Developments In Area Research Articles

The Role of Accounting and Audit in Sustainable Development

Abstract The involvement of accountants and auditors in sustainable development has become more and more present in the literature specialised forums. Sustainability accounting works in the same direction with corporate practices and the evolution of best practices for financial standards. Accountants and auditors contribute to the standardization of uniform procedures for all the nations. Our study will present the responsibilities and work area of accountants and auditors in the economic sector for sustainability. The traditional role of accountants and auditors is evolving towards a more comprehensive spectrum that also includes a sustainability role. We considered the analysis of specialized literature to identify the involvement of sustainability in different fields, sustainability being a subject of interdisciplinary interest.. The current role of accountants and auditors in promoting sustainable development by examining actions set by accounting regulatory authorities and representatives of the accounting profession through a qualitative analysis. Our research aims to enrich the specialized literature in academic financial research. The actual case study will present the involvement of accountants and auditors in the area of sustainable development that desire to achieve the standards proposed by the UN. The importance of work performed by accountants and auditors for international businesses for sustainable development will be also presented. Although it is really important to keep in mind that the actual paper has boundaries that could provide new interesting opportunities for research areas.

Evaluation of a technology enhanced breast multidisciplinary cancer conference (MCC).

e23202 Background: Tumor board meetings have been a standard approach for managing complex cases. In 2020, a digital platform, navify® Tumor Board Solution (NTBS), was implemented at a comprehensive academic cancer center. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of NTBS (1) on quality of patient information and case deliberation, (2) rate of change in care plans by the MCC, (3) compliance of care plans with national guidelines, and (4) concordance of treatment received with MCC recommendations. Methods: We conducted a prospective study from September 2020 to February 2022, before and after implementation of NTBS. We used a validated tool, “Metric for the Observation of Decision-Making", to assess the impact of the platform on the quality of breast MCC case presentation and discussion. We reviewed medical records to compare the rate of change in care plans, compliance with national guidelines, and concordance of treatment received with MCC recommendations. Results: There were 39 and 47 patient cases in the pre- and post-NTBS groups, respectively. We found that implementation of technology led to an improvement in the overall quality of the MCCs (mean composite scores: 56.4 vs 67.5; p < .001). Specific components that were significantly improved include case history, reason for presentation, radiology and pathology presentations, and medical oncology contribution to case discussions (mean scores: 3.4 vs 3.9; p < .001, 3.3 vs 3.9; p < .001, 2.7 vs 4.1; p < .001, 3.1 vs 4.2; p < .001 & 3.7 vs 4.1; p = .05). Pre- vs post-NTBS, rate of change in care plans decreased from 57.1% to 51.1%, compliance of MCC care plans with NCCN guidelines increased from 80.0% to 81.4%, and concordance of treatment received with MCC recommendations increased from 83.9% to 86.5%, though they were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Technology increases the quality of patient information presentation and case discussion at Breast MCCs, but in this small study we did not demonstrate an impact on MCC decision making. Areas for further development include assessment of improved efficiency of MCCs, opportunities for asynchronous MCC evaluation using this platform, establishment of automated case summaries, and technology-driven matching of detailed patient characteristics to established national guidelines.

A review of core outcome sets (COS) developed for different settings finds there is a subset of outcomes relevant for both research and routine care

ObjectivesTo compare the outcomes selected for the same condition in core outcome sets (COSs) for research with those in COS for the routine care setting. MethodsA sample of COS was created from the most frequent five health areas within previous systematic reviews of COS for research and COS for routine care. Outcomes were extracted and categorized using an outcome taxonomy. Frequency of outcome domains included within COS were analyzed in subgroups according to research or care setting, patient involvement in COS development and health area. Matched sets of COS were created, where at least one research COS and one routine care COS exist for the same health condition, to identify the outcomes that were recommended for both settings. A similar process was used for a subset of paired COS matched in scope for both intervention and population as well as health condition. ResultsThe sample of COS comprised: 246 COS for research only, 76 COS for routine care only and 55 COS for both research and routine care. Across the 18 sets matched by health condition the median number (range) of outcomes included in both research COS and routine care COS was 6 (3-15), with differences noted across health areas. For the 11 paired COS matched by scope and health condition, the corresponding figures were 2 (2-8). Across all settings, COS that did not include patients as participants were less likely to include life impact outcomes. ConclusionWithin a given health condition, a small number of core outcomes were found to be relevant for both research and care, offering a meaningful starting point for linking research and real-world evaluation.

