Development Of Border Areas Research Articles

Government Accountability in Border Management at Riau Province

Borders are an inseparable part of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia which must be defended at all costs because they are related to state sovereignty. Border areas often experience various problems, one of which is infrastructure development, thus requiring special management so as not to cause ongoing problems. This study aims to determine how government accountability in border management in Riau Province. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of the study show that accountability carried out by local governments in border management in Riau Province is still experiencing various obstacles. Weak accountability in law enforcement causes accountability constraints in the process of resolving border management problems in Riau Province. Accountability of programs and policies carried out by the government in managing border areas is hampered due to limited funds for border area development accompanied by a lack of awareness from relevant agencies to coordinate.

Keamanan Kemasyarakatan Dalam Pembangunan Kawasan Perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia di Kalimantan Utara

This study aims to explore the societal security as a new approach of country’s border area development policy. The concept of societal security is becoming an important topic when it relates to the development of border area. Indonesia shares the borderline with Malaysia in North Kalimantan Province. However, the condition of residents in that area is marked with severe underdevelopment. Responding to the issue, Indonesian border development policy began to adopt simultaneously economic approach and environmental approach besides the traditional security approach which emphasizing military presence in the border area in order to boost the economy and increase the prosperity of the border area residents. This study is a field research (conducted at Krayan, Indonesia and Ba’kelalan, Malaysia) and qualitative approach was applied. Data obtained through participant observation and in-depth interview to several informants. Data was analyzed using descriptive method with emphasizing in data segmentation process. The result suggest that Indonesian government needs to include the societal security approach in the policy as the people who live in the border area have their unique customs and traditions (as their identity) that could be at odds with current policy. In addition, it was noticed that the adoption of societal security approach will complete the picture of North Kalimantan border area policy and could go hand in hand with other approaches as a country’s border area development program.

BORDER ECONOMY AS A PROMISING SECTION OF REGIONALISTICS

The article deals with various problems of socio-economic and environmental development of the border economy as an important and promising area of regional studies. The economy of border regions is currently one of the least studied aspects of the theory of regional economy. The development of the border economy and border ecology is especially relevant for large countries, such as Russia, China, Kazakhstan, which also have a very long border. As you know, Russia borders on a large number of countries, both currently friendly with the Russian Federation (Belarus, China, etc.), and with states that currently have serious problems and disagreements with Russia, both political and economic in nature (Ukraine, Baltic states). 
 All this determines the relevance and importance of research on the reproductive system in the border regions. Taking into account the significant number of regions on the territory of Russia that have a border status, as well as the variety of political, environmental, social and economic conditions and factors for the development of border areas, including those located in such an important and promising region of the country as the Arctic, it is advisable to intensify the process of studying features of the functioning of the economy of the border regions and the identification of general trends and patterns of their development.

Exploring the Path of Education Development in Border Ethnic Areas in the Context of the New Era

In the context of the new era, the development of education in border ethnic areas can help stimulate the awareness of self-development of border ethnic groups, enhance endogenous development, promote the transformation of old and new dynamics of economic development, and achieve the goal of high-quality development in the new era. A long-term national strategy, the “Enrich the Borders and the People of the Borders Action” has effectively improved the infrastructure construction and living standards of people living in China’s border areas over the past 20 years. It has immensely promoted industrial restructuring, advanced the construction of the “Chinese national community,” and laid a solid foundation for poverty eradication and the overall actualization of a well-off society. However, we also clearly understand that the border areas are passively performing “blood transfusion” to alleviate poverty. Most of the border areas in China are ethnic areas and relatively poor. This paper attempts to explore the education for the ethnic minorities in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics to actualize the development of border areas from passive “blood transfusion” to active “blood creation” development to stop the intergenerational transmission of poverty and promote the sustainable development and modernization of China’s border areas, and ultimately achieve the goal of high-quality development of border ethnic areas.

