Development Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Navigating the Transition: Biodiesel Development and Challenges in Malaysia's Energy Landscape

Navigating the Transition: Biodiesel Development and Challenges in Malaysia's Energy Landscape

The Potential of matoa seeds (Pometia pinnata) as a biodiesel raw material

Abstract Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst) is an origin species from Papua, widely cultivated around Indonesia. Matoa seeds have gained attention because of their fatty acid content, which can be used as a biodiesel raw material. This study aims to determine the quality of manta seeds as an alternative biodiesel development in Indonesia. Oil extraction used the Soxhlet method and then tested based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The results showed that the yield oil of mature seeds was 22,37%. In contrast, the quality of matoa seed oil was based on colour (ASTM D 1500), kinematic viscosity at 40°C (ASTM D 445), pour point (ASTM D 97), and water content had met the SNI standard in the other side, the specific gravity (ASTM D 1298) and cloud point (ASTM D 97) were below the SNI standard. Based on the results, matoa seeds oil can be used as biodiesel raw material for future sustainable energy but needs further development.

Effect of methanol purity on biodiesel production from lauric acid using esterification reaction

Indonesia is a leading country in agriculture, thus opening up great opportunities for the development of biodiesel. However, the main challenge is ensuring the sustainable acquisition of feedstock, including using methanol as a reactant to manufacture biodiesel. Making biodiesel using lower-purity methanol is possible. This study aims to compare the effect of methanol purity on biodiesel manufacturing. This research uses esterification reactions to manufacture biodiesel from lauric acid and methanol. The catalyst used is an amberlyst catalyst. A design was applied using catalyst amounts of 5% to 20% and variations in the purity of methanol from 95% to 99%. The best esterification reaction conditions are obtained at 99% methanol purity and 20% catalyst amount, which is 98.9%. In contrast, there is no significant difference in results for the flash point obtained, and the results obtained have met the standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Sustainable biodiesel production from waste olive oil: Utilizing olive pulp-derived catalysts for environmental and economic benefits

This paper introduces an environmentally and economically advantageous biodiesel production method using waste olive oil and pulp-derived catalysts. It tackles the critical issue of olive waste management by reusing discarded materials, reducing pollution, and minimizing landfill use. This sustainable approach preserves natural resources and reduces the carbon footprint associated with waste disposal. Olive pulp-derived catalysts offer a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to traditional catalysts, enhancing the economic viability of biodiesel production. Despite its low oil content, the waste olive pulp (WOP) is efficiently utilized for biodiesel production. The patent explores Sulfonated Carbon (SC) derived from dried olive pulp, serving as a robust acidic catalyst for transesterification. Characterization techniques comprising XRD, FTIR, and FESEM analyze SC properties. Biodiesel development optimization from waste olive oil (WOO) employs Response Surface Methodology (RSM), resulting in optimal conditions: a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 15:1, a 60 °C reaction temperature, a 5-h transesterification time, and a 4% catalyst dose, yielding an impressive 94% biodiesel yield. The biodiesel's chemical structure is confirmed through analytical tools such as FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR.In summary, this study highlights the potential of sulfonated carbon as a catalyst for sustainable biodiesel generation from waste olive oil. It offers a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional catalysts, delivering both environmental and economic benefits.

Analysis of Economic and Environmental Feasibility of Using Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel for Fishing Vessels in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the economic and environmental feasibility of using biodiesel as an alternative fuel for fishing vessels in Indonesia. This research uses cost-benefit analysis, greenhouse gas emission analysis, and sensitivity analysis methods to evaluate the impact of biodiesel use on economic and environmental aspects. The results show that the use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for fishing vessels in Indonesia is economically feasible, as it can save fuel costs, reduce dependence on imported diesel, and increase the added value of fishery products. The use of biodiesel is also environmentally feasible, as it can reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and other pollutant emissions generated by fishing vessels. The economic and environmental feasibility of using biodiesel as an alternative fuel for fishing vessels in Indonesia is quite stable and not sensitive to changes in conditions that may occur in the future. This research provides recommendations for the government, fishery industry, and society to support the development and implementation of biodiesel as an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for fishing vessels in Indonesia.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel from black soldier fly larvae: Effects of synthesizing catalysts with citric acid