Assessment of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination in the Armori and Chamorshi blocks of Gadchiroli District, Maharashtra: A cross-sectional study.

Medical colleges regularly examine mass drug administration (MDA) programs to determine their effectiveness and pinpoint areas for development. These analyses frequently show a discrepancy between the program's coverage and actual drug use. This study was conducted in the Chamorshi and Armori blocks of the Gadchiroli District in Maharashtra. This study aimed to find out the coverage and compliance of MDA in the Chamorshi and Armori blocks of Gadchiroli, Maharashtra. This study was a cross-sectional study. Thirty houses from each of the three randomly chosen villages and a ward were surveyed in each implementing unit. Thus, a total of 120 households' worth of data were gathered and examined. Information was gathered from each individual in the chosen home at the individual level. Data were collected and duly filled out on questionnaire forms, which were then entered in Microsoft (MS) Excel. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (Chicago) was used as a statistical tool in the analysis. Consumption rates in rural areas were much higher than in urban areas. A minimum consumption rate was found in the 2- to 5-year-old age range. In this study, the percentage of coverage and compliance rates was 89.5% and 99.4% and 90.81% and 99.2% for the Armori and Chamorshi blocks, respectively. In comparison, coverage was better in rural areas than in urban areas. The MDA program must therefore be significantly strengthened in urban areas, particularly by guaranteeing improved compliance through monitored drug consumption.

Assessing Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior in Household Solid Waste Management in Northern Vietnam

Abstract Rapid urbanization and population growth in Northern Vietnam have exacerbated in domestic solid waste (DSW), posing environmental challenges. Law on environmental protection (2020) promoting source separation, a disconnect persists between policy and public action. This study addresses this gap by employing a Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior (KAB) approach to conduct a novel regional analysis of DSW management practices. A stratified random sampling design was utilized, with 1,000 people participating from five different regions of Northern Vietnam: delta rural areas, mountainous rural areas, coastal rural areas, tourism development areas, and urban areas. Data analytic techniques, including descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, were employed to uncover factors that influence DSW management behavior in each location. The research revealed significant regional variations in KAB aspects of DSW services. While positive attitudes towards responsible SWM practices (80% of people) were evident, the number of factors influencing DSW management varied (3-6) across regions. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, guiding the development of targeted interventions that align with national law. This paves the way for more effective, regionally-tailored waste management practices in Vietnam.

Thin-Film Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasound Transducers in Biomedical Applications: A Review.

Thin-film piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) are an increasingly relevant and well-researched field, and their biomedical importance has been growing as the technology continues to mature. This review article briefly discusses their history in biomedical use, provides a simple explanation of their principles for newer readers, and sheds light on the materials selection for these devices. Primarily, it discusses the significant applications of PMUTs in the biomedical industry and showcases recent progress that has been made in each application. The biomedical applications covered include common historical uses of ultrasound such as ultrasound imaging, ultrasound therapy, and fluid sensing, but additionally new and upcoming applications such as drug delivery, photoacoustic imaging, thermoacoustic imaging, biometrics, and intrabody communication. By including a device comparison chart for different applications, this review aims to assist microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) designers that work with PMUTs by providing a benchmark for recent research works. Furthermore, it puts forth a discussion on the current challenges being faced by PMUTs in the biomedical field, current and likely future research trends, and opportunities for PMUT development areas, as well as sharing the opinions and predictions of the authors on the state of this technology as a whole. The review aims to be a comprehensive introduction to these topics without diving excessively deep into existing literature.

