Development Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Cloud point and crystallization in fatty acid ethyl ester biodiesel mixtures with and without additives

Biodiesels, composed of saturated fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE), have relatively high cloud points (CP), which limit their commercial application. However, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) have potentially advantageous properties, including those related to cold flow, compared to their methyl analogs. This work systematically evaluates FAEE cloud point and crystallization data to aid in the development of FAEE biodiesel blends with practical cold flow properties. Neat FAEE CP increases with alkyl-chain length and decreases with greater degree of unsaturation. Mixtures of saturated/saturated FAEE show partial cocrystallization, which impact the mixture’s CP. The effects of cold-flow improving additives dimethyl azelate (DMAz) and triacetin on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and FAEE are also analyzed. Additives lowered the overall CP, however the degree of depression for each additive varied indicating different crystallization mechanisms. Thermodynamic ideal solution modeling predicts binary FAEE CP with and without additives within 2% of experimental values.

Experimental analysis of operating characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with Cleome viscosa biodiesel

The continues and tireless researches on the development of biodiesel is still going on because of the demand and the expectation of the biodiesel is not meet out to replace the environmental hazardous fossil fuel. India the country with rich flora and fauna and great geographical topology for growing all types of plants and with 80% of the population practicing agriculture for their livelihood has not satisfactorily meet out the requirements of biodiesel production. The researches were repeatedly carried out in limited biodiesel feedstock and new feedstocks are neither tried nor tried in a reluctant manner. If studies of biodiesel with all available plant oils were carried out extensively and exclusively, the rural employability and the production would have been boomed up and if found suitable for replacing diesel the demand to supply gap will be filled. In this experimental study the biodiesel was prepared from Cleome viscosa plant oil a new feedstock for biodiesel production which is a seasonal plant growing almost in all parts of India. The biodiesel produced from Cleome viscosa methyl ester (CVME) was subjected to various testing in conventional direct injection CI engine using different blends B100, B80, B60, B40, B20 and diesel for performance, combustion and emission analysis to prove its suitability for substituting diesel. It has been observed that a reduction in green house gases like CO and HC to an extent of 30% and 20% respectively, but the BSFC was increased by 5.4% and a reduction in BTE of 4.7% was noted. The biodegradability with the environmental sustainable nature of Cleome viscosa will prefers it as a suitable biodiesel to substitute diesel.

Past, current, and future research on microalga-derived biodiesel: a critical review and bibliometric analysis.

Microalga-derived biodiesel plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of biodiesel in recent years. Literature related to microalga-derived biodiesel had an increasing trend with the expanding research outputs. Based on the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) of the Web of Science, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to characterize the body of knowledge on microalga-derived biodiesel between 1993 and 2016. From the 30 most frequently used author keywords, the following research hotspots are extracted: lipid preparation from different microalga species, microalga-derived lipid and environmental applications, lipid-producing microalgae cultivation, microalgae growth reactor, and microalga harvest and lipid extraction. Other keywords, i.e., microalga mixotrophic cultivation, symbiotic system between microalga and other oleaginous yeast, microalga genetic engineering, and other applications of lipid-producing microalga are future focal points of research. Graphical abstract.

Income-generating Effects of Biofuel Policies: A Meta-analysis of the CGE Literature

While the production of biofuels has expanded in recent years, findings in the literature on its impact on economic growth and development remain contradictory. This paper presents a meta-analysis of computable general equilibrium (CGE) studies published between 2006 and 2017 on the effect of biofuel production on economic development worldwide. Using 30 CGE studies, we found that biofuel-supportive policies generated significant impacts on GDP and household incomes. CGE studies included in our database reported an average 0.25 percentage point increase in GDP and a 0.49 percentage point increase in household incomes. We also found that results were driven by several key features of the CGE studies included in our database. We investigated features such as biofuel type, geographic area, and characteristics of the CGE models employed. We found that biofuel expansion has heterogeneous effects in developed versus emerging countries. Simulations on longer time periods and in multi-country studies led to results that indicate higher impacts of biofuel expansion on GDP growth and household incomes. Moreover, simulations with an increase in agricultural productivity indicate positive welfare impact gains, unlike simulations with land expansion. Lastly, we found that biodiesel development leads to higher welfare impact gains than that of bioethanol.