A multi‐factor approach to assessing the socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of border areas in the Central Black Soil Region of Russia (Belgorod, Voronezh and Kursk regions) in order to develop a model concept

Aim. The aim is to assess the socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of border areas of the Central Black Soil region (Belgorod, Voronezh, Kursk regions) in order to develop a model concept.Material and Methods. The study uses a systematic approach through methods of comparative and economic‐statistical analysis. The statistical base employed was the official materials of Rosstat 2016–2020.Results. The calculated integral index of socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of the border areas of the Central Black Soil region indicates the presence of four groups of municipalities with high, medium, below average and low levels of development. The socio‐ economic development of border areas is characterised by high spatial heterogeneity and a high degree of concentration of human and economic capital within the agglomerations. There is a polarisation in the considered indicators: while the gap in the private indices is not so significant, it is significant between municipalities. In accordance with our calculations, there is a need to develop a model concept of socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of border regions.Conclusions. The level of socio‐economic development of areas is a derivative of the power generated by the metropolitan‐core and is determined by the available local economic potential, the ability of district centres of concentration of business activity to absorb the impacts of the metropolitan centre. Gradual "filling" of socio‐economic gaps is possible if the level of development of the metropolitan core and adjacent territories increases, i.e. the territorial spread of the positive socio‐economic effects generated by the metropolis.The work has solved an urgent practice‐oriented task of socio‐economic and geographical research – the assessment of socio‐economic and metropolitan environmental development of border areas of the Central Black Soil region, which provides an opportunity to comprehensively and adequately identify "strengths and weaknesses" of the metropolitan development of the regions.

Border Development Model on the Human Development Aspects for Sustainable Community

The Indonesian government has implemented a border development policy. Still, it has not been able to answer the complexity of the problems that occur in border areas, especially in North Kalimantan. The development of border areas is closely related to the mission of national development, defence and state security to improve the Welfare of the people in the border areas, especially to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of the state. However, the condition of border communities in North Kalimantan is increasingly marginalized, where poverty and regional isolation trigger the high demands of local people to become border crossers to Malaysia. This study will examine the factors causing the economic backwardness of border communities in North Kalimantan, poverty and isolation of border communities, and security issues at the border. The results show that the border area needs to be closely monitored because it is a security-prone area. This makes the border development paradigm in Kaltara prioritize a security approach rather than Welfare. This causes the border areas in North Kalimantan to be scarcely touched by the dynamics of development. Therefore, border development needs to be placed in a people centre of development-oriented to people's economic development for sustainable communities through accelerating economic growth, improving the quality of human resources, and strengthening institutional capacity for border area development. Thus, border communities can enjoy prosperity by protecting and maintaining state sovereignty at the border.

UNESCO Transboundary Biosphere Reserves as laboratories of cross-border cooperation for sustainable development of border areas. The case of the Polish–Ukrainian borderland

This paper aims to assess the current and potential role of UNESCO Transboundary Biosphere Reserves (TBRs) as a platform for cross-border-cooperation-enhancing sustainable development of border areas characterised by unique natural and cultural heritage but lagging in socio-economic terms. The study covered three TBRs located in the Polish–Ukrainian borderland: West Polesie, Roztocze and East Carpathians. The quantitative (regarding subject matter, partners involved, amount of funding, etc.) and qualitative analysis (aimed at examining the objectives of the initiatives undertaken in line with the BRs’ goals) included projects implemented under the CBC Programmes Poland–Belarus–Ukraine in the years 2004–2020. The results suggest that cross-border cooperation in the analysed areas was generally oriented toward TBR-related objectives, i.e., socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable development. At the same time, numerous barriers have been identified that limit the impact of cross border cooperation on the sustainable development of the TBRs.

Analisis Kesediaan untuk Membayar (Willingness to Pay) Kompensasi Pengembangan Kawasan Naturalisasi Sungai oleh Badan Usaha Milik Swasta: Studi Kasus DKI

Floor area ratio (FAR) is one of the aspects regulated legally in the detailed spatial planning process in Indonesia. The Special Capital Region of Jakarta is not an exclusion. Although the compensation procedure regarding excessing legally regulated FAR has been set out in the regional law in the form of river border area development and naturalization, the exact value of compensation has not been legally determined. The present research aims to measure and analyse the willingness to pay of the private companies in Jakarta for excessing FAR. Cross-tabulation analysis and ANOVA are employed to analyse the sample of 24 private companies located in river border areas in Jakarta. This study yielded several results: the willingness to pay of the private companies is lower than the offered value, there are variations in willingness to pay between the companies’ characteristics, and there is a significant difference in average willingness to pay between the companies which are willing to let the compensation value be set by the government and those which are not willing to do so. From the results, several policy implications can be recommended to the government

The Spatiotemporal Evolution of Ecological Security in Border Areas: A Case Study of Southwest China

