated the expansion of Britain at an intensity and pace unseen in history. From 1688 until today, Britain conquered, ruled, and relinquished nearly a quarter of the world. The often praised and criticized networks of capitalism spread from England to Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and the Antipodes. Nationalist movements sustained by British ideals spread across every populated continent throughout the world and crystallized colonies into modern nationstates. To function properly, even the League of Nations and the United Nations required much of the administrative and political networks fostered and managed by British and British imperial personnel, structures, and ideas. In short, many of the structures of the modern world owe their origins to developments in Britain and in its empire. The British Scholar Journal fills a special niche by offering an outlet to discuss the intersections of domestic, imperial, and global histories in a single journal. It gives a tangible form to the study of what some historians and political commentators understand as “globalization.” Within these limitations all specialties are welcome, whether one is a “splitter” working on highly specialized historical narrative, or a “lumper” working on a big picture topic. We value a wide array of approaches to the writing of history. Traditional approaches to historical investigation, though rarely trendy, are essential for an understanding of the nature of governments, economic systems, political structures, diplomacy, biography, and imperialism, to name but a British Scholar Vol. I, Issue 1, 1-3, September 2008

Hunt, Building Jerusalem - The Rise And Fall Of The Victorian City

Works profiling Britain's post-industrial past are abundant, given the nation's standing as the world's first industrial and urban society. Accordingly, present-day authors face a massive challenge in conferring new information on Britain's development during the nineteenth century. Such a challenge thus confronts Tris tram Hunt, author of Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City.

Salesmen and the transformation of selling in Britain and the US in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries1

Was a ‘transformation of selling’ in the US between the 1880s and 1930 exceptional? Archives of three leading British consumer goods companies reveal that a comparable transformation in selling methods was effected through the changing role for salesmen. Unlike the explanation offered for the transformation in the US, developments in Britain cannot be explained by a structural model in which the dynamics are mass production, size, corporate structure, and strategy. Consumer theory based on product characteristics and consumer behaviour provides a superior explanation. The history of marketing by the British companies also justifies a challenge to the production‐driven interpretation of business development and corporate growth.

An infuriating geniusAnita McConnell, Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800): London's leading scientific instrument maker . Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, 2007. pp. 340, £60.00 (hardback). ISBN 978-0-7546-6136-8.

Anita McConnell, Jesse Ramsden (1735–1800): London's leading scientific instrument maker . Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot, 2007. pp. 340, £60.00 (hardback). ISBN 978-0-7546-6136-8. Scientific instrument makers are rarely afforded the limelight by historians. Yet, as Martin Rees's foreword

The Queer (Spatial) Economies of The Lavender Hill Mob

This essay provides a new reading of the popular Ealing comedy 'The Lavender Hill Mob' (Charles Crichton, 1951) by rethinking its relationship to wider cultural developments in Britain at the time of its release. The immediate post-war period was marked by an investment in town planning ideologies as a means to repair the devastation of the Blitz and to build a more cohesive social order through the reformation of the built environment. During the reconstruction, various pedagogical initiatives sought to infuse an idea of national citizenship within a certain mode of inhabiting, moving through and reading urban space. The early-1950s were also marked by a sudden press attention to the problems of ‘male vice’ in London and, in particular, the way queer men had their own illicit urban choreographies and ways of engaging with the city. Such queer geographies were vilified for their anti-social nature and demonised as an attack on the normative spatial dynamics being propagated elsewhere. This essay argues that 'The Lavender Hill Mob' offered a sly celebration of precisely those illicit queer geographies that were becoming problematic at the time of its release. Not only is the film deeply queer in both its characterisations and its manner, but its central narrative revolves around a displaced articulation of the ‘crime’ of homosexuality as it was being imagined in the early-1950s. Through this, the film invites its audience to participate in a range of queer engagements with the city, not as a source of social anxiety but one of comedic delight.

Hyperlegality

In this essay, I offer a reading of recent antiterrorism legislation in the United Kingdom that draws away from a more traditional understanding of emergency as a response to a specific crisis, such as an attack or invasion, through the temporary suspension of rights for the sake of restoring public order. Instead, I draw attention to the structural shifts in governance that these laws represent, and to their intensely bureaucratic nature—to classifications and special commissions, to the inchoate determinations of danger and the large and precise powers that such determinations trigger. I illuminate these current legal developments in Britain by reaching back into Britain's own colonial past. The innovations and enduring legacies of a colonial governmentality, I suggest, offer a valuable resource for understanding the larger significance of specific antiterrorism legislations.

Corporate Ownership and Control in the UK: The Tax Dimension

While generally the impact tax has on patterns of corporate ownership and control has received little attention in the relevant academic literature, this paper argues that tax is potentially an important determinant of ownership patterns in large companies. The paper focuses on historical developments in Britain, where an ‘outsider/arm's‐length’ system of corporate governance took shape during the twentieth century and became fully entrenched by the end of the 1970s. Taxes imposed on corporate profits, taxation of managerial and investment income and inheritance taxes help to explain why during this period blockholders sought to exit and why there was sufficient demand for shares among investors to permit ownership to separate from control.

The scandal of empire: India and the creation of imperial Britain

Many have told of the East India Company's extraordinary excesses in 18th Century India, of the plunder that made its directors fabulously wealthy and able to buy British land and titles, but this is only a fraction of the story. When one of these men - Warren Hastings - was put on trial by Edmund Burke, it brought the Company's exploits to the attention of the public. Through the trial and after, the British government transformed public understanding of the Company's corrupt actions by creating an image of a vulnerable India that needed British assistance. Intrusive behaviour was recast as a civilising mission. In this fascinating, and devastating, account of the scandal that laid the foundation of the British Empire, Nicholas Dirks explains how this substitution of imperial authority for Company rule helped erase the dirty origins of empire and justify the British presence in India. The Scandal of Empire reveals that the conquests and exploitations of the East India Company were critical to England's development in the 18th Century and beyond. We see how mercantile trade was inextricably linked with imperial venture and scandalous excess and how these three things provided the ideological basis for far-flung British expansion. In this powerfully written and trenchant critique, Dirks shows how the empire projected its own scandalous behaviour onto India itself. By returning to the moment when the scandal of empire became acceptable we gain a new understanding of the modern culture of the coloniser and the colonised and the manifold implications for Britain, India and the world.

Prodesse et delectare: The World of National Literatures and the World of Literature

In a survey of the writing of literary histories in Europe, it is first pointed out that, in classical Antiquity and in the early Christian period from the fourth to the 12th centuries, such histories were transnational. After the Middle Ages, in which we find only catalogues of particular libraries, the rise of the European nation states in early modern times motivated the writing of national literary histories. With a concentration on the development in Britain, it is then shown that this development reached its peak in the 19th century, yet is still very strong today. In comparison, some examples of histories of European literature show that such transnational histories may also be informed primarily by the principle of prodesse in presenting either written culture or only what seems favourable for the understanding of national literary history; they may, however, also give more attention to literature and the imagination than to nations or culture and in that way foster delectare.

Institutional Reforms, Financial Development and Sovereign Debt: Britain 1690–1790

We revisit the evidence on the relations between institutions, the cost of government debt, and financial development in Britain (1690–1790) and find that interest rates remained high and volatile for four decades after the Glorious Revolution, partly due to wars and instability; British interest rates co-moved with those in Holland; Debt per capita remained lower in Britain than in Holland until around 1780; and Britain did not borrow at lower rates than European countries with more limited protection of property rights. We conclude that, in the short run, institutional reforms are not rewarded by financial markets.