Main aspects of sustainable development of the hotel and restaurant business and tourism

Introduction. The integration of tourism and the hotel and restaurant business has being contributed to increasing the level of efficiency of management and operation, optimization of resource costs, and improvement of the level of efficiency of greening. Sustainable management is designed to address the environmental challenges faced by two of the world's fastest growing industries: hospitality and tourism. The purpose of the paper is to study the main areas of development of the hotel and restaurant business and tourism in the context of sustainable development, which involves the study of modern trends, problems and opportunities that affect the effectiveness of the functioning of these industries. Results. The paper has considered the main aspects of the development of the field of hospitality, which allows us to reveal the potential of its development and improvement. The dynamics of international incomes for 2005-2023, the level of income of the travel and tourism market in Europe from 2018 with its forecast until 2028 were studied. It was established that what is happening is: restoration of consumer confidence in travel; growth in the number of incomes in all regions of the world; the main tourist destination is Europe. It is predicted that income in all segments of the tourism market will increase significantly, so the hotel and restaurant market will also undergo stable development. It is noted that despite the recovery, the level of income remains lower than before the pandemic (with the exception of the Middle East). It has been established that the key trends that determine the new reality of the hospitality sector are: digital transformation; emphasis on food safety; expansion of gastronomic experience; flexibility and personalization; environmentalization; stability and experience. Conclusion. The conclusions have emphasized that the above-mentioned key trends have great potential for further development and improvement, contributing to increasing the level of service quality and meeting the needs of consumers of the hotel, restaurant and tourism business. As prospects for further research in this direction, the issue of improving technologies, which will contribute to the formation of sustainable and ecologically conscious consumption of resources, has been identified.

RURAL TOURISM–REALISTIC SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CASE STUDY OF VÂLCEA COUNTY, OLTENIA REGION

Rural tourism is characterized as a form of self-initiated tourism, which has, in the foreground, the involvement of the local population, which helps considerably in supporting and promoting traditions, crafts, and customs. The methodology of this research is based on the study of the specialized literature by investigating a case study regarding the tourist activity of rural tourism in Vâlcea County. The research hypotheses forecast and serve the general objective of the study, namely presenting that rural tourism can be a realistic solution for the sustainable socio-economic development of Vâlcea County. This work aims to identify the main development areas of Vâlcea County where the trends of development and practice of rural tourism are significantly important for the Oltenia Region as a first step towards unique research for promotion, sustainability, and socio-economic development in rural areas.

Optimizing Drug Development: Harnessing the Sustainability of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals.

Environmental impacts of the industrial revolution necessitate adoption of sustainable practices in all areas of development. The pharmaceutical industry faces increasing pressure to minimize its ecological footprint due to its significant contribution to environmental pollution. Over the past two decades, pharmaceutical cocrystals have received immense popularity due to their ability to optimize the critical attributes of active pharmaceutical ingredients and presented an avenue to bring improved drug products to the market. This review explores the potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals as an ecofriendly alternative to traditional solid forms, offering a sustainable approach to drug development. From reducing the number of required doses to improving the stability of actives, from eliminating synthetic operations to using pharmaceutically approved chemicals, from the use of continuous and solvent-free manufacturing methods to leveraging published data on the safety and toxicology, the cocrystallization approach contributes to sustainability of drug development. The latest trends suggest a promising role of pharmaceutical cocrystals in bringing novel and improved medicines to the market, which has been further fuelled by the recent guidance from the major regulatory agencies.

Relationship between School Culture and Moral Development of Students at the Secondary Level

This study explores the intricate relationship between student moral growth and school culture within the secondary education landscape of Lahore, Pakistan. The research aimed to investigate how student moral development intertwines with the prevailing school culture, as perceived by students themselves. The study population included students and teachers of both public and private schools in the Lahore district. Employing a quantitative approach, data was collected from 420 respondents through systematic sampling techniques. Data analysis revealed a significant relationship between moral development and classroom culture. The study also indicated satisfactory and insufficient areas of moral development among school students with respect to their teachers' role. It was recommended that the schools should provide a conducive atmosphere which may satisfy the unsatisfactory areas of moral development among their students. School culture and curricula should both be modified and developed to foster moral development among the students. Similarly, ethical leadership culture should be promoted among the teachers and Heads to cultivate responsible citizenship among students.

A systematic review of users experiences of using digital interventions within psychosis: a thematic synthesis of qualitative research.