Fewer studies on ecological security (ES) in border areas limit the synergistic development of border areas in the context of rapid globalization. The study of ES in border areas of southwest China can enrich the evaluation methods, summarize the knowledge related to ES in border areas, and provide references for similar areas in the world. Therefore, twenty-five international border counties in Yunnan Province were selected to establish a system to evaluate ES; an entropy weight TOPSIS model was used to evaluate the changes in ES from 2004 to 2019. Then, an obstacle degree model was used to diagnose the factors affecting ES. The state of ES was predicted by a gray prediction model (GM) (1,1) in 2025 and 2030. The results show that an improving ES situation presented a spatial distribution pattern of high to low from the southwest to the west and east. Various factors, including fixed assets investment, per-capita fiscal revenue, per-capita GDP, food production, and water regulation, created obstacles to a desirable ES in the study area. Although the ES of border areas will maintain an upward trend under the existing development model, the number of counties that will reach a secure state of ES in 2025 and 2030 is predicted to only be 1 and 2, respectively.

NARATIVE REVIEW KONTEN PUBLIKASI IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN DESENTRALISASI DAN OTONOMI DAERAH DI WILAYAH PERBATASAN

Border areas are very lagging behind in the field of development when compared to development in neighboring countries. There are several problems that need to be resolved in the border areas with neighboring countries. The welfare of the people living in border areas needs to be considered. The purpose of writing is to conduct a narrative review of the published content of the implementation of decentralization and autonomy policies in border areas. The research was conducted using a narrative review method with searches through the ISJD database, garudaristekbrin.go.id, doaj.org, google scholar, and academic.microsoft.com/homes. The data collected were 18 articles that were appropriate to be grouped into 3 major themes, namely: implementation of decentralization and regional autonomy; border area problems; border area development. The results show that according to historical records, regional autonomy has been implemented in Indonesia since the days of the kingdom, colonialism, and the development period of the Law on Regional Autonomy, namely Law Number 1 of 1945. Border areas face the problem of disparity or gaps in regional growth and regional autonomy. socio-economic status in border areas with the phenomenon of rampant illegal logging activities, illegal trade, illegal migration flows, and the many shifts in the boundaries between countries. The solution to the problem of development in border areas offered by the author is asymmetric decentralization.

The Border Development in Biski Beach Tourism in Riau Province

Pasir Limau Kapas Subdistrict is located in Rokan Hilir Regency, which has interesting tourist destinations but needs to be developed. In particular, Biski Beach tourism, which is visited by many local people and those from outside the area, but in reality, it is still far from what is expected, even though the potential for natural tourism objects is very feasible. A solution is sought. This is an interesting issue to be discussed. Pasir Limau Kapas Subdistrict [Palika], Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province, is an underdeveloped, isolated, and outermost area. This position makes welfare an important and major issue. Important and main issues related to welfare include minimal and slow infrastructure development and ambiguous development policies [the average policy issued overlaps and does not support each other related to development in border areas]. Based on various important issues, this study aims first to explain how the development of the border area (Case Study: Biski Beach Tourism Object, Pasir Limau Kapas District, Rokan Hilir Regency). The research approach used is qualitative with a descriptive analysis method. Primary and secondary data were gathered through document reviews, interviews with informants chosen using the purposive sampling technique, and observations and literature reviews.After collecting the data, it was analyzed by means of the Interactive Analysis Model. The theory used in this research is the Theory of Regional Development according to Riyadi (2000). There are three indicators of the success of regional development that can be seen. The first is productivity, the second is efficiency, and the last is community participation, which can ensure the continuity of the implementation of a program in an area. Based on these indicators, it is known that the development of the border area is not optimal.

Regional Economic Development Strategy

Regional economic development is development activity carried out by the local government, especially in the Bengkayang Regency area where development is carried out together with the local community, so that the government can manage and utilize existing resources optimally so that the regional economic development of Bengkayang Regency and the welfare of the local community Bengkayang Regency is better. One of the benchmarks for the success of regional economic development and community services in the region can be seen from the regional economic growth. The purpose of this research is to analyze the regional economic development strategies carried out by the Bengkayang Regency Government in increasing the economic growth of Bengkayang Regency so that it can increase the regional development of Bengkayang Regency. This research was conducted for almost one year and used qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The results of this study show the development strategies carried out by Bengkayang Regency in accelerating good development and reducing poverty, namely improving the quality of education, improving the quality of health, improving the quality of religious life, improving the quality of governance, improving the quality and quantity of infrastructure, increasing productivity of regional superior sectors, increased village development, increased development of border areas, and increased environmental sustainability.