Biodiesel has several environmental benefits, such as biodegradability, renewability and lower soot emissions. However, biodiesel has undesirable properties such as higher viscosity and density and low calorific value compared to petroleum diesel, resulting in high Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), reduced Brake Power (BP) and increased NOX emissions creating an environmental concerns in biodiesel development. This study investigated the effects of synthesizing transesterification catalysts (CaO and NaOH) with Citric Acid (CA) on the quality of biodiesel and biodiesel blends produced from Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia Illucens). The quality of biodiesel and blends was determined based on fuel properties, engine performance and emission composition characteristics. The tests were performed on a single-cylinder, four-stroke, Compression Ignition (CI) diesel engine at five loads at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The results showed that synthesizing the catalysts with CA significantly affected the fatty acid profile of the biodiesel compared to physical fuel properties. B100 (pure BSFL biodiesel) exhibited higher BSFC by 10.57–13.97 % and lower BP by 4.21–7.83 % than diesel fuel. However, the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of biodiesel was higher than that of diesel fuel by 0.82–4.34 % at maximum load. Synthesizing catalysts with CA improved the viscosity of biodiesel by 0.93–2.81 % and effectively reduced NOX, HC and Smoke opacity by 2.23–3.16 %, 4.95–5.83 % and 20.51–41.15 %, respectively.

Green Production of Biodiesel from High Acid Value Oil via Glycerol Esterification and Transesterification Catalyzed by Nano Hydrated Eggshell-Derived CaO

Biodiesel is a widely recognized and favored liquid biofuel, primarily attributed to its biodegradability and non-toxicity. However, the development of biodiesel is hindered by its high production costs. Here, we developed a method that combines glycerol esterification and transesterification reaction catalyzed using nano-hydrated CaO for the green production of biodiesel from high acid value oil. Waste eggshell was chosen as the calcium source to examine the effect of hydration temperature and duration. The catalysts were optimized using a synthesis process involving under calcination for 3 h at 875 °C, followed by hydration at 60 °C for 6 h and subsequent dehydration at 725 °C. The catalyst loading, alcohol-to-oil mass ratio, reaction temperature, and duration were optimized to 2.5 wt%, 35%, 60 °C, and 2 h, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of fatty acid methyl ester reached 94.44%. The catalyst was successfully reused eight cycles while maintaining a yield of fatty acid methyl ester at 80.52%. In addition, a comprehensive overview was summarized to compare the catalyst preparation methods, reaction conditions, biodiesel yield, and reusability in the production of biodiesel using eggshell-derived CaO.

Experimental study on fuel consumption and smoke opacity of defective coffee-bean-based biodiesel fuel engines

This experimental study aims to analyse the performance of sorted coffee beans-based biodiesel. This study is carried out in three main stages; (a) the preparation process of coffee beans raw material, (b) the biodiesel formation process, and (c) biodiesel performance analysis. In manufacturing process, the coffee bean powder is added with two chemical treatments sequentially; extraction-distillation and esterification/transesterification. Parameters of analysis in this study are the characteristics of the biodiesel and the performance of the biodiesel-diesel mixture in terms of fuel consumption efficiency and engine smoke opacity. Measurements of Engine Running Time (ERT) and smoke opacity were carried out on a single-piston diesel engine. There were five biodiesel-diesel mixture specimens; B0, B5, B10, B15, and B20 (20% biodiesel fraction). The experimental results show that mixing biodiesel with diesel fuel provides two main advantages; extending engine running time which means fuel consumption efficiency, and lowering the smoke opacity level. Therefore, it is more environmentally friendly. The efficiency of fuel consumption and smoke opacity depends on the biodiesel fraction in the fuel mixture. The results and methodology of this research are expected to be an additional reference in the development of biodiesel as an alternative fuel.

ISPO Policy on Palm Oil Industry and Biodiesel Development in North Aceh

The total area of oil palm plantations in Aceh Utara Regency is 33,781.64 hectares, managed and operated by 11 oil palm plantation companies. In accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture Number 11/Permentan/Ot.140/3/2015 regarding the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Certification System (ISPO), the Government of Aceh Utara Regency has formulated a vision for the palm oil industry within its jurisdiction. This vision is centered around sustainability and its influence on the growth of the biodiesel sector in Aceh Utara Regency. To achieve this, the government encourages the palm oil industry to adopt ISPO certification. This research aims to analyze and describe the challenges, roles, and initiatives undertaken by the Government in Aceh Utara Regency to promote ISPO certification within the palm oil industry. The research employs an empirical juridical approach, encompassing the identification of research subjects, a statutory analysis, and horizontal and vertical synchronization methodologies to address the implementation of ISPO certification. The results of study reveal that the Government of Aceh Utara Regency has actively motivated palm oil plantation entrepreneurs to swiftly pursue ISPO certification. The government has established a dedicated team and allocated funds to expedite the implementation of ISPO.