Although the development of digital mental health support for people with psychosis has been increasing, the development and opportunities to access this have been more limited compared to other mental health conditions. Qualitative research exploring the experiences of using digital interventions amongst people with psychosis is even less well developed; however, such research is crucial in capturing the experiences of using digital interventions to ensure they are meeting the needs of people with psychosis. This paper aimed to synthesise qualitative data related to the experiences of people with psychosis who have used digital interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted of articles published between 1992 and October 2023 using PubMed, MBase, PsycINFO, & OVID Medline. Two reviewers independently reviewed and screened 268 papers. Papers that met inclusion criteria were quality assessed using The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) qualitative studies checklist. The Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) checklist was used to guide the structure of the report. A thematic synthesis of 19 studies revealed six overarching themes which related to different aspects and features of the digital interventions: participants' relationship with technology; the accessibility of the interventions; how the interventions could impact on individuals' awareness and management of mental health; enhanced communication and relationships; and opportunities for reflection. Benefits of using digital interventions are discussed. Areas for development and improvements are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for stakeholders who develop and implement digital interventions for psychosis are made.

Progress in phosphorylation of natural products.

Natural medicines are a valuable resource for the development of new drugs. However, factors such as low solubility and poor bioavailability of certain constituents have hindered their efficacy and potential as pharmaceuticals. Structural modification of natural products has emerged as an important research area for drug development. Phosphorylation groups, as crucial endogenous active groups, have been extensively utilized for structural modification and development of new drugs based on natural molecules. Incorporating phosphate groups into natural molecules not only enhances their stability, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties, but also improves their biological activity by altering their charge, hydrogen bonding, and spatial structure. This review summarizes the phosphorylation mechanism, modification approaches, and biological activity enhancement of natural medicines. Notably, compounds such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and coumarins exhibit increased antioxidation, anticancer, antiviral, immune regulatory, Antiaging, enzyme inhibition, bacteriostasis, liver protection, and lipid-lowering effects following phosphorylation modification.

Performance Analysis of BER and SNR Performance in High-QAM Modulations Using Advancements in MIMO Systems

Wireless communications is one of the most active areas of technology development of our time. This development is being driven primarily by the transformation of what has been largely a medium for supporting voice telephony into a medium for supporting other services, such as the transmission of video, images, text, and data. Today, the widely deployed network type is based on a centralized approach that requires a network point of access, commonly called the Access Point (AP), to serves as a gateway between the mobile device and the Internet. The obtained results demonstrate that spatial diversity along with the power of STBC significantly improves the error performance in frequency selective wireless fading channels. The BER level is depend on the modulation type, SNR value and channel behavior. Modulation schemes that we have used in this paper are 4-QAM, 8-QAM, 16-QAM and 64-QAM which further improved using forward error correction codes (FEC). A comparison is made between the diversity gains of MIMO systems in terms of BER for high QAM modulation scheme. This work presents, a simulation toll MATLAB R2023a used for model implemented using Nakagami channel to study the performance analysis of Bit Error rate (BER) V/S Signal to Noise ratio (SNR). Keywords: AWGN, BER, Fading Channel, MIMO System, Nakagami, OFDM, QAM Modulation, SNR, STBC etc.

Event generators for high-energy physics experiments

We provide an overview of the status of Monte-Carlo event generators for high-energy particle physics. Guided by the experimental needs and requirements, we highlight areas of active development, and opportunities for future improvements. Particular emphasis is given to physics models and algorithms that are employed across a variety of experiments. These common themes in event generator development lead to a more comprehensive understanding of physics at the highest energies and intensities, and allow models to be tested against a wealth of data that have been accumulated over the past decades. A cohesive approach to event generator development will allow these models to be further improved and systematic uncertainties to be reduced, directly contributing to future experimental success. Event generators are part of a much larger ecosystem of computational tools. They typically involve a number of unknown model parameters that must be tuned to experimental data, while maintaining the integrity of the underlying physics models. Making both these data, and the analyses with which they have been obtained accessible to future users is an essential aspect of open science and data preservation. It ensures the consistency of physics models across a variety of experiments.