Policy Strategy in Management Local Government Kepulauan Riau Province in Border Area

In the management of border areas, there are often prolonged conflicts that have the potential to threaten Indonesia's defense. Kepulauan Riau Province is one of the areas directly adjacent to the sea with neighboring countries. The purpose of this paper is to identify the Policy Strategy in the Management of the Regional Government of the Kepulauan Riau Province in the Border Area. The research method uses a qualitative approach to literature study, analysis using triangulation. The results of the study indicate that there is a need for sustainable management by local governments to create border management based on international cooperation. In addition, researchers also provide recommendations that stakeholders involved in border management should prioritize the interests of the community above other interests, this is because people who understand border conditions at sea are due to their activities dealing with several problems in border areas in the Kepulauan Riau Province that must receive attention. specifically, both local government and central government. In addition, the Indonesian border can be a policy guide for the Central Government and Regional Governments that have border areas. With a comprehensive management policy, it is hoped that the development of border areas can be carried out in a more planned, programmed, directed, and measurable manner. It is hoped that the policy on this grand design can be included in the revision of laws and regulations and regional regulations related to the management of border areas. Some of the recommendations that emerged were strengthening various institutional fields, making comprehensive policies to accelerate the development of border areas, improving the quality of public services, to expanding the development of economic infrastructure and agricultural industries that can support improving the welfare of people in border areas.

Трансграничная цифровизация Западного порубежья России: потенциал и перспективы

Border regions are significant geostrategic territories, which long-term sustainable development is one of the priorities of Russia’s national security. The specificity of their economic-geographical position necessitates the development and implementation by the authorities of special governance approaches aimed at finding a balance between the openness and barrier function of the state border. One of the most common tools for the spatial development of border areas is the sustainable cross-border cooperation with the regions of neighboring countries using various froms of cross-border cooperation, incl. focused on the generation and diffusion of innovations. The covid-19 coronavirus pandemic, having become a truly global challenge of our time, has made significant changes not only in the policies of many countries regarding the border, but also in the functioning of already established cross-border regions. The impossibility of fully implementing the previous formats of interethnic and interregional interaction has necessitated the search for new forms of cooperation, primarily based on the use of rapidly developing digital technologies. This led to the growth of academic and practical interest in substantiating the mutual effects of digitalization, innovation and internationalization for the regions. This article is devoted to assessing the potential and prospects of cross-border digitalization of the Western borderland of Russia. The objectives of the study were to identify the gap between border regions in the level of accessibility and penetration of digital technologies, as a significant condition for the formation of cross-border digital connections. The object of study is 15 subjects of the Russian Federation and 17 regions of NUTS 2 neighboring states. Using geoinformation and statistical methods of analysis, a typology of regions by the value of the digitalization index is proposed, with the allocation of leaders, moderate and lagging regions, and an assessment of their spatial location relative to the state border. Possible reasons for the current digital inequality, primarily of a socio-economic nature, are discussed. The determining role of the institutional factor in realizing the potential of cross-border digitalization has been substantiated. It is concluded that political efforts for digital convergence in the western direction are being undertaken only between Russia and Belarus, although further intensification is required.

Euroregions, Their Influence on the Development of Polish and Czech Borderlands

Euroregions, their influence on the development of the Polish and Czech border The Polish-Czech borderland is a system of characteristic social realities and a place where two different cultures meet. The emergence of Euroregions creates opportunities for faster development of border areas and their integration. Cross-border cooperation is located in various frames of the borderland life that affect the everyday life of residents, i.e., in the spheres of the economy (cooperation between entrepreneurs), communication (expansion of the infrastructure and infostructural network), culture, sport and tourism, ecology, education and science (research, joint implementation of EU programmes), combating all crime, and warning and assistance in states of disasters and crises (e.g., in case of a flood, fire, epidemic threats). The research presented in the publication shows that there is still a need for a lasting good functioning of the Euroregions existing on the border of Poland and the Czech Republic. Keywords: Euroregion, borderland, cross-border cooperation, attitude, lifestyle

Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) between the Kaliningrad Region of the Russian Federation and Polish Neighboring Regions in the Years 1991–2020: A Program Approach

The article analyzes the development of cooperation between Russia’s Kaliningrad region and Poland’s northeastern voivodeships in 1991–2020. The authors conduct a brief historical analysis of regional sphere of international relations. This study compares two periods of introduction of programs aimed at the development of Polish- Russian CBC: years 1991–2014, and years 2014– 2020. The conducted analysis proved that CBC support programs are one of the important tools for the development of border areas. Importantly, the implementation of the Poland-Russia CBC Program 2014–2020 coincided with the deterioration of political relations: both on the bilateral level of Polish-Russian interstate relations and at the level of the European Union-Russia relations. However, this did not significantly affect the conditions for implementing the program and effective cooperation between local governments and non-governmental organizations.