Lipid accumulation and CO2 utilization of two marine oil-rich microalgal strains in response to CO2 aeration

Biological CO2 sequestration by microalgae is a promising and environmentally friendly technology applied to sequester CO2. The characteristics of neutral lipid accumulation by two marine oil-rich microalgal strains, namely, Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloropsis sp., through CO2 enrichment cultivation were investigated in this study. The optimum culture conditions of the two microalgal strains are 10% CO2 and f medium. The maximum biomass productivity, total lipid content, maximum lipid productivity, carbon content, and CO2 fixation ability of the two microalgal strains were obtained. The corresponding parameters of the two strains were as follows: ((142.42±4.58) g/(m2·d), (149.92±1.80) g/(m2·d)), ((39.95±0.77)%, (37.91±0.58)%), ((84.47±1.56) g/(m2·d), (89.90±1.98) g/(m2·d)), ((45.98±1.75)%, (46.88±2.01)%), and ((33.74±1.65) g/(m2·d), (34.08±1.32) g/(m2·d)). Results indicated that the two marine microalgal strains with high CO2 fixation ability are potential strains for marine biodiesel development coupled with CO2 emission reduction.

Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure on Performance and Emission Characteristics of DI- CI Engine with Shea Olein Biodiesel

The use of diesel engines day by day increased because of their low fuel consumption and high efficiencies. Several attempts were made for search of alternative fuels due to increased environmental pollution and exhaustion of conventional fossil fuels and succeeded in the development of Biodiesel as an alternative fuel. An attempt was made on DI- CI engine using shea olein methyl ester blended with diesel in various proportions to study the engine performance and emissions at different injection pressures. The tests were conducted at constant load at different injection pressures (190, 200, 210, 220, 230 bars). In the present work performance characteristics like Brake thermal efficiency, Specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature and emission characteristics like CO, NOX, HC had been investigated. From the results it is observed that 210 bar injection pressure causes better performance and improved emission characteristics, for all the fuel blends.

Evaluation of biodiesel potential of sewage sludge

The energy storing potential of sewage sludge of a waste water treatment facility called Sewage Treatment Oxidation Pond (STOP) was explored in this study with a view to assessing its potential in biodiesel development. Lipids of dried sewage sludge were leached out using a soxhlet extraction technique and the extracted lipids were converted into biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) via acid catalysis transesterification. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed for the identification and quantification of resulting FAME while Biodiesel Analyzer© Version 1.1 was used to predict the properties of the biodiesel. High lipid yield of 77.26% was obtained from this study and almost all the biodiesel properties considered conformed to global specifications. It was concluded that the sewage sludge could serve as an alternative and a cheap feedstock for biodiesel development.

Advancement in the Utilization of Biomass-Derived Heterogeneous Catalysts in Biodiesel Production

Solid oxide catalysts derived from various renewable sources have produced significant yield of methyl esters of enhanced purity. These materials are sourced for due to their advantages ranging from low cost, recoverability and reusability, environmental benign-ness, thermal stability and high quality product generation. For a possible greener production process, many researchers in literature reported the use of biomass-derived heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis producing high quality pure product. The catalysts were majorly modified through simple physical cost effective and energy saving operations. This paper explores some of these bio-based heterogeneous catalyst used in biodiesel production via transesterification and esterification approach and their performance in FAME yield and conversion. The feedstock consideration which warrant the route selection, various approaches that are adopted in biodiesel production, performance of renewable heterogeneous catalyst and the measures that were adopted to enhance efficiency of the catalyst were considerably highlighted. It is observed that the prospects of organic-based solid catalyst in biodiesel development is a promising enterprise compared to the conventional methods utilizing homogeneous chemical catalyst, which generates wastewater requiring treatment before disposal and generates product that may cause engine malfunction. This review work aimed at providing detailed and up-to-date record of the trend in renewable catalyst development in biodiesel synthesis. This is expected to inform a suitable selection and reaction conditions in the development of biodiesel from the very many feed stocks.

Morphological Diversity of Fruits, Seeds and Seedlings of Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre) in Java Island

Pongamia ( Pongamia pinnata ( L. ) Pierre ) is one of a potential tree species to produce biodiesel. Pongamia-based biodiesel development program is still constrained by the availability of quality and quantity seeds due to the limited of seed sources. The purpose of this research was to identify the morphological diversity of fruits, seeds and seedlings from 5 populations in Java Island. Randomized completely design and randomized block design were used to assess the difference of fruits, seeds and seedlings morphological characteristics among populations. Principal component and hierarchy cluster analysis were used to explain variation pattern among populations. The results showed that the difference of populations was significantly affected by the difference of fruits, seeds, and seedlings morphology of pongamia. Seeds from Carita population showed good quality seed indicators with moisture content of 19.31%, and germination capacity of 74.50%. Sturdiness quotient of the seedling was 10.78. Contribution of genetic factor was higher than environtment factor is relation to the differences of morphological characteristics of fruits, seeds and seedlings of pongamia. Morphological character of the five populations can be divided into 3 groups, i.e. the first group of Batukaras and Kebumen, second group of Alas Purwo and Baluran, and group 3 was Carita.