Palm Oil Downstream Strategy: Enhancing Indonesia's Bargaining Position in International Palm Oil Trade

Although Indonesia currently dominates 60% of global palm oil production, Malaysia holds a competitive advantage in certain downstream industries. Indonesia must focus on developing its palm oil industries to process crude palm oil (CPO) into higher-value products, serving both as exports and substitutes for imported goods. This research aimed to highlight the importance of Indonesia's development of downstream palm oil industries. This research employed quantitative methods such as Pearson correlation and Granger causality, as well as qualitative methods. 
 The result showed that the fluctuation of CPO prices in the international market is closely tied to the volume of CPO exports conducted by Indonesia. Achieving higher domestic CPO production by improving the productivity of independent palm oil farmers is crucial. By enhancing their productivity from 2-3 tons per hectare to 5-6 tons per hectare, CPO supply can increase by 8 million tons annually, equivalent to approximately 16% of the total production. Reducing export should be accompanied by increased domestic CPO utilization through downstream programs. 
 By capturing half of Malaysia's current market share of HS code 1516 (animal or vegetable fats and oil, hydrogenated, inter-esterified, re-esterified, or elaidinized, whether or not refined but not further prepared), Indonesia has the potential to earn approximately 1 billion USD per year in foreign exchange. The development of biodiesel, transitioning from B30 to B40, holds the potential to save approximately IDR 200 trillion in foreign exchange. This strategic focus on downstream industries would strengthen Indonesia's position in the international palm oil market.

Potential and comparative studies of six non-edible seed oil feedstock’s for biodiesel production

ABSTRACT Biodiesel is a clean, renewable fuel that is the best alternative to diesel, but feedstock costs more than 70%. Biodiesel development requires cheap feedstock with high oil content. Biodiesel from non-edible plants is cheap, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly. In the present work, six different sources were explored with seed oil content including Simmondsia chinensis (51%), Melia Azedarach (42.7%), Pongamia pinnata (42%), Cannabis sativa (39%), Citrus reticulate (29.5%), and Phoenix dactylifera (17%) respectively. The obtained oil contents were higher than previous studies. The quality of biodiesel was assessed by physico-chemical methods, viscosity (2.9-5.7), density (868-910), cetane number (49-58), flashpoint (137-187), and free fatty acid (0.3-1.21). Optimal conditions were implemented for transesterification, to obtain the highest biodiesel yields up to 98%. Through Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry study, 5-7 fatty acids were detected respectively. Through Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and Elemental analyzer analysis, environmental friendly biodiesel was obtained in which sulphur (0.0013-0.0091%), nitrogen (1.41-1.96%), and oxygen content was (9.33-11.43%). All plants have good physicochemical qualities that met American standard testing material D6751 and European norms 14214 standards. The growth of these plants on barren lands as a substitute energy source for the production of biodiesel is supported by our research on a sound scientific basis.

The dilemma and potential development of biodiesel in China - In view of production capacity and policy

China has issued a series of biodiesel-related policies to alleviate energy shortage anxiety and reduce carbon emissions. However, no other provinces or cities in China widely utilize biodiesel except Shanghai. This article firstly conducted a comprehensive estimation of the potential botanical biodiesel capacity in China. Then, we examined why biodiesel advancement in China was stagnated by comparing biodiesel-related policies in pioneer countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia. We found the highest mix ratio will be ∼13 % if all potential botanical oils are added to petrochemical diesel and an addition of 3 % blending ratio can be achieved if waste cooking oils are effectively utilized. We concluded that despite the encouragement from policies, insufficient materials and lack of downstream consumptions may be the major reasons for the sluggish development of biodiesel in China. If microalgae biodiesel production technology is overcome in the future, China can compulsorily mix biodiesel on a large scale. This paper provided a comprehensive review of biodiesel-related policies in Malaysia, Indonesia and China, and figured out the key problems that hinder the promotion of biodiesel, helping to understand the dilemma and drive the potential development of biodiesel in China.