The Comparative Study of Xinjiang’s Tuntian System before and after the Founding of the People’s Republic of China

China’s frontier society is in the process of social transformation. Take Xinjiang as an example, there are two parallel governance modes: local governance and corps governance. The proposal of “the Belt and Road Initiative” strategy reshaped the shape and status of Xinjiang, and made Xinjiang a center of two-way opening to the outside world, which had a far-reaching impact on the stability and development of border areas. In this discourse situation, it is necessary to look at the diachronic changes around “the Belt and Road Initiative” in Xinjiang from the comparison of history and modernity. Taking wasteland as the breakthrough point, this paper discusses the influence of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps on Xinjiang’s modern social transformation in the ways of ethnic communication, regional development, world trade system, social domination, etc. by combing the comparison of Xinjiang’s wasteland and frontier defense, ethnic exchanges, agricultural development, trade and social development before and after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

Measuring Sustainable Livelihood in The Border Areas: The Case Study of Sangihe Island, North Sulawesi

This paper measures sustainable livelihood through the government poverty reduction program in Indonesia's border areas. We drew on primary field data sources and secondary data, including oral histories, in-depth interviews about livelihood, ecological, and documented evidence of environmental, socioeconomic, and institutional dynamics to identify the sustainability of poverty reduction programs. We use this information to understand whether the program is resilient or vulnerable. Cross-border areas are the most strategic position in building a country's image. One of the development priorities is to develop Indonesia from the periphery by strengthening regions and villages within the framework of a unitary state, especially the outermost villages and border villages. Sangihe Islands Regency is one of the border areas located in North Sulawesi Province. This paper is an initial analysis of the development of border areas and poverty alleviation programs in the Sangihe Islands Regency. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach is used to assess poverty reduction strategies in the Sangihe Islands Regency. The research shows that poverty in the Sangihe Islands Regency has become a main priority in the development program of the Sangihe Regional Government. National and Provincial governments support this program through the implementation of poverty alleviation. This program has had positive results, but it is vulnerable because it does not focus on sustainability.

Nizhneleninskoye-Tongjiang international railway bridge: transit functions in the cross-border area

Strengthening interaction in a cross-border area corresponds to the presence of linear infrastructure connecting border areas of neighbouring states. One of the projects, which has been implemented since 2008 in the Russian Far East to connect the Russian and Chinese parts of the Amur area (Priamurie), is the Nizhneleninskoye (Jewish Autonomous Oblast) – Tongjiang (Heilongjiang Province) railway bridge construction. The first combined data on the ongoing changes in the transport infrastructure, the potential trade and industrial development and interaction of border areas near the constructing railway bridge are presented in the paper. It was revealed that the key project result at present is the development of transport and logistics infrastructure that provides a connection between the industrial bases of the Northern China and the Russian Far East and Eastern Siberia. The possibilities of developing an industrial cluster in the bridge sites of the two countries are still being discussed.

Economic and social activities: basis for a model of development of rural border areas

In this paper we revealed the problems of development of border rural areas, causing their low economic and social attractiveness. We determined that the development of border rural areas involves the formation of mechanisms for the growth of economic and social activity. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of development of border rural settlements as the most important parts of the economic space. This development is based on the integrated use of economic, social and environmental resources while launching innovative and diversification projects as part of the regional development strategy. We showed the need to form a network of growth centres throughout the region, just as competing for economic, social and environmental resources, so complementing each other in terms of integrated use of resources. The global mission of border rural areas in the innovation economy as well as possible incentives to increase the socio-economic attractiveness of rural areas have been identified. The need for state support for cross-border rural areas was economically justified by identifying opportunity costs. A policy of “smart” protectionism and its effectiveness for the development of border rural areas was described. We proposed a model and main mechanisms for the development of economic, social and environmental activity in the border rural areas. We also revealed the specifics of development of border rural areas of the Republic of Buryatia where world heritage sites are located.