Factors that influence in Jatropha curcas L. latex production

ABSTRACT Latex from Jatropha curcas L. exhibits biotechnological potential for the development of biodiesel and drugs. Little is known about the collection methods and latex productivity of this species. In order to garner information on the use of J. curcas latex, factors that influence production by this species were assessed. As a result, no significant difference was found between the volume of latex collected in the stem and the branches. With respect to environmental characteristics, climatic conditions, such as low temperatures and rainfall, affected production. The period of low temperatures and leaf fall occurs after fruit harvest and, in the absence of strong sinks, the plant can use the assimilates to generate greater latex production. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that latex production is positively associated with plant height and negatively associated with fruit production and other variables that maximize it. During the fruiting process the plant uses most of the assimilates for fruit development and a lower percentage to produce secondary compounds, resulting in less availability of these metabolites for latex production. In general, the latex production obtained from this species is low and limits commercial exploitation of this compound, despite its possible pharmacological potential.

Prospects and pitfalls of a university-community partnership using Jatropha for sustainable rural development in a Nigerian community

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) has been widely touted as a feedstock for biofuel production and way to combat rural poverty. In some cases, using Jatropha for rural economic development has led to unfulfilled expectations and failed programs. I investigated the expectations of an agricultural community in Nigeria toward a Jatropha biodiesel development project initiated by a private university and how community and project leaders perceived the impact of the program’s eventual abandonment. Willingness to adopt the project appeared largely due to its association with the university and expatriate staff. Community leaders’ enthusiastic support resulted in high expectations of poverty alleviation and community improvements. Given the community-perceived slow progress of the project and its ultimate dissolution, the community–university relationship and intra-community relations, including potential disempowerment of community leaders, were affected. The overall impact was, however, mitigated by other university-backed community programs and continued support by community leaders for using Jatropha for development.

Study of combustion behaviors for dimethyl ether as an alternative fuel using CFD with detailed chemical kinetics

In the present analysis, the dissemination of dimethyl ether (DME) asan alternative fuel with the charged air inside the HCCI engine chamber until accomplishing the burning procedure have been numerically expected by utilizing CFD with detailed chemical kinetics mechanism. The physical technique of the ignition and pollution arrangement in the engine barrel with DME fuel is examined with a developed hydrocarbon reaction mechanism at various HCCI engine loads. The mechanism is including 81 chemical species and 362 basic chemical reactions. Along these lines, the used CFD/discipline code predicts the admittance of the fuel spray, ignition, and pollutant development of DME asa biodiesel fuel. The split injection technique has been used to inject the dimethyl ether remotely at the engine admission tube. The in-cylinder flow field enhances farther the engine chamber fuel/air distribution. The outcomes showed that the blend of DME fuel with charged air is exact and efficient to accomplish the in-barrel blend homogeneity. It is anticipated that, under every engine working condition the production of the methyl radical is considered as imperative part in dimethyl ether pyrolysis and oxidation. In the meantime, the formaldehyde sub-component is a huge division of the general dimethyl ether (DME) ignition system.

Biodiesel production using calcium oxide from river snail shell ash as catalyst

This objective of the research aim to study biodiesel production from used cooking oil using calcium oxide from river snail shell ash as catalyst in transesterification process. This catalyst was heterogeneous catalyst that could separate easily from product by filtration and reduced waste water from washing process in biodiesel production. Calcium oxide in this reseach was derived from calcined river snail shell ash at 800 ºC for 4 h. The experiments were done under the reaction conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1 9:1 and 12:1, 1-3 wt.% catalyst amount, reaction time of 1-3 h and a reaction temperature at 65 °C. The optimal conditions were a methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1, catalyst amount of 3 wt.% and reaction time of 1 h. This approach achieved 92.5% of conversion to biodiesel. The characteristics of biodiesel from experiment were qualified according to the standard announced by the department of energy business, Ministry of Energy. This research was the one of biodiesel development method that used heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable in biodiesel production.