Evaluation of the relationship of wastewater treatment and biodiesel production by microalgae cultivated in the photobioreactor

Microalgae has a great preponderance of fast growth rate and high oil contents. Mixed wastewater and industrial waste gas are utilized in this study as the microalgae's growing medium and resource of inorganic carbon. A combined study of waste usage and biomass energy development is conducted based on closed photobioreactor cultivation. With a focus on the cost of microalgal biodiesel, the financial benefits of waste treatment, the CO2 absorption effect, and biodiesel yield, an assessment of the production process is conducted for different algae species under different energy supply situations. The experimental results indicate that Model algal species 3 (M3) are better adapted for the production of biodiesel with the situation of wind power. It has the algae generates 6800 L of algal liquid, 32.3 kg of microalgae, 42.27 kg of CO2 emission reduction, and 12.47 kg of biodiesel in the single production cycle. The production of microalgae biodiesel based on photobioreactors can produce negative carbon emissions in the setting of a wind energy supply, and the total yearly biodiesel production in the same proliferation scale is at least 112.89 times that of open culture ponds. It has realized the sufficient coupling between waste utilization and biomass energy development through the development of microalgae biodiesel based on photobioreactor culture. It reduces the cost of biodiesel development and maintains high economic efficiency of waste disposal while producing negative carbon emissions. New theoretical guidance is provided by the target's advancement of renewable energy, carbon sequestration, and emission reduction, which has substantial effects on reducing pollution and enhancing significant ecological and environmental effects.

Analysis of silica gel desiccant application in fuel storage tanks model to reduce palm oil-based biodiesel degradation

Biodiesel fuel is subject to degradation as a result of its prolonged storage period. The degradation of biodiesel fuel can have a negative impact on its qualities as well as the performance of the engine. These four stages of degradation are hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal decomposition, and bacterial contamination. A consequence of the hygroscopic qualities of biodiesel is the possibility of hydrolysis processes, which might result in the creation of free fatty acids, which can lead to engine corrosion. The presence of water encourages bacterial development in biodiesel, which might result in the formation of deposits. This study aims to investigate the application of silica gel desiccant in fuel tanks with varying biodiesel concentrations. The total acid number is used as the degradation rate parameter, while the number of bacterial colonies is used as the bacterial growth rate parameter. The research was carried out through experiments using tank models over a period of six weeks, with six tank conditioning. With the experiment results, reducing humidity in the fuel tank by applying desiccant can lead to the reduction of biodiesel degradation rate and micro-bacteria growth.

A sustainable bioeconomy approach for improved biodiesel production using photocatalytic GO@CN assisted cultivation of Chlorosarcinopsis sp. MAS04

Low biomass yield and lipid production limits the development of microalgae-derived biodiesel on a wide scale. However, the use of photo-responsive nanomaterials as a substrate for microalgae can resolve these issues and enhance its economic viability. The current investigation highlights the potential of graphene oxide; graphitic carbon nitride (GO@CN) as a photocatalytic material for Chlorosarcinopsis sp. MAS04. A suite of characterization techniques including Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Zeta potential was used to perceive the structural, morphological, and stability insights of the synthesized nanocomposite. Cytotoxicity assay for 96 h was performed for testing microalgal viability. Subsequently, microalgae cultures were supplemented with 0–200 mg L−1 of synthesized nanocomposite for 30 days. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration was estimated to determine the oxidative stress burden. The incurred cellular lipids were processed into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) possessing suitable biodiesel characteristics. The 50 mg L−1 of the optimal supplement of GO@CN for microalgae cultivation results in the highest biomass and lipid production of 3.825 g L−1 and 38.5% respectively, that is a 1.5-fold increase in biomass and nearly a 1.9-fold rise in lipid content, compared to the control. Additionally, a cost-benefit analysis of the developed process inferred a 350% increase in FAME yield at an expense of 0.15 g/INR more than the cost estimated for the control. Thus, this amalgamation of nano-algal science could be a prospective approach for augmenting microalgae-based biodiesel as a sustainable bioeconomy.