Quality of Service in Sustainable Development: A QoS-based Analysis of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

This paper explores the innovative application of Quality of Service (QoS) principles, traditionally rooted in network and telecommunications, across various sectors to enhance the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By establishing a parallel between QoS in technological systems and sectors such as healthcare, education, energy, and urban development, we examine how these principles can be adapted to improve service delivery and efficiency in critical areas of sustainable development. The core premise is that methodologies used to optimize data flow and service reliability in networks can similarly enhance the quality, accessibility, and sustainability of essential services. This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis to illustrate the potential of QoS frameworks in promoting efficiency, effectiveness, and equity across multiple domains of the SDGs. Key areas of focus include enhancing healthcare outcomes, increasing educational accessibility, ensuring sustainable energy use, and improving urban infrastructure. The findings advocate for a cross-disciplinary approach to applying QoS principles, suggesting that such integration can lead to substantial improvements in service delivery and contribute significantly to global sustainable development efforts.

Applying Blockchain, Causal Loop Diagrams, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to Enhance Fifth-Generation Ceramic Antenna Manufacturing: A Technology–Organization–Environment Framework Approach

This study used a technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework as the primary analytical tool to explore the burgeoning capabilities of blockchain technology in the area of 5G ceramic antenna development. A causal loop diagram (CLD) analysis is used to further clarify the complex dynamics and feedback mechanisms, and the impact of blockchain on the design, production, and deployment phases of ceramic antennas, which play a pivotal role in the development of 5G communications, is studied. We found that blockchain’s unique features, including its immutable ledger and decentralized architecture, have the potential to significantly improve the transparency, security, and efficiency of the ceramic antenna manufacturing process. Technology (T), organization (O), and environment (E) were used as the top factors, and the subfactors of TOE were selected and analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by CLD. The AHP analysis was used to evaluate the relative importance of various internal and external factors affecting the adoption of blockchain technology. The integration of the TOE framework with AHP and CLD provides a comprehensive analytical tool that enhances the understanding of the complex dynamics in the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing process. This methodological approach not only clarifies the interactions between technological, organizational, and environmental factors but also facilitates strategic decision-making through a structured evaluation of these factors. The AHP analysis showed that technical factors are the most important in the TOE analysis of 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing, with a weight of 0.427, which indicates the important role of technical factors in the development of ceramic antenna production. In addition, environmental and organizational factors were given weights of 0.302 and 0.271, respectively, confirming the importance of technological innovation and internal process optimization. In the subfactor of Technology (T), ‘Blockchain Technology’ has the highest ranking among the subfactors, with a global weight value of 0.129, emphasizing the importance of blockchain technology. This study explored the technical and organizational complexities of introducing blockchain technology into the 5G ceramic antenna manufacturing industry and, through an in-depth investigation of the potential benefits of such integration, it aims to propose new approaches to improve quality control and manufacturing efficiency. The research findings aim to contribute to the sustainable growth of the telecommunications industry by providing strategic recommendations for the application of blockchain technology in the production of 5G ceramic antennas.

Validation of a Cantonese Version of the Amsterdam-Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (CANELT): A functional approach.

The current study aimed to validate the Cantonese version of the Amsterdam-Nijmegen Everyday Language Test (CANELT), a functional communication assessment tool for Cantonese speakers with aphasia. A quantitative scoring method was adopted to examine the pragmatics and informativeness of the production of people with aphasia (PWA). CANELT was translated from its English version with cultural adaptations. The performance on the 20-item CANELT collected from 56 PWA and 100 neurologically healthy Cantonese-speaking controls aged 30 to 79 years was orthographically transcribed. Scoring was based on the completeness of the main concepts produced in the preamble and subsequent elaborations, defined as Opening (O) and New Information (NI). Measures examining the validity and reliability were conducted. An age effect was found in neurologically healthy controls, and therefore z scores were used for subsequent comparisons between neurologically healthy controls and PWA. The test showed strong evidence for known-group validity in both O [χ2 (2) = 95.2, p < .001] and NI [χ2 (2) = 100.4, p < .001]. A moderate to strong correlation was found between CANELT and standardized aphasia assessment tools, suggesting satisfactory concurrent validity. Reliability measures were excellent in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach's α of .95 for both 'O' and 'NI'), test-retest reliability (ICC = .96; p < .001), intra-rater reliability (ICC = 1.00; p < .001), and inter-rater reliability for O (ICC = .99; p < .001) and NI (ICC = .99; p < .001). Sensitivity and specificity for O are 97% and 76.8%, respectively, while for NI, a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 91.1% were obtained. Measures on validity and reliability yielded promising results, suggesting CANELT as a useful and reliable functional communication assessment for PWA. Its application in managing PWA and potential areas for development are discussed.