Determinants of stakeholders\u2019 attitudes towards biodiesel

BackgroundConcern about the inevitable depletion of global energy resources is rising and many countries are shifting their focus to renewable energy. Biodiesel is one promising energy source that has garnered much public attention in recent years. Many believe that this alternative source of energy will be able to sustain the need for increased energy security while at the same time being friendly to the environment. Public opinion, as well as proactive measures by key players in industry, may play a decisive role in steering the direction of biodiesel development throughout the world. Past studies have suggested that public acceptance of biofuels could be shaped by critical consideration of the risk–benefit perceptions of the product, in addition to the impact on the economy and environment.ResultsThe purpose of this study was to identify the relevant factors influencing stakeholders’ attitudes towards biodiesel derived from crops such as palm oil for vehicle use, as well as to analyse the interrelationships of these factors in an attitude model. A survey of 509 respondents, consisting of various stakeholder groups in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia, was undertaken. The results of the study have substantiated the premise that the most important direct predictor of attitude to biodiesel is the perceived benefits (β = 0.80, p < 0.001). Attitude towards biodiesel also involves the interplay between other factors, such as engagement to biotechnology, trust of key players, attitude to technology, and perceived risk.ConclusionAlthough perceived benefit has emerged as the main predictor of public support of biodiesel, the existence of other significant interactions among variables leads to the conclusion that public attitude towards biodiesel should be seen as a multi-faceted process and should be strongly considered prior to its commercialisation.

Preparation of Biodiesel From Karanja (Pongamia Pinnata) Oil

Biodiesel is a biodegradable, sustainable and clean energy has worldwide attracted renewed and growing interest in topical years, chiefly due to development in biodiesel fuel and ecological pressures which include climatic changes. In this paper, karanja (pongamia pinnata) seed has been studied as a potential source for biodiesel preparation. Karanja oil is extracted from the seed by different methods. Oil properties have been measured by standard methods. Acid catalyzed transesterification, acid catalyzed two-step method and three-step method have been studied for biodiesel preparation from karanja oil. In the three-step method, the first step is saponification followed by acidification to produce free fatty acid (FFA) and finally esterification of FFA to produce biodiesel. In saponification, acidification and esterification reaction, the reaction parameters were optimized. Silica gel was used in both transesterification and esterification to adsorb water, produced in the reaction hence increase the reaction rate. Properties of biodiesel such as specific gravity, FFA, Viscosity, saponification value, iodine value, cloud point, pour point, flash point, cetane index, calorific value etc are measured and compared to conventional diesel fuel and standard biodiesel.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2017: 24-28

Analysis of thermal, oxidative and cold flow properties of methyl and ethyl esters prepared from soybean and mustard oils

Oilseed crop with high oil content and promising ecological adaptability are potential sources for competitive biodiesel production. This study investigates the scope of utilizing biodiesel development through the methyl and ethyl ester from soybean and mustard oil as an alternative fuel. Methyl and ethyl esters of oils having different fatty acids compositions such as soybean (SOME and SOEE) and mustard oil (MUME and MUEE) were prepared by transesterification with methanol and ethanol in the presence of an alkali-KOH catalyst. The gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of oil samples revealed that primary fatty acid composition in soybean oil was linoleic acid (C18:2, 51.93%), followed by oleic acid (C18:1, 22.82%), palmitic acid (C16:0, 11.56%), linolenic acid (C18:3, 5.95%) and stearic acid (C18:0, 4.32%). Whereas, the main components in mustard oil were erucic acid (C22:1, 32.81%), oleic acid (C18:1, 24.98%), eicosenoic acid (C20:1, 10.44%), linolenic acid (C18:3, 8.61%) and palmitic acid (C16:0, 2.80%). The physicochemical properties (acid value, iodine value, calorific value, flash point, pour point etc.) of methyl and ethyl ester samples were estimated and found to be within the acceptable range of ASTM D6751 standards specifications. The prepared esters and oil samples were examined for cold flow properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results revealed better cold flow properties for MUME (−2.55 °C) and MUEE (−3.10 °C) than SOME (3.21 °C) and SOEE (1.83 °C) due to more unsaturated fatty acid content in MU. Thermal and oxidative stability of samples was determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The thermal and oxidative stability ranking of the samples was in the order of oil > methyl esters > ethyl esters.