An Application of the Bibliometric Method to Analyze Research Development of Biodiesel

An Application of the Bibliometric Method to Analyze Research Development of Biodiesel

ANALISIS BUSINESS MODEL CANVAS MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN SWOT PADA PERUSAHAAN PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT SG DI KABUPATEN SINTANG PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT

Indonesia is one of the largest CPO (Crude Palm Oil) producing countries in the world. In addition to producing CPO, oil palm fruit is also used as raw material for food and non-food production, alternative fuels, biodiesel development, and many others. SG's oil palm plantation, which is located in West Kalimantan, Sintang Regency, Kelam Permai District, is a company engaged in palm oil processing that was founded in 2008. In order to improve the quality of production, it is necessary to evaluate and analyze its business. So, the purpose of this study is to analyze the business model canvas using the SWOT method on the SG oil palm plantation company. The research method uses descriptive quantitative methods. The results showed that with a SWOT analysis approach, the SG oil palm company took advantage of the existing opportunities, namely the demand for fresh fruit bunches continued to increase in the market and government policies that supported the oil palm plantation business. SG's oil palm plantations must maintain the quality of fresh fruit bunches that will be sold to palm oil mills and increase the number of fresh fruit bunches harvested in order to remain competitive in the market. While the strategy for minimizing weaknesses is to improve good plantation maintenance techniques. As for the strategy, while maintaining good relations with partners, namely SG's oil palm plantations, the strategy for minimizing weaknesses and avoiding threats is to always cooperate with the Sintang Regency Government, West Kalimantan Province.

Development prospects of Indonesia's biodiesel industry: A study of raw material, market, and policy aspects

Biodiesel is a fuel substitute for diesel which is considered more environmentally friendly because the raw materials used come from a mixture of palm vegetable oil, increasing production. The emergence of black palm oil campaigns in several importing countries has encouraged the urgency of biodiesel development in Indonesia. This study aims to; photograph the development of the Indonesian biodiesel industry and describe the development prospects of the Indonesian biodiesel industry in terms of raw materials, markets and policies. This research method uses descriptive analysis to examine the chances of developing the Indonesian biodiesel industry regarding raw materials, markets, and policies. The results showed that; the development of the Indonesian biodiesel industry continues to increase when viewed from the aspects of increasingly large raw materials, promising markets, and policies. It will continue to be studied and updated by the Indonesian government, so it is hoped that this biodiesel can significantly replace imported diesel and absorb Indonesian palm oil. The biodiesel industry in Indonesia has an extensive prospect to continue after implementing the B-30, which was first implemented in 2020. It can be achieved by paying attention to the available raw materials used in the biodiesel industry.

Development of Microalgae Biodiesel: Current Status and Perspectives.

Microalgae are regarded as a promising source of biodiesel. In contrast with conventional crops currently used to produce commercial biodiesel, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land, besides having a higher growth rate and productivity. However, microalgal biodiesel is not yet regarded as economically competitive, compared to fossil fuels and crop-based biodiesel; therefore, it is not commercially produced. This review provides an overall perspective on technologies with the potential to increase efficiency and reduce the general costs of biodiesel production from microalgae. Opportunities and challenges for large-scale production are discussed. We present the current scenario of Brazilian research in the field and show a successful case in the research and development of microalgal biodiesel in open ponds by Petrobras. This publicly held Brazilian corporation has been investing in research in this sector for over a decade.

Importance of standardization and sustainability approach for higher biodiesel blends implementation

This study aims to assess the role of the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN) and identify indicators of sustainability for higher biodiesel blends after implementing B30. This study considers quality conformity enforcement and sustainability perspective for sustainable biodiesel implementation. Surveys and interviews were conducted to gather primary data as a qualitative approach from biodiesel stakeholders. This study results that BSN represents a national standardization body in Indonesia and has contributed to biodiesel development and policy to implement biodiesel blends in Indonesia. Since 2006, BSN has released three series of Indonesia National Standard (SNI) 7182 for biodiesel standards. The implementation of the standard is regulated by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) which enforce biodiesel business entities to conform with the biodiesel quality and the volume of biodiesel allocation. MEMR regulation number 41 the year 2018 is applied to give a fine for biodiesel business entities that do not comply. Since 2020, Indonesia has increased the biodiesel blends to 30% or B30. Increasing biodiesel contents could reduce the emission, while Indonesia still referenced EURO 2 standard and has a plan to apply EURO 4 standard in 2021.