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) criteria comparison for the DrivAer model

Aerodynamics is one of the main areas of development in vehicle design. One of the most efficient ways of testing the aerodynamic design of a vehicle is to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which allows for faster and more accurate aerodynamic simulations, which in turn helps increase the fuel economy and electric vehicle's range. Resource optimization is one of the most important aspects of CFD, and one of its main aspects is the spatial discretization of the fluid domain. This study discusses the use of Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) for the aerodynamic design of private vehicles. This paper compares the results obtained with the use of AMR based on different fluid dynamic criteria for the DrivAer model and correlates the results with experimental data and computational results provided by various authors in previous publications. Four different optimization functions are defined and compared. The results for the drag coefficient, pressure coefficient, and total pressure wake have been correlated, showing great accuracy. This study has proven that the use of AMR highly optimizes computational resources by optimizing the mesh in the desired areas, thereby reducing the number of cells needed elsewhere. The use of these criteria has proven useful for drag coefficient prediction simulations because these criteria make use of the AMR to optimize the wake region.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL APPROPRIATENESS OF THE FUTURE URBANIZATION OF THE CITY OF (AIN BEIDA, ALGERIA) USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS, AND THE DELPHI METHOD

Spatial adequacy evaluation is a valuable tool for planning land use strategies. It provides planners with data and outcomes that can help them make informed decisions to ensure effective and secure utilization of land in future urbanization processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the urbanization patterns in the city of Ain El Beida to determine the most appropriate areas for urban development. The aim is to create self-sustaining growth centers that effectively support the city, while also helping decision-makers address current expansions and protect agricultural lands. The study utilized spatial analysis methodology to evaluate and map the suitability of expanding the city's future space. It proposed an integration strategy that combined modern methods and techniques of the Delphi methodology to establish criteria for appropriate land use. The influence of these criteria will be analyzed spatially by administering a questionnaire to a sample of specialists in urban planning and city geography, followed by the application of spatial analyst techniques. The user's text is straightforward and precise. within the GIS framework, integrated via the analytic hierarchy approach. The user's text is straightforward and precise. To evaluate the suitability of the spatial location, to determine the significance of the factors influencing the expansion process based on their relative importance, to ensure that the desired goals are achieved in a way that reflects the priority of the decision-making criteria, and to identify the most favorable options for urban development in the study area. The findings indicated that the optimal locations for the urban growth of Ein El-Baida were determined to be 239.57 hectares, which accounts for 26.31 per cent of the entire land area under investigation. These areas are situated on the northern side of the city along National Road 80 (Ain Beida Presh) and on the western side along National Road 10 (Oum el-Bouaghi Ain Beida). These locations have been identified as the most suitable areas for spatial expansion due to their numerous incentives for urban attraction. Firstly, there is a considerable distance from the fertile and generously compensated agricultural areas, which offer unoccupied and level terrain, as well as its proximity to the central area of the pristine city of Ein. The study also determined that integrating GIS with hierarchy is crucial for constructing spatial models that accurately represent physical reality through mathematical means. This integration aids planners in selecting the most appropriate alternatives for urbanization and achieving comprehensive development of the city.

Hermeneutic Phenomenological Study of Nepalese Migrant Worker's Families from Communication Perspective

This research study is conducted to explore the role of intrapersonal communication on human development of international migrant workers' left behind family (IMWLF). It considers these left behind families to have difficult life conditions due to the separation with their family members. It includes the experience of migrant workers' left behind son, daughter and spouses. Study has explored the variation in qualitative experience in this life condition due to their gender identity. Major focus is on human physiological, psychological, emotional, cognitive, intellectual and spiritual development. Hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study is conducted through an in-depth interview of 4 participants from international migrant workers' left behind families based on interpretive research philosophy in a cross-sectional time frame on inductive approach. Inductive approach is implied to see the individual development within a wider area of human development. Major finding of this study is that family separation caused by migrant working has highly impacted their human development in various spheres as in studied variables such as physiological, psychological, emotional, cognitive, intellectual and spiritual level. Positive intrapersonal communication skills enhancement is explored as needed for intervention for the qualitative human development of these research participants in specific and in general of international migrant workers left behind families in Nepal.