Indonesian CPO availability analysis to support food and energy security: a system dynamic approach

The development of biofuels could be a solution to overcome the energy problem. One of biofuel that has the potential to be developed, namely palm oil biodiesel that is also the raw material for food. As a provider of CPO raw materials, the production of palm biodiesel could trigger competitions, from biofuels demand growth and utilization of agricultural resources. Thus, it needs to be analyzed to determine the adequency of CPO supply to fulfill the need of food and policy recomendation which sets the development of palm oil biodiesel can be synergies with food need especially for the supply of raw material CPO. To obtain the optimal policy in the synergy between the raw material of CPO for food and energy is a need to establish some policy scenarios that allow to be applied and then chosen the best policy alternative of all scenarios. The purpose of this research were to : 1) analysis the availability of CPO to meet the needs of food and energy, 2) provide policy recommendation with regard biodiesel development of food security. The model made used system dynamic method. Several scenarios that used in the model are: 1) existing condition, 2) The scenario increase biodiesel production capacity and increase land productivity, 3) reduction scenario CPO export by 30%, 4) scenario use othe raw material for biodiesel by 20%. The simulation results showed the availability of CPO raw materials would answer all needs of both food and biodiesel when there was an increase in productivity, diversification of raw materials, and also a reduction in palm oil exports. It was needed an integrated policy from upstream to downstream along with the consistency of implementation. Policy suggestions that could be considered were increased productivity through agricultural intensification, enforcement disincentive policies of CPO to exports, and development of non-CPO biodiesel raw materials and development of renewable energy.

Studi Kebijakan Pengembangan Produksi Biodiesel (Jarak Pagar) sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif di Sektor Industri dengan Menggunakan Sistem Dinamis

This research has three objectives. The first objective is to develop a model of system dynamics of the production development of biodiesel as an alternative transportation energy source. The model is based on the National Model which was developed by Forrester. The second objective is to analyze the behavior of the model by using the policy instruments (depletion premium, loan interest, clean energy rules and sulfur tax) that support the effectiveness of the biodiesel production as an alternative transportation energy source. The third objective is to design the policy that support the effectiveness of the same system. The model has eight sub system: the biodiesel demand sub system in the transportation sector; biodiesel, Crude Jatropha Oil (CJO) and Jatropha curcas production sub system; population sub system; price sub system; capital goods sub system; petroleum income sub system; financial sub system; and government sub system. The model is then simulated in five policy scenario designs. The five scenarios were the ethanol production policy in year 2006 (basic model); the depletion premium fund raising percentage scenario; petroleum reserve raising scenario; price declining and production enlargement scenario; loan interest declining scenario. From the five scenarios, the best two scenarios were the petroleum reserve raising scenario and the price declining and production enlargement scenario. These two selected scenarios were then joined into two alternatives of policy that supported the effectiveness of the biodiesel production as an alternative transportation energy source. The first policy was the optimistic policy joining scenario and the second one was the pessimistic policy joining scenario. Keywords: System Dynamic, Biodiesel, Optimistic Policy, Pessimistic Policy.

Production, Composition and Fuel Properties of Tallow Biodiesel: A Case of Botswana

Biodiesel has been identified globally as presenting an opportunity for development of a sustainable fuel source, especially in light of international pressures for greenhouse gas emission reductions and the unpredictability of availability and pricing of fossil fuels. For Botswana, the internal development of biodiesel could signify a positive move away from a dependency on imported fuel products, provide sustainable employment and contribute to poverty alleviation measures. In the current study, biodiesel was synthesized from animal fat and tested for fuel properties. Results have shown a biodiesel production yield of 93%, chemical composition that is typical of a biodiesel fuel, and fuel properties that are largely comparable to those of petroleum diesel.

Application of Geographic Information Systems in Identifying Accessible Sites for Jatropha Curcas Production in Ethiopia

Jatropha curcas L. is an oil bearing plant growing in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This plant is considered to be a potential solution to the prevailing shortage of fossil fuel and the resulting environmental impacts. Cognizant of this, governments have given considerable attention to develop biodiesel technologies including that of jatropha. Development of biodiesel technologies has also attracted interest of national and international investors in Ethiopia.However, there is a gap of information with regard to how much land can potentially be allocated for biodiesel development. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to identify those potential areas. Data of relevant environment factors influencing growth and productivity of jatropha such as climate, soils and topography were used for this purpose.Generally, results of overlay analysis for biophysical suitability evaluation using GIS identified 15.07% and 76.57% of the land as highly suitable and moderately suitable for jatropha production, respectively. The main limiting factors identified in this study are elevation, climate and water logging condition of soils. Sensitivity analysis based on land use change patterns shows that the size of suitable sites decreases significantly. Around 42% of the suitable sites were also identified as accessible by road and railway transport systems at distances less than 20 kilometres.In general, adequate land is available for jatropha investment in the country. However, allocation of land for jatropha production should be done based on accessibility of the identified suitable sites to transport